Miner language

Miners in conversation

The miner's language is a professional group-specific technical language ( sociolect ) in mining . It is characterized by the creation and development of independent or modified terms . In addition to many technical terms, crude words from everyday language have also found acceptance. The miner's language is one of the oldest technical languages; Expressions are documented as early as the 13th century. The language has grown over centuries and thus often retains old word forms and meanings that have already died out or are superseded in modern language, as linguistic comparisons show.

The first glossaries of the miner's language can be found at the beginning of the 16th century. Already in the second edition of Ulrich Rülein von Calw's Bergbüchlein from 1518 there is an eight-page appendix on "Bercknames, the approaching miners vastly useful", which explains the differences between mining and general language expressions. Georgius Agricola's writings are of particular importance, and his 1528 treatise “Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus” (“Conversation on the Mining System”) contains, among other things, a list of 76 specialist terms. His "De re metallica libri XII" ("XII books on mining and metallurgy") (1566), published after his death, contain an extensive glossary of mining terms and idioms. From the 17th century, real dictionaries of the miner's language were published, such as the well-known "Pickled Gräublein Ertz" by G. Junghans (1680). In the mid-19th century, the vocabulary of the miner's language probably comprised over 10,000 words.

Since German mining was considered to be a world leader in mining technology, especially in the 18th century, German mining terms spread as loan words in other languages, e.g. B. into Russian . Alexander von Humboldt wrote his geological records, contrary to his other habits, always in German using the miner's language in order to be able to express himself as precisely as possible.

Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

0-9

• 3/3 operation (pronounced three-thirds operation, also "three-thirds"): Shift operation, in which the cable car usually takes place at 06:00, 14:00 and 22:00. For 6-hour operations also 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 or 7-hour operations at 06:00, 13:00, 20:00.
• 4/3 operation (pronounced four-thirds operation, also "four-thirds"): Shift operation, in which the cable car usually takes place at 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00.
• 5/3 operation (pronounced five-thirds operation, also “five-thirds”): Shift operation in which the change takes place on site and long driving times are required. Usually the cable trip takes place at 6:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 3:00 p.m., 8:00 p.m. and 12:00 a.m.
• 7-hour operation: During warm work (more than 28 ° C), the shift time is limited to 7 hours by the Klimabergverordnung (KlimaBergV).

A.

• Mining : The process of loosening minerals from a deposit, but also the place where this happens.
• Mining progress: Progress of a mining operation in the mining direction.
• Dismantling management : The organizational options for managing a dismantling.
• Mining height : A part of a mine field that is open and intended for mining.
• Mining direction : main direction in which a part of the deposit is tackled by means of the respective mining process.
• Mining shock: attack surface for mining.
• Degradation route : Horizontal underground workings in the deposit that accompanies the loss.
• Mining process : Technology used in mining to economically exploit a deposit. The respective mining method is precisely planned for each deposit.
• Extraction losses : Non-extractable deposit content within a mine field, calculated as a percentage of the pending deposit content.
• Outflow (often in the plural, outflows ): the waste material from an (ore) processing plant (English tailings ). Also referred to as wash mountains , particularly in coal mining .
• Turning away : giving up the service; Dismissing a miner. (see creation)

Litter bin known as a "miner's toilet"

• Toilet bucket , also known as a miner's toilet: container with a closable lid for relieving yourself underground.
• Overburden : In the open pit the rock covering the deposit, from clearing .
• Drowning : Unplanned filling of the mine workings with water.
• Tee off: Jacking created by blasting each time.
• Settling: In open-cast mining, the heaping up of the spoil, often by means of a skip ; also called tilting or falling over .
• Sinking : making a shaft from top to bottom.

Ridge protection in the Glasebach pit

• Aborting, also tearing or robbing : tearing down loose rock for safety reasons, “making the roofs hard”.
• Discarding : abandoning a pit or a mining field.
• Weather : stale air discharged from the mine workings.

• Old man : Rooms that have been dismantled, which have become inaccessible either due to the introduction of mountain backdrops or the falling of the roof (see pillar construction), are called old man, old age, also breakage or desertification.
• On the man: Objects that are carried with you are "on the man". In underground mining z. B. a miner's lamp, a helmet and other things always on the man.
• hit: start a dismantling / drive-up / route
• Mooring: Hiring a miner.
• Slayer : miner who attaches the hoisting drums to the rope in the filling location below and on the suspended bench above ground. Operates the signal system to communicate with the machinist.
• Section: Settlement of the income and expenses of the mountain building at the mining office. In earlier centuries, the gate was cut using notched wood .
• Propulsion: without any special explanation, the head of the tank is meant
• Poverty: Coal and wood that the buddy takes home (see mother blocks , Matzeln or rabbits )

Ass leather: miner who runs in on the leather (after Georg Agricola)

• Ass leather : Buttocks protection for the miner, especially if he drives in on the leather (slides into the mountain via shafts of several tons). Mainly as protection against wetness and cold when sitting, see also knee bar .
• Assanisator : person responsible for the depletion of underground latrine bucket is responsible.
• Processing : crushing , sorting , classifying , enriching, and concentrating extracted minerals .
• Departure : from below, from a deeper floor , upwards created pit.
• Drive up : create a pit .
• Throwing: A route leading upwards in a deposit , e.g. B. Longwall hewing for the device of longwall mining , Wetteraufhauen for weather management .
• catching up: opposite of slopes in vertical conveyance
• abandon: permanent abandonment of the mine after completion of the extraction work.
• Unlocking: Making a deposit accessible through a new mine.
• labor : restore a broken (collapsed) or filled pit.

Expansion with wooden stamps

• Expansion : support within the mine.
• Extension frame : Hydraulic walking extension, successor to the extension team.
• Extension team : Hydraulic striding extension consisting of two or three extension frames.
• Extension frame : Hydraulic extension that was used in longwall mining.
• Bite out, also go out ; mined for -a-days come , decrease , narrowing ; outgoing seam: a seam that narrows towards the surface and ends itself.
• Yield : excess from the output of a mine.
• Yield sheet : List of all collieries in a mining area that made profits.
• Outcrop : The emergence of a deposit on the surface.
• Output: total raw production of usable minerals.
• Alignment : Development of a mine field through the creation of shafts, cross passages , field and straightening routes .
• Strike out: Seam or tunnel strikes out on the surface of the earth, ie cuts the surface of the earth, and is visible there; also called outgrowth or outgoing .

B.

• Belt drive : Special form of mechanical drive that is only carried out in mining on the belt conveyors installed underground.
• Banking law is a vertical line to the stroke and fall of a sequence of layers.
• Barte (or mountain beard), a small hatchet with a long point and a long handle that is carried on festive occasions.
• Befahrung is the commission of a tunnel , now the general inspection (inspection) of a mine.
• Breaking mineral : Is involved in the mining of the mineral that is actually the goal of extraction .
• Bello: 20 kg sledge hammer (also thick hammer )
• Robbery vehicle : Mobile work machine that is used underground to tear down the roofs.
• Rob: see snatch .
• Berechtsame : right to use certain mining claims, is now in mining law mining authorization mentioned.
• Eligibility certificate: Document under mining law, which consists of the so-called award certificate and a copy of the warehouse plan and is presented to a miner when mining property is awarded.
• tearing : Tearing off loose pieces of rock or coal chunks from the roof using tearing tools, “making the roof hard”.
• Mountain: Rather gently sloping connection route between mine workings of different depths, e.g. B. between the floors of a mine. See also Förderberg .
• Mining Authority : Authority responsible for the Mines Inspectorate.
• Mining book : book in which all legal transactions of the mining office and all evidence of the ownership of the mines are entered. The mountain book is kept by the responsible mining authority of the respective mountain area.
• Bergdankfest : Christian celebration of the miners as thanks for an accident-free year in the mountains, commemoration of the victims and intercession for the next year in the mountains. Is celebrated annually on the Saturday before Shrove Monday.
• Mountains (including tailings ): deaf or (secondary) rock loosened from the mountains by the miner , resulting from the underground extraction of mineral resources.
• Recovery box : Quartered from pit wood, which is filled with mountains and serves to support the hanging wall.
• Mining wall : Pit lining that is made from tailings .

underground forge

• Mountain freedom : The sovereign was able to declare certain economically important minerals to be free of mountains and thus encourage their extraction. Any finder could acquire a mountain-free mineral - regardless of the property. The granting of mine ownership was a prerequisite .
• Miner: person inexperienced in mining
• Mining court : court that was responsible for matters related to mining law in the mining districts. It monitored the concessions and represented the legal claims of the sovereigns.
• Mountain shouting : start of silver mining in the Ore Mountains , comparable to the gold rush in North America.
• Berggeschworener : Sworn employee of the mining office who drove the mines. He was an assistant to the mountain master and assessor of the mountain court.
• Mountain land register : A public register, also known as the mountain mortgage book, which is kept by the local court. It lists the mines, their owners, trades and field sizes.
• Bergknecht : miner who was used for auxiliary work.
• Bergmeister : civil servant who was employed by the mining authority and managed the mines in his district.
• Mountain mill: Pit cavity that was created for the purpose of extracting mountains for backfilling purposes.
• Bergrichter : official who headed the mountain course and had to decide on contentious mountain stuff.
• Bergregal : Powers of a higher power which, for the purpose of extracting raw materials, are above the landowner's right of ownership ( Regalien = Reichsrechte).
• Berg (e) sack: charred pit that is to be moved
• Mining damage : damage to people or buildings caused by mining activities.
• Bergschmied : Craftsman who forged the tools required for mining and was subject to mining jurisdiction.
• Bergschreiber : accountant and clerk of the mountain court.
• Mining subsidence : Movement of the ground caused by mining activities and affecting the earth's surface.
• Berg art : The in mining, in particular in the production, employed technique (device and method)
• Bergvogt : Mining official of the first or lower instance and administrator of the mines in the mining regions of the respective countries.
• Mountain oradein (also tester or obligated): Official who checked the ores delivered from the pits to the smelter for their metal content, especially the silver content, and entered the results in the tasting book.
• Mine Ownership : The right to mine a mineral within specified limits. Mine property is granted on the basis of a courage from the sovereign.
• Contamination: Compound with which an explosive-filled borehole is closed and dammed.
• Operations manager : Formerly senior operations officer, today senior technical supervisor.
• Ventilation : Supplying the mine workings with fresh air from above and at the same time removing used (and potentially toxic) weather from the mine.
• Wind players: 1st buddy employed in the blow job; 2. sudden and violent gas leakage
• Blown screen: solid, coarse fabric with which the joints of the backfill alley are lined before the paving, in order to prevent the piles of piles from reaching other areas in an uncontrolled manner
• Aperture: 1. a miner's lamp (historically: e.g. Freiberg aperture); 2. A wooden wall over the cross-section of the route to guide the weather (weather screen). Are erected by panel builders.
• Blicksilber : Historical term from the Saxon mining industry for an intermediate product of silver refining. Blicksilber is a lead-silver alloy with up to 95% silver.
• Blind location: Area in which the hanging wall is shot to break in order to recover backfill. (see also Bergemühle)
• Blind shaft : shaft without connection to the earth's surface (daylight)
• Flower: an underground coal discovery
• Bobbin : narrow rope drum with lateral guides on which the turns of a flat rope lie one above the other.
• Bottom emptying : Self-emptying trolley in which the conveyed goods fall down from the car body during the unloading process.
• Elevation of the ground : Elevation of the surface caused by mining activities, which can lead to mining damage.
• Drillability : Resistance, according to its type and size, with which a rock resists the penetration of a drill bit.
• Bohrhummel: air-powered rotary drill for soft rock / coal. "Bumblebee" because of the humming sound.
• Drill dross : Rod-shaped tool for cleaning the drill holes.
• Drilling and flushing works : underground hollow space created by miners, which serves as a mining chamber for the extraction of salt.
• Drilling trolley: Mobile carrier for rock drilling machines.
• Bolt: another word for stamp ; Short wood to support the roof.
• Bomb (also Pütt-, Pott- lamp): Name of the buddy for the electric hand lamp .
• Bornmeister : Supervisor in a salt works, he supervises the brine .
• Bracken: Attachment plates to increase the delivery volume of a tank conveyor.
• Fire slate: combustible shale clay.
• Bad weather : gas mixtures harmful to humans (risk of explosion, poisoning)
• Crusher : machine with a rotating chisel roller to crush the mined mineral and make it transportable (usually a conveyor belt is attached to a crusher to transport the crushed minerals)
• Bremsberg : Mountain , in which is conveyed down with the help of braked trams.
• Brake mountain conveying: conveyor technology in which the mined mineral is conveyed downwards on a brake mountain by means of gravity.
• Brake conveyor : chute with driven baffle plates.
• Braking plant : mechanical device that brakes the descending wagons when conveying on braking mountains.
• Brenngaden: Historical term from the Saxon mining industry for a small smelter, mostly consisting of one room, in which raw silver (including Blicksilber ) was refined into fine silver. The Brenngaden was the direct supplier of the sovereign mint. Because of the high monetary value of the processed products, the Brenngaden was housed within fortified building complexes.
• Break : collapse of part of a mine .
• Broken construction : dismantling method in which the old man is broken down according to plan.
• Stage: artificially created working platform.
• Stage hole, stage hole: A recess carved into the solid rock to hold the foot of a stamp or the end of a cap immovably.
• Bulge : A tubular leather sack that was used in the Middle Ages to scoop up mine water.
• Bulgenkunst : wooden water lifting machine that was used for water retention.
• Bunker : Pit rooms or operational facilities in which bulk materials such as raw coal, raw ore or mountains are temporarily stored.
• Bunker loader (Bula, Cavo): mostly compressed air operated loading and transport machine
• Butte, Butt ("coffee butt"): enamelled jug-like beverage container that every buddy used to carry with him
• Slug: a small independent mass of a certain mineral in the rock.

C.

• Continuous Miner : Machine for the underground mining of rock salt, gypsum and hard coal.

D.

• Embankment : structure that separates part of the mine from the rest of the mine. A distinction is made between fire, water, roadside and closing dams.
• Dammtor: Security gate, mostly in stretches, with which sudden water inrushes could be blocked and thus part of the mine building could be kept in the swamp.
• Cover wood: wood of a stage or a box placed on a line in order to stand on it, to work or to be able to store material.
• Thick material backfill: backfill material from solid non-mining waste or insoluble processing residues from potash fertilizer production and a binding agent and a mixed solution. The backfill material is mixed in a pumpable form, introduced into the backfill cavities via pipelines and hardened there.
• Direction principle : Between the 17th and the middle of the 19th century the dominant organizational principle in mining.
• Three Trees : Simple wooden frame made of three logs for Erdbohrabeiten that was used on small mines as a pulley structure.
• Rotary drilling machine : drilling machine for rotary drilling in rock.
• Triangle construction : Old mining method that was mainly used in slate mining and was replaced by transverse construction.
• Third: If a location is occupied by several, alternating work groups, one of these shifts . A location can also be occupied by two or four thirds . See 3- and 4/3 operation.
• Duckel construction : mining method for irregularly occurring deposits with little thickness, in which the extraction takes place by means of small shafts, so-called dowels.
• Penetration : Establishing an open connection between two mine structures.

E.

Miner with shouldered ore trough. Relief on the house at Fischerstraße 7 in Freiberg

• bite in: when pit woods stick together as a result of strong rock pressure
• Burglary : The part of the tee that is blown out first.
• stage: pinching a piece of wood in a hole in the stage
• Running in: Enter the pit through a daytime opening.
• Drivers : supervisory officer of the mining authority who drove and controlled the mines.
• Depression : angle of inclination of the deposit to the horizontal, i.e. the inclination in the fall line. The dip is measured perpendicular to the stroke .
• Single line : Horizontal shaft installation made of wood or steel.
• Drowning: the partial or complete filling of a part or even an entire mine system through the ingress of water or salt solutions
• Preparing to inherit : Mining court act that served to re-measure a mine field precisely when it was used to distribute the yield.
• Erbstollen : Adit for water removal and weather management in one or more mines. The heirloom who built the tunnel was entitled to a share of the mine yield .
• Hereditary tunnel fairness : a right acquired after special courage to operate an hereditary tunnel after it has been awarded
• Ore body : Generic term for various forms of ore deposit
• Ore mill: stone grinder for crushing ores.
• Ore trough, ore trough: oval, flat wooden vessel for transporting ores.
• Archbeard: a contemporary term used in the 18th century for arch theft
• Ore level : ore or vein pieces that are extracted from the body of the deposit for the purpose of appraisal or sale (e.g. tasting, collecting and selling levels).
• Ore washing: Separation of ground rock containing ore with the help of water, whereby the differences in specific weights of individual components are used.

F.

Operator station of a hoisting machine

• Fahlband: Term for a type of mineralization in the silver mines of Kongsberg (Norway), which was introduced there by German miners who worked in Kongsberg in the 18th century. The name has its origin in the inconspicuous rust-brown color and because of the lack of gloss ("pale") that is normally present for silver ores. From a genetic and mineralogical point of view, it is an igneous impregnation of the bedrock by hydrothermal sulphidic-metallic solutions with (in some cases considerable) silver content. In addition to silver, the pale ribbons also contain bismuth, cobalt and nickel. The term was adopted (phonetically slightly changed) as "Falbånds" in the Norwegian language. See also Kongsberg (silver ore deposit)
• Driving board: strong board (plank) into which steps are cut.
• Fahrhauer : Supervisor in mining who reports to a shift leader and is his representative.
• Driving art : Historical device for driving miners in and out. In the narrower sense, two rods attached next to each other in the shaft, which are moved up and down in opposite directions by a crank drive with a stroke of about 2 m. They carry step platforms and handles in such a way that one can move in or out of the other by regularly stepping over from one pole.
• Fahrlader : low- profile wheel loader for underground use.
• Driving mark : Different shaped mark made of sheet metal, which is used for presence control.
• Drive or drives: 1.) Ladder in the shaft. 2.) an old measure of length; 1 trip = 12 Dresden cubits = 6.79 meters. The measure is derived from the 12 cubits long ladders with 24 rungs. Therefore mostly used as a depth specification.
• Cleaning trips: Climbing in the driving center, also (literally) clearing rocks from the drives to ensure occupational safety.
• Driving side: Space to be kept free in the cross-section of the route, which is used for driving (also known as " driving path"). In the shaft (also driving center): area containing the journeys (shaft ladders). Not to be confused with the conveyor run for conveyance and rope travel.

Driving over in the Freiberg pit "Reiche Zeche"

• Driving over : is only used for driving. This steep (up to almost vertical) pit construction can be used to connect two or more floors.
• Driving : general term for any movement of the miner in the mine ; start up, drive in: go to the mine; exit: leave the mine; drive on: look, check
• Fall : Course of a flat deposit ( seam or tunnel ) in a vertical direction
• Place of fall: inclined pit construction driven downwards
• Safety supports : Movable steel bars built into the headframe, which catch the conveyor cage if it has become roped due to an impact against the bumper beam.
• Becoming colorless: Death of a miner in a mining accident ("He has become colorless"). Out of superstition, there was no mention of death / accidental death in some underground areas. There literally never died anyone underground.
• Fine silver: End product of silver refining obtained from → Blicksilber . The refining processes were already so perfected in the late Middle Ages that the silver content in fine silver was> 99%.
• Field inspection : official inspection of a treasure trove after speculation.
• Moisture offset: similar to the flushing offset, but the moisture content of the offset material reduced by centrifugation. When it is introduced into the pit cavities, it contains less than 5 percent residual moisture.
• Fire pots : outdated method of creating an artificial weather train using fire
• Firing : Technique used in many mining regions from ancient times to the early nineteenth century to loosen or blast rock.
• Feustel / Fäustel : small sledge hammer
• Filter self-rescuer : breathing apparatus that is used in coal mining to escape from mine structures contaminated with carbon monoxide.
• Fimmel: strong pointed wedge.
• Ridge : Upper boundary surface of a mine. In the case of roof construction (e.g. in an ore vein) the mineral above the excavation cavity that is soon to be mined.
• Ridge construction : mining method that is used for steeply sloping deposits, forerunner of ridge construction .
• Ridge joint construction: mining method for steeply sloping deposits, floating mining direction with sweeping cut.
• Ridge box: a box that is located immediately under the roof
• Flat: in the slope of the deposit
• Flat areas: inclined pit construction when the deposit falls, mainly in copper shale, but also in potash mining
• Flat plan : graphic projection of a seam or a dike on a plane parallel to the deposit.
• Seam : Plate-shaped, flat, extensive deposit (e.g. coal seam, ironstone seam) created by sedimentation.
• Seam package: partial union of several independent seams to form a very powerful seam.
• Fluder (also Gefluder): channels made of wood or metal for supplying or draining water.

Filling point of the Glasebach pit

• Wing iron : a double wedge pick, used in particular in the past in coal mining for coal extraction.
• Wing location : The wing location is a lateral continuation of a tunnel into the field.
• Förderberg : inclined route that connects the floors of a mine and serves to connect the seams to the mine workings.
• Conveyor vessel : conveying means that is used in the shaft to convey bulk materials.
• Headframe : The scaffold standing above the shaft that carries the sheaves.
• Conveyor speed: the speed at which the material is conveyed.
• Conveyor cage (also conveyor frame): A means of transport hanging on the conveyor rope for material, people and mined minerals in the shaft .
• Conveyor bucket : Conveyor bucket made of wood that was used in early mining to convey ore, coal or debris. Today made of steel, it is used when sinking shafts (sink bucket).
• Fördermann : miner who was responsible for the transport; the transport was usually carried out manually with troughs, carts or hunts.
• Hoisting machine : drive machine for driving the hoisting rope and thus the hoisting cage
• Carrier operator : miner who operates the carrier.
• Conveying pause : Time that is required for loading and / or unloading the conveyed goods carrier during shaft conveyance.
• Haul rope : rope for lifting loads in shafts and blind shafts
• Conveying ton of : barrel-shaped container hung on ropes or chains used for conveyance in saigeren shafts.
• Shaft tower : Closed, tower-like building above the shaft, in the head of which the hoist machine is located.
• Conveyor strand : The part of the shaft disc in which the conveyor cages move.
• Trolley : traditional means of transport in the mine.

Tram

• Free travel : act under mining law by which a mine owner could be deprived of ownership rights to the mine if he did not occupy the mine in accordance with regulations.
• Open-air construction: cost-covering mining operations
• Friendly (or polite): Adjoining rocks or gaits encountered by the miner that give hope that usable ores will be found soon.
• Deadlines : The temporary shutdown of a mine without loss of mine ownership.
• Frog : oil lamp; a glow .
• Fröschl: Wood to which a trip was attached to secure it.
• Filling location : underground loading point; Transfer point at which the line conveyance changes to the shaft conveyance.
• Treasure trove : Pit field that was lent to the Muter as a mine property due to a mineral find in a deposit worth building . The field size of a treasure trove was z. B. 42 Lachter (80.6 m) of striking length on an ore in the Harz Mountains , 2.5 km² for a coal seam in the Ruhr area.
• Feed sack , "there is feed sack on it": If unrest or problems arose in the shaft, the pit horses were given the "feed sack" to calm them down, which was shortened to "feed sack" - later generally applied to tricky situations.
• Foot section: lower limit of a longwall; see also head line

G

• Gaipel: In the Harz Mountains, an expression often used instead of Huthaus for a company building above the shaft, derived from Göpel .
• Gas eruption : sudden and intensified escape of gases from the mountains
• Vein : deposit created by filling in a fissure (e.g. ore vein).
• Gait: Any mineral in the tunnel that is not the target of extraction.
• Mountains (also mountains ): The rock in which the mine workings are located.
• Rock anchors : Structural elements that keep underground cavities open in mining. They are brought into the mountain (rock) at the joint or on the roof and hold it together.
• Rock pressure : Invisible tension around an underground cavity or in unscratched rock, trigger for rockfalls.
• Rock impact : sudden relaxation in the mountains, during which larger amounts of potential (elastic) energy are released and during which intensive destruction occurs in the pit and usually violent vibrations on the surface of the earth.
• Broken, fragile: loose mountains that tend to break in or fall
• Gedinge : Contract for a work to be performed for a specific remuneration (piecework).
• Commemorative symbol: jacking symbol to mark the jacking performance.
• Gefluder: see Fluder .
• Freezing process : Process with which artificially frozen bodies of soil are produced in order to better penetrate layers of floating sand when sinking.
• Opposite site operation: route to be driven from at least two starting points with the aim of meeting each other and thereby saving time.
• Counter-writer : Mining official who kept the counter-book in the Middle Ages and entered all costs and trades in the book.
• Articulated arch extension: Articulated route extension that is built into routes with high rock pressure.
• Luminous : pit lamps carried by the miner , e.g. B. frog , bomb , weather, carbide , head lamps .
• Tormented (also Gequelle): mostly directly in the rock (in the joint) cut channel to drain water. See also fluder .
• Run: a common term in mining for a channel, a water pipe or channel open at the top, see Fluder .
• Die : From top to bottom abgeteufter blind shaft . Opposite: knock on.
• Die drilling machine : A driving machine used in mining for the fully mechanical production of shafts. Also called a rodless die drilling machine.
• Blasted : steps or rough bumps in the sole of the cleat, or sudden and sharp rise in the cleat sole.
• Boom water retention: Steam-driven water retention machine, in which the pump and the drive machine are spatially separated from each other and connected with a linkage.
• Rock dust : minerals from limestone, dolomite or clay slate crushed into dust.
• Rock dust barrier : Explosion barrier in underground mining.
• Rock dust scattering : Measure to combat explosive deposits (coal dust) in hard coal mining.
• Rack conveyance : Type of shaft conveyance in which the trolleys used for line conveyance are pushed onto conveyor frames and are conveyed through the shaft with them.

Transmission timbering, schematic

• Gear timbering: method of driving in loose rock. Timber or profile iron - supported in an appropriate manner - driven around the cavity to be produced into the loose rock.
• Geviere: horizontal manhole frame made of wood.
• Quartered field : a rectangular area that was different in size depending on the mining area and in which the mother is allowed to mine after the award.
• Trades : Shareholder in a union under mining law . (The trades -> the trades.) See also Kux.
• Union : Historic form of company in the mining industry, permitted until the Federal Mining Act 1980 came into force.
• Extractability : Resistance that a mineral or the mountain opposes the extraction work.
• Extraction , extraction : Dissolving the mineral to be extracted from the deposit.
• Tough : a miner's tool.
• Gezeug route: Old mining term for sole.
• Plain bend extension: Flexible extension with use as a route extension.
• Glückauf (also "Glück Auf!"): Miner's greeting, originated in the Ore Mountains at the end of the 16th century. Today the German miner's greeting in general.
• Göpel : Historic conveyor system, either horse or water göpel ; in a broader sense a more powerful hoist.
• Granbywagen : Self-emptying trolley with side discharge, for conveying coal, ore and salt.
• Limit speed : Maximum permissible speed to which a carrier can be accelerated without causing problems.
• Pit lining : Securing and keeping open rooms underground.
• Pit construction : Generic term for all cavities in the mine, such as routes, shafts, struts, etc.
• Pit fire : fire that broke out underground and that can develop in an uncontrolled manner.
• Pit field : space below the surface of the earth in which a person authorized to mine is allowed to appropriate the minerals of the deposit.
• Mine radio: wireless communication system underground.
• Mine structures : totality of underground mine structures.
• Pit wood : wood that is used in open-cast and underground mining.
• Pit boy : Young miner aged 14 to 23 who was deployed underground for unskilled work.
• Mine climate: In underground mining, the effect of various climate components on the human organism.
• Pit horse : horses and ponies that pulled the dogs before the introduction of mechanical route support underground.
• Pit punch : support element to support the hanging wall.
• Pit waiting : About-day control center to monitor the operation of a mine.
• Mine service : Rescue team for use in mining, analogous to the fire service. Consists of voluntary, specially qualified miners.
• Base floor or threshold: a piece of wood lying on the base of a section on which the stamps are placed when the door frame is closed.
• Basic route : deepest traversing route, also called field route in ore mining.

H

• Häckel , a hand stick that is carried on festive occasions - also known as a traveling stick or steering stick.
• Suspended bench : position in the headframe , more rarely in a conveyor shaft (then at the height of the tunnel floor), where the conveyor cage or the conveyor barrel is loaded or unloaded. Usually well above the surface of the earth in order to have a fall height for the further processing of the transported goods (see lawn hanging bench ).

Lawn hanging bench of the "Reichen Zeche" in Freiberg

• Hanging: conveying down in the shaft, also hanging.
• Hanging equipment: Mine-type devices for simple measurements with limited accuracy, consisting of hanging compass , degree arc , clamp and measuring tape.
• Haitholz (also cap, main wood or Hetholz): one of the two shorter woods in a shaft quad.
• Dump : In mining, an artificial accumulation of material ( debris ) above the surrounding terrain.
• Mutton paws: In old mines up to the 18th century, cast or iron rails that were 70–100 cm long and laid next to one another could form mine train tracks.
• Hanging : the rock above the deposit. See lying .
• "Rabbits": lumps of coal made to match to take away (→ Matzeln, poverty, mother blocks)
• Reel : device for winding a rope.
• Haspelberg: inclined section in which hunted animals are conveyed by means of a reel.
• Reel frame: fixed part of a reel, consisting of pool trees, cross timbers, hanging bench and reel supports.
• Reel square: rectangular substructure of the reel, consisting of pool trees and crossbars.
• Reel horn: Handle or crank on the reel to drive the shaft.
• Haspelknecht : miner who worked as a transport worker in the mine.
• Reel shaft: older shaft of shallow depth, with a (manual) reel as a hoisting machine.
• Reel support or reel column: strong boards with bearings for the shaft, recessed in the reel four.

Compressed air driven reel

• Hauer (also Häuer): mining skilled workers. Apprentice: corresponds roughly to an apprentice.
• Tipper training : Learning the skills and knowledge that qualify a miner to be a cutter.
• Hauer certificate : qualification in mining, which was acquired by the Hauer testing and also Hauer letter was called.
• Pile : Very Cracked or -gesprengtes rock.
• Hauklein: hewn, medium-grain material from the raw material body or adjacent rock, which accrues during the drive.
• Backfilling : Filling the void between the route extension and the mountains with suitable building materials.
• Helmet : tool handle
• Holm: side bars of a ride into which the rungs are inserted.
• Hornstatt: a room carved out in the pit to be able to operate a reel (often only in the area of ​​the reel horns).
• Heinzenkunst : medieval machine for lifting the pit water
• Planer : Machine for the peeling extraction of hard coal
• Planer drive : Mechanical device used to move the coal plow.
• Planing process : Various processes for extracting hard coal using a coal plow.
• Wooden box : support element made of squared timber or sleepers.
• Honigmann method : shaft drilling method for mild, water-bearing mountains
• Höffig : an area or rock formation that - suspected or proven - contains ores or minerals that are worth mining is called höffig.
• Polite (or friendly): Adjoining rock or gait encountered by the miner that gives hope that usable ores will be found soon. See also höffig .
• Hut: Plant for the extraction of metals from ore.
• Hüttenraiter: Mountain official for the metallurgy, responsible for the proper operation of the huts.
• Hüttenwardein: Official of the hut (see Bergwardein).
• Hunt : open tram.
• Huthaus : Central administration building of a mine, which was also a material store, tack room, workshop and apartment of the Hutmann.
• Hutmann : Mine supervisor with the task of supervising the mine or - as it was called at the time - protecting it.
• Hydraulic backfilling: backfilling process in which the backfill material is transported in the form of a suspension or thick matter through a closed pipeline system to the individual inlet points (flushing points) in the pit cavities.
• Hydromechanical extraction : Process in which the minerals are extracted from the rock using high pressure.
• Hydraulic conveying : Continuous conveying process in which the conveyed material is conveyed with the aid of a carrier liquid. Used together with hydromechanical extraction.

I.

• Inspection principle : organizational principle that applies to German mining in the second half of the 19th century.

J

• Yoke: an all-round arrangement of timbers used to fasten a shaft. In rectangular shafts, a yoke is the same as a square. Furthermore, a “half yoke” is a connection of three pieces of wood in a rectangular shaft.
• Young miner: Young person who is employed in mining without a training contract.

K

• Chamber construction : mining methods in civil engineering.
• Cap : horizontally built-in beam made of wood or metal, part of the pit lining .
• Box: a stage construction consisting of stripes and wooden decks to load mountains onto.
• Cat : Motorized transport system suspended from the ceiling.
• Kaue : Originally a building above the shaft as weather protection, later as a washroom for the changing and washroom, divided into black and white pubs.
• Chewing comb : a pit ax sharpened on one side, for chopping the crowd at the Polish door frame , often incorrectly for ax in general.
• Ketscher: stake wagon for transporting material
• Reverse wheel : water wheel with reversible direction of rotation to drive the shaft delivery.
• Pickaxe : One-sided pickaxe for loosening.
• Chain tear : Destruction of the drive chain in the tank conveyor or the coal plow.
• Kind-Chaudron method : shaft drilling method that is suitable for solid rock.
• klauben : Reading out the ore-containing lumps and crumbs from the conveyed material. Was done by hand in historical mining, today mostly by machine.
• Small mine : In terms of workforce, equipment and production, it wasn't a big mine .
• Knapp: Part of the dismantling that is carried out on site by a man or a group
• Knappe : miner who has completed his apprenticeship, journeyman.
• Knappenschein : Certificate of proficiency that served as evidence of a completed miner's apprenticeship.
• Knappschaft : Association of miners to assert professional interests and for mutual social security. Today it is also synonymous with miners' social insurance.
• Knappschaftsbrille: Dirt marks around the eyes.
• Knee bar : knee protection for the miner, as protection against wetness and cold when kneeling, see also ass leather .
• Coep funding: Type of shaft funding (after Carl Friedrich Koepe ). See also "traction sheave conveyance".
• Coal digging : method of extracting coal using simple tools; pings were created as a result of the extraction of coal.
• Coal face: Seam front in mining, corresponds to the → face
• Convergence : Is the compression of the route cross-section due to the rock pressure.
• Consolidation : amalgamation of several mine fields or the associated authorized persons .
• Head section: upper section accompanying the dismantling.
• Wreath: a tire for fastening, reinforcing and compacting the expansion of a round manhole.
• Scratches , also scrapers: a hoe with a triangular or rectangular blade is required to clean what is lying on the ground or to efficiently fill the shovel.
• Scraper conveyor: see tank conveyor
• Crooked neck work : mining process in which ore extraction in narrow seams causes damage to the spine.
• Bucket Wart : person responsible for the depletion of that are available underground latrine bucket is responsible.
• Hollow construction : mining process in which a deposit is exploited by means of small shafts, so-called hollows.
• Buddy : miner.
• Art : Historical name for every form of a machine. Water art : machine for lifting water out of the pit. Driving skill : machine for vertical passenger transport.
• Art master and servant: Historically: miner who builds and maintains art .
• Artistic wheel : water wheel with curved pivot (crank) for driving arts .
• Cupellation : Separation of lead and silver in a special crucible, mostly made of ceramic material (“cupelle”).
• Kux : Participation in a union .
• Kuxkränzler : Broker who acted as a negotiator for the trades in mining and handled the purchase and sale of the Kuxe.

L.

• Lachter : old measure of length, approx. 2 m. The Clausthaler Lachter was 1.92 m, the old Freiberg Lachter 1.942 m, the new Saxon Lachter exactly 2.000 m.
• Loader or loader wagon: Term used in many ways for a device for unloading the debris. It can be a self-propelled device with a caterpillar track, free-wheeling or rail-mounted wheeled chassis, but also a short tank conveyor which, when lowering, transports the debris from the bottom level to a trolley provided.
• Ladholz: the wood stuck behind the stamp in warps.
• Charging station: explosives introduced into the borehole by cartridges or blown loose.
• Storage : Sedimentary storage that, in contrast to the seam, is not extensive.
• Storage : The storage facilities are classified according to their inclination in relation to the horizontal plane.
• Lamp room : Room in a mine for charging, storing, servicing and, if necessary, for repairing mining lights after use underground.
• Längenfeld : a measure of a legitimate measure in Prussia, which was initially limited to one seam, but from 1821 also applied to several seams. After the length field adjustment law came into force, all remaining length fields were deleted.
• Running posts, running boards or running boards: pieces of wood placed directly on the track sole or on cushions in order to drive and convey on them.
• Lye: term mainly used in salt mining for salt solutions from the surrounding saline that enter mines , irrespective of the genesis (origin, formation), chemical composition (saturated or unsaturated "lye") and the amount added (the so-called " fill ").
• Fiefdom : Area measure in early mining with the dimensions seven pools length and seven pools width.
• Lehenbrief : Award document that was sent to a mother by the mining authority when a muted mine was awarded.
• Lehenschein : Certificate that was created by the miner and sent to the counter-writer so that he could then make the entry in the counter-book. The loan bearer received the loan as confirmation.
• Guide tree: pieces of wood that are attached to the horizontal shafts for (not dismantled) barrel shafts so that the conveying vessels do not scratch the rock.
• Reading belt: Conveyor belt on which the extracted coal was manually freed of foreign matter, mainly rock.
• Latvians : kneadable clay, used as Latvian trimmings .
• Light hole : Narrow shaft that is sunk into a deeper pit to ventilate the mine workings.
• Lying : The rock below the deposit.
• Liese: narrow chasm , crevice, narrow crack in the rock
• Load Haul Dump (abbreviated LHD): English name for a loader , which is also used in German.

Perforated brick

• Lochstein : A boundary stone that characterizes the marrow sheath .
• Loosening : Loosening is the term used to denote the removal of the pit water or the weathering from the mine field, as well as the development of a deposit. The interfaces between mountain layers are also referred to as loosening.
• Loosener: Rock that can be detached from the roof and fall or has already fallen. Looseners that threaten to fall can be secured with ridge anchors .
• Loosing hour : Period of time during a shift in which the miners take turns or take a break.
• Lutte : air duct to bring in fresh weather .
• Luttenfurz: In the Erzgebirge, term for a small miner who would be the right size to clean the inside of the Lutten. This was occasionally necessary with earlier wooden ducts to protect them from rotting.

M.

• Maass : measure of parts of a mine field, which over the treasure trove also awarded was (were about because not awarded after the mine field smaller parts). In the Upper Harz 1 measure = 28 puddles = 53.8 m.

On site in a seam that is very thin

• Thickness : the thickness of a rock layer or seam
• Man, see there
• Brand control: Every miner had to hang up a metal badge with his personal number on an occupancy board at the respective workplace to drive in and to drop it again when leaving. This made it possible to obtain information about the staff who had been driven in and their location.
• Mine sheath : boundary of a mine field, boundary between mine fields.
• Markscheider : underground surveyor.
• Marksman marks: markings and symbols that were used by the mark separator to mark certain points of reference.
• Dull weather : Corrupted or stale air with too little oxygen.
• Matzl: see mother blocks
• Mettenschicht : Last shift before Christmas.
• Mottek: term borrowed from Polish for the miner's hammer, especially widespread in Ruhr mining . See also Bello, Dicker Hammer.

Orifice of a historic colliery

• Mountaintop removal mining : mining in which mountain peaks are blasted and then removed to extract the raw materials below.
• Oral hole : opening of the tunnel on the surface of the day .
• Courage , courage : Applying for the granting of mine ownership to a non-mined mineral.
• Muter : First finder of a mineral, who then pleaded for the bestowal of mine ownership.
• Courage slip : Approval letter given to a mother by the mountain master or mountain bailiff after the prospect of a deposit.
• Mutterklötzchen , Matzl: A section of wood about a foot long that the miners took home from work as kindling. This “wood theft” was forbidden, but it was seen as common law.
• Mutation overview map or mutation map, it is kept by the mining authorities responsible for mining supervision and gives an overview of the pit fields awarded.

N

• Gleaning mining : Extraction of parts of the deposit that were not extracted during the previous operation for various reasons.
• tear down: expand a mine.
• Sub-location: a location branching off from the main mining area. On the side: "Wing location"; to the top: "Steigort"; downwards: "Fall location".
• Secondary shift : One shift in addition to the main rope travel times in 3/3 or 4/3 operation. In these additional ropes z. B. Locomotive drivers and operators arrive one hour before the usual cable car journey to ensure operation during regular shift times.
• Neubergmann: non-miner in the first weeks of his work underground. New miners are given to an experienced cutter to help out.
• Never-never: top note on the certificates of the mountain school, meant never missed and never came too late. This grade was more important than the performance in the subjects for the employment as a Steiger with some mining companies.

O

• Oberbank: Upper part of a two-part seam . See lower bench.
• Place, that: The place where dismantling or a route is being driven ("on site"). End of a route .
• Locality : mining method in which 50-100 meter long stretches - locations - are excavated in order to exploit the deposit.
• Face face : Wall / joint at the end of a mine construction on which the tunneling is taking place or has taken place.

P

• Panne, Pannschüppe: Colloquially for pan shovel (regional). See also women ass .
• Tank conveyor : actually a chain scraper conveyor, a very robust conveyor for transporting the coal that has broken in from the face to the footpath.
• Moving armor: a recurring work step; Move the tank conveyor down a lane to the coal face after about 2 m of coal had been extracted on the entire face. Today automated with shield support.
• Tank driver: the miner who operates and monitors the tank conveyor; not a soldier.
• Shuttle conveyance: A method of conveyance over a distance in which a vessel is moved back and forth.
• Passenger train : a train composed of special wagons specially designed for underground passenger transport.
• Pan shovel: shovel with the help of which the loosened material, e.g. B. Coal is loaded onto the conveyor.
• Pillar construction : mining method that is used to mine plate-shaped deposits with a shallow dip of a maximum of 50 gon .
• Seizure: lining or abutment made of wood.
• Whistle or drill pipe: Borehole in the rock or body of raw material to hold explosives for blasting work.
• Pfuhlbaum or Pfühlbaum: Lagerholz, one of the two woods below in the reel four, into which the reel supports are usually pegged.

Ping

• Pinge : Mostly trough-shaped or funnel-shaped depressions on the surface of the surface that remained from earlier mining, created by mining near the surface, the collapse of a shaft (shaft penguin) or an underground cavity.
• Pochwerk : Above-ground processing plant for crushing the extraction material (mostly ore).
• Polish shotgun: Name for the pick hammer, alluding to the Silesian origin of many miners in the Ruhr area.
• Pad or prune (s): wooden threshold for placing a walking post.
• Polygonal expansion: Composed polygonal expansion that is built in to reinforce the expansion of the route.
• Pöngel : bundles of laundry (laundry net) used by miners to transport work clothes.
• Buffer carrier : carrier to protect the rope sheaves from damage by the conveyor.
• Tasting: Knowledge and application of means and procedures for determining the constituents of minerals (e.g. metal content) and the purity of metals.
• Prospector: explorer looking for deposits (similar to today's geologist ).
• Püngel: clothes
• Pump chamber : pit in which the machines for drainage are installed.
• Pump art : water lifting machine that was used for water maintenance from the middle of the 16th century.
• Pütt : Common term for miners in the Ruhr area for miners, based on this also Püttmann as a term for the miner.

Q

• Transverse construction : mining method that is used in massive, steeply dipping deposits and in underground quarries.
• Cross rock: the intermediate gears rock lying is in excavation of a cross passage traversed by this at right angles.
• Cross timber: one of the two timbers on top in the reel four , which are used for stiffening and stability.
• Cross passage : a distance transversely to the dip of the strata ascended is.

R.

Mouth hole of a ramp (Brunndöbra)

• Raithalde: mostly located on upper streams, small, hilly and rib-shaped heaps from soap mining (also "Saife" or "Saiffe").
• Ramp: Inclined, straight or spiral ("spiral") mine construction. Ramps are designed in such a way that they can be used with large-scale equipment such as loaders, dump trucks or normal trucks. In contrast to tunnels, ramps enter the deposit, the highest point of a ramp is the mouth hole . In this way, large-scale trackless technology can also be used to mine from greater depths.
• Lawn: The natural surface of the day.
• Suspended lawn bench: Suspended bench on the ground floor.
• Overexploitation : Extraction aimed at short-term maximum profit, with abandonment of full extraction and sustainable operation.
• Robbery : Removal of the operating resources and the mine support from abandoned mine structures or operating points.
• Robbery Aid : Tools or implements specially made for robbery.
• Representative : Legal representative of a mining union elected by the trade union assembly.
• Remaining pillars : parts of a seam-like deposit left standing.
• Retardat : Mining law process in early mining through which a Kux owner could lose his shares if he did not pay his penalties.
• Revier : 1) in the narrower sense a department for the execution of mining and other work at several operating points in a certain part of a mine field and
  2) in the broader sense designation for an area in which certain mineral raw materials are extracted.
• Revierbeamter : A mining official who either formed the first instance of the mining authority or did not form and was only charged with mountain police tasks.
• Recess money : levy that a mother had to pay to the mining authority every quarter after a mining field was awarded.
• Recess writer : mining official in the Middle Ages, who worked as an accountant at the mining office. In-depth mining and mathematics skills were required for the job.
• Straightening shaft: shaft that is sunk in a straight line (regardless of the course of the deposit).
• Straightening route : route that is driven in a straight line in the middle strike ("general strike") away from the deposit.
• Ring lining : Closed pit lining, which consists of assembled steel segments.
• Gutter or channel: U-shaped cut round timber for draining water.
• Rohraufgeber : A two or three chambers feeding device for water or suspensions, which is also referred to as a multi-chamber Rohraufgeber.
• Role , actually roll hole : vertical pit construction for the conveyance of goods or mountains from the mining or an upper section to a lower section.
• Rose : Short distance for draining water.
• Quiet stage: A platform in the shaft between two trips (= ladder ).
• Demolition : Form of demolition from the limit of the respective construction height back to the beginning of the construction site.
• Round tree: shaft of a reel.
• Ruschel not mineralized shear transitions that unlike mineral leading courses only grated host rocks contain and have low stability.
• Slide : construction consisting of inclined levels and used in salt mining to bring miners in.
• Slipper bear: In the Ruhr area, an earlier term for foremen underground, corresponds to the tank driver. See vibrating slide .

S.

• Hall band : interface between corridor and adjacent rock.
• sacks: mining for shovels
• Saline : Plant in which table salt is obtained from salt solutions through evaporation of the water.
• Salt deposit : natural occurrence of salts, mainly formed by evaporation of sea water, usually contain various salts.
• Coffin lid : A very large stone loosing itself from the hanging wall at existing dividing surfaces without warning.
• Cleaning: cleaning, keeping in order, leveling the sole.
• Oxygen self-rescuer : Small breathing apparatus with compressed oxygen that is used in underground mining in the event of danger.
• Schaar: the semicircular hacked or milled upper end of a → stamp on the Polish door frame
• Shaft : Seigerer , more rarely also a ton-long pit construction for conveying (conveyor shaft) or ventilating (weather shaft). Shafts that only connect underground mine workings but do not lead to the surface are called blind shafts .
• Shaft lowering system : Universal shaft drilling machine for depths of up to 150 meters.
• Shaft starting point: In the case of day shafts, the point on the surface at which the shaft is to be sunk.
• Shaft lining: lining of the shaft wall, which serves to absorb the lateral rock pressure.
• Shaft drilling process: Process with which shafts are created by drilling with the help of different machines.
• Shaft house , also greenhouse: A building erected above the shaft opening that was used for different purposes.
• Shaft conveyance : conveyance of products, offsets, material and people from the filling point to the hanging bank in manholes.
• Shaft guidance : Shaft fixtures that guide the goods carrier in the track of the respective shaft section.
• Shaft head: upper end of a shaft (→ mouth hole).
• Shaft disc : shaft cross-section with shaft extension and the division of the various rubble.
• Shaft separator : construction element made of wood or masonry for dividing the shaft into separate sections.
• Shaft signaling system : Technical equipment in the shaft for communication between the haul machine operator and the slinger.
• Shaft chair : construction at the stops in the transition area from the shaft to the filling point.
• Shaft sump : deepest part of the shaft, below the deepest connected bottom. Serves to absorb the pit water.
• Shaft breach : Sudden loss of the shaft backfill when day shafts are thrown out.
• Shaft storage : Completion of a discarded daily shaft .
• Shaft goat: funny pit ghost, which was mainly used by younger miners as a source of all sorts of jokes.
• Scharen: acute-angled meeting of veins.
• Scheffel : old room size, which was used in Westphalia to measure hard coal.
• Disc: another term for the → face
• Disc dismantling: Mining particularly → thick seams in several floors.
• Scheidebank : processing hall of a mine in which the ore was manually separated from the dead rock. The work on the divider bench was often done by children ("divorce boys") or mountain invalids.
• Scheidejunge : Apprentice who worked in the preparation of the mine and gained his first experience there for the profession of miner (also called Klaubejunge or Pochjunge in Upper Harz).
• Scheidestube : Room for further processing and preparation of the ores.
• Shift : Regular daily working hours. Both for the duration (one shift of 8 hours) and for the end of the same (it's shift, we're going to end!) And the classification (morning, noon, night shift).
• Shift supervisor : Mining official who was sworn in as accountant of the mine.

Shield extension with chain conveyor

• Shooting : blasting underground.
• Firing wire: White insulated 0.7 mm iron wire to connect the red ignition cable, which is permanently installed at the joint, with the coupled ignition wires. Gladly misused as a universal binding wire.
• Shooter : A miner who is allowed to carry out shooting work underground on instruction.
• Shooting master : A miner who is exclusively occupied with shooting work underground and is not allowed to stand in the thought.
• Shield support : a hydraulic system for longwall mining in underground coal mining.
• Mallet : Hammer for driving in the recovery iron.
• Impact wire: wire or wire rope pulled by the dismantling, as an emergency stop or signal device. (see also shaft hammer)
• Firedamp : Explosive gas mixture of methane and oxygen.
• Firedamp Explosion: Explosion from striking bettors.
• Bad : Natural interfaces of the seam body . They occur mainly in hard coal seams , but also in the Upper Bavarian pitch coal .
• Creeping weather: Small, uncontrolled currents of weather that sweep through thrown mine workings and are potentially dangerous.
• Tugboat : miner who was mainly used to promote (haul, tow) the Hunte . As a rule, apprentices were used as "trek boys" in their early days.
• Towing trough : Wooden conveying vessel that was previously used in mining to convey the minerals extracted.
• Centrifugal offset: Offset process in which the backfill material is conveyed to the location of the offset by a conveyor belt and there it is thrown into the pit cavity to be filled with a high-speed spinning belt.
• Cutting extraction: this term stands for a continuously working mining method in which the raw materials are extracted from the mountain range by cutting or cutting using extraction machines.
• Cutting head : Extraction tool on roadheaders or continuous miners .
• Schöpfbau Also called pumping station is a Verlaugungskammer or Laugwerk that is built without lower brine discharge and operated.
• Schrämen : Make a Schram .
• Cutting iron : Tough for manual cutting work, is used together with the cutting spit.
• Cutting spit : Tough for manual cutting work, is used in particular for cleaning out corners.
• Cutting chain : Revolving link chain on cutting machines and continuous miners of old design.
• Schrämkrone : Tool used on column cutting machines to produce the scraper.
• Cutting machine : Device used in mining and quarries to produce a cut.
• Cutter roller : Roller-shaped tool carrier for the roller cutter loader.
• Digging or prospecting: Searching for a deposit by uncovering near the surface of the earth, but also by digging and drilling holes.
• Prospecting license: Official permit that allows the holder to search for deposits. Official term: search permit .
• Shaking chute : a mining aid in coal mining. Trough-shaped sheets are slowly moved back and forth, causing the coal to slide towards the footpath.
• Swiveling platform, also swinging platform: serves to compensate for the difference between the conveyor cage and the bottom at the filling point
• Soap (also "Saife" or "Saiffe"): Deposit (mostly ore deposit) in which weathered ore-containing mountain masses were deposited by water in the upper reaches of rivers and streams.
• Seiger (also saiger ): vertical, perpendicular.
• Seigerriss (also Saigerriss ): graphic projection of a mine, vertical section
• Rope breakage : A hauling rope tears through due to material fatigue or overload.
• Rope binding (also rope end connection): Construction that connects hoisting ropes or other wire ropes with structural parts or other fixed points.
• Rope ride : the miners enter and exit in the cage hanging on the rope .
• Rope basket : device on the hoisting machine on which the hoisting rope is wound.
• Zipline : Slipping of the hoisting rope on the traction sheave, which can mainly occur when starting or braking sharply. See Koepeförderung.
• Sheave : Technical component for conveyor systems.
• Rope sheave platform : mechanical construction that serves to hold and support the rope sheaves.

Pulley house

• Rope sheave house (Austrian): A house above a day shaft that contains the sheaves for the hauling rope. A sheave house is used instead of a winding tower when the suspension bench is below and the winding machine is above ground.
• Rope safety : safety factor for hoisting ropes.
• Rope carrier : part of the hoisting machine with which the hoisting rope is moved. See also traction sheave.
• Rope walking : the hauling rope runs on the traction sheave without slipping.
• Side-tipping loader : loading machine for lifting and moving debris.
• Lowering : Is the gaining of the swollen track sole, it is used to maintain or restore the necessary route height.
• Countersunk support : Flexible support element that is used instead of the extension segments on the butt side.
• Shuttle Car : Self-unloading trackless vehicle that is used for the discontinuous transport of mined minerals.
• Safety climber: safety engineer in mining.
• Sinkwork : underground cavity in which salt is extracted by leaching with fresh water.
• Skip : box-shaped conveying vessel for loose goods.
• Brine : aqueous rock salt solution with a density of 1.204 g / cm ³ and an NaCl content of 26.4% (318 g / l). Natural brine is usually undersaturated. It is obtained by drilling into underground brine deposits or from salt deposits by mining or by controlled borehole brine and is also produced by dissolving rock salt (artificial brine) produced by mining. The raw brine obtained is generally not pure enough for further processing and must therefore be subjected to chemical cleaning before it is used.
• Bottom : 1. the entirety of all parts of a mine located in one level ;
  2. lower boundary surface of a mine, z. B. a route.
• Sole distance : Seigerer or flat distance between the individual levels of a mine.
• Bottom loader : Mining work machine that is used to extract swollen bottom rock.
• Söhlig : horizontal, horizontal.
• Base wood: Wood as a base on the base of a mine under extensions.
• Pointed iron , iron, recovery iron: Chisel-like tool that is held with a handle. It is part of the historical tough " mallet and iron ".
• Spreader: wood to stiffen other wooden fixtures, e.g. B. a full carpentry. Also designation for a stamp of a “lost” carpentry installed at short notice.
• Flushing backfill: backfilling process in which the backfill material consists of solid residues from the processing and adhering transport solution and is hydraulically transported via pipes from above ground to the pit cavities. Most of the transport solution that drains out of the backfill is collected in special collecting basins and reused.
• Stacking rooms: are underground cavities in which liquid residues from raw material processing or solutions coming from the mine are deposited.
• Stack offset: Offset process in which the transport, handling and installation of the backfill material takes place in containers (e.g. in big bags ) and the cavities in the pit are filled with them.
• Rigid arch support : Partly elliptical rigid route support from individual support segments, which is used in underground mining.
• Dust binding method : Measure to combat deposited explosive coal dust.
• Steiger : mine supervisor, mining engineer, mining official.
• Climbing boom or driving boom: Usually a short climbing aid made from a whole round wood with incised steps.
• Stamp : support made of wood or metal to support the mountains .
• Multi-storey construction : mining method that is used in deposits in which the minerals are irregularly distributed in the rock mass.
• Tunnels : almost horizontal section with a mouth hole on the surface of the day. In Saxony, the Ore Mountains, Stolln is also written in proper names and traditionally .

Falling platform in the Mansfeld copper slate mine

• Butt , elm: lateral boundary surface of a pit (e.g. side wall of a line).
• Impact construction : Mining process in which several mutually offset mining joints are taken together.
• Disturbance : interface in the mountains where z. B. a shift of rocks has taken place.
• Longwall mining : Expansion of longwall mining.
• Longwall mining : underground mining method in which the mining space in the seam moves further.
• Route : horizontal pit construction within the mine building
• Road driveway : creating a horizontal or inclined pit.
• Extension of the line : Extension of underground lines.
• Route accompanying dam : Under-day building, which serves in the degradation routes to secure the Streckensaum against the Old Man.
• Line conveying : horizontal movement of materials, mineral raw materials, products and offset in lines and tunnels.
• Line hem : lateral boundary of a mining line to the seam and to the old man
• Stroke : Course of a flat deposit ( seam or dike ) in a horizontal direction, at right angles to the fall . Corresponds to the course of a contour line.
• Bench : In bench construction (e.g. in an ore vein) the mineral located below the excavation cavity, which is to be mined soon. Also synonymous with sole (2.).
• Bench construction : Oldest mining method for gang ore mining and the typical mining method before the 16th century. The process was often used to move from open pit to underground mining.
• Tier : Small piece of rock, especially ore tier .
• Hour : The horizontal direction (indicates an original meaning of the word as the direction in which the sun is ). The pit compass was divided into 2 * 12 hours, going in opposite directions from north to south.
• Deferral (mining) : The (temporary / temporary) closure of a mine.
• Falling platform: The method of reloading from the Strebhunt to the trolley used in the Mansfeld copper slate mining.
• Swamp section : section that is used as a collection space for the mine water.
• Swamps : lowering of the groundwater level, drainage of flooded ( drowned ) mine workings.

T

Carrier for drum conveying

Door frame extension

• Day ( during the day , during the day ): Earth's surface from which daylight is visible.
• Opencast mining : mining of the useful mineral from above ground. See civil engineering .
• Daybreak : collapse that penetrates to the surface of the day.
• Daily mine: the daily extraction of a district or the entire plant
• Day shaft : See shaft (mining) .
• Deaf : A part of the deposit that does not contain any minerals that can be mined.
• Teckel : Special trolleys for conveying long materials such as B. Pipes or pit wood.
• Depth : The depth of a shaft or a bed.
• Deepening: Creating a shaft from top to bottom, see sinking .
• Civil engineering : underground mining. Contrast: opencast mining .
• Tonnlägig : A shaft that does not lead vertically into the mine; the conveyor barrel rests on a plank track. Tonnlägige wells followed in the Gangerzbergbau deviating from the vertical incidence of the aisle. Opposite: Seigerschacht.
• Dead man see there
• Dead load : In conveyor technology, the load that is formed from the total weight of the funds required for conveying.
• Totsöhlig: absolutely söhlig , horizontal, without slope for draining the water
• Tradde : Compensation for mountain damage .
• Impregnation process : Process in which dust is partially bound by means of water pressed into the coal.
• Carrying stamp: stamp, which has to carry a higher part of the shaft timbering, e.g. B. the four corner stamps between two shaft square .
• Structure: the bottom of the tunnel artificially raised with a wooden frame, under which water can drain. This creates a flat and dry path for driving and conveying. An "open structure" only has as many posts as are absolutely necessary for driving. In the case of a "closed structure", the entire width of the route is built over.
• drive: operate the shaft conveyor; set a conveyor cage in motion.
• Driving furnace: device for the controlled generation of heat, which is used to separate silver and lead (driving process).
• Traction sheave : Rope carrier in which the energy from the drive machine is transferred to the hoisting rope by means of frictional engagement.
• Traction sheave conveyor : shaft conveyor system, which is also called Koepe conveyor after its inventor Carl Friedrich Koepe. A traction sheave is used as a cable carrier. The two conveyor baskets moving in opposite directions hang on the two ends of the conveyor rope.
• Dry backfill: is the introduction of dry residues into the existing pit cavities using various mechanical processes.
• Drum hoisting machine : hoisting machine in which the hoisting rope is wound onto a drum ( reel ). As a rule, two rope drums are connected on a shaft so that one rope is wound up and the other is unwound.
• Trum (mining) : vertically separated part of a shaft, e.g. B. driving, conveying, pipeline string.
• Trum (geology) : Branch of the corridor separated from a corridor .
• Tscherperessen : Rustic miner's meal, especially in the Harz Mountains .
• Tummelbau : mining process in lignite mining with beehive-shaped widenings, so-called Tummel, which was banned in German mining in the 19th century due to its dangerousness.
• Tunnel face : term from the tunnel : Place a tunnel under construction distance at which the tunnel is driven forward.
• Tübbing : Segments made of cast iron or steel, which are used for the watertight construction of shafts in unstable side mountains.
• Door frame : extension construction, consisting of a cap with two supporting punches .

U

• Overcutting: upwardly driven pit construction in the collapse of the corridor
• Overshar (also Oberschar): An area enclosed by two or more pit fields and located in the mountain-free area. It cannot be awarded because it does not have the legally prescribed minimum size of a pit. Or their delimitation is so irregular that a survey as a pit field is impossible.
• Überwung (Austrian): belt, part of miner's clothing.
• Above days (Austrian: above days, formerly also “above ground”): everything “in the sun”, so not mining.
• Exaggerate : the conveying equipment drives past the end stops.
• Excessive protection : Serves to slow down the conveyor so that it comes to a standstill in front of the bumper if possible.
• Elm (also cheek): Lateral boundary of a pit (see joint ).
• rebuild: bring a section deformed by rock pressure back to the original cross-section. Miners who had this task were called remodeling workers.
• Upholstery: sideways driven, arched neighboring location to bypass a break, a shaft or to accommodate a switch for the mine railway.
• Unschlitt: Inferior beef suet as fuel for medieval pit lamps.
• Underground horse stable : A room that is one of the large mine workings and is used as a shelter for the pit horses in deep mines with horse transport.
• underground (formerly also “underground”): everything in the “hole”, ie under the surface of the earth, be it tunnels, routes, shafts or tunnels.
• Lower bench: lower part of a two-part seam .
• Substation construction : dismantling below the deepest level.

V

• Bolting : Axial linking of the line extension to secure the individual structures against a shear effect in the longitudinal direction.
• Crime : Breaking in or collapsing and thus rendering a mine unusable.
• Composite mine : Created by amalgamating several mines.
• Slash : The way in which an attacked mining surge is broken down.

Steel construction with delay

• Tilting, falling: in opencast mining, the sedimentation of the spoil .
• Award : assignment of mine property by the sovereign.

• Scoring: Beginning of mining a deposit, especially a coal seam (see also opening up, excavation ).
• Offset : Backfilling of a cavity created by mining with mountains (mountain offset).
• Sinking: Procedure to dispose of waste water in the plate dolomite.
• Spinning (Saxon): Watertight damming of a route through a brick or concrete dam, formerly also carpentry.
• Hiding device: Mechanical device that enables double drum winding machines and double bobbin winding machines to either separate or connect the connection between the cable carrier and the drive shaft.
• Gradation : process under mining law through which the Stöllner secured all rights to the previously excavated tunnel against any claims by new mothers. The Markscheider put a sign of disqualification.
• Soundtrack: wooden lining of the horizontal part of a barrel-length shaft in order to simplify the extraction and to reduce the wear and tear on the conveying vessel ("barrel").
• Safekeeping, safekeeping: Securing the cavities of a decommissioned (abandoned) mine against daybreak or mountain damage as well as against unauthorized entry.
• decorate a pit with a wooden extension .
• Delay : lining of the gaps when extending the line.
• Front structure : Form of the excavation guide in which the excavation is carried out in the direction of the excavation limit of the respective construction height.
• Receiving water: natural stream or river as well as artificially created possibility (canal, pumping station) to discharge water (including sewage).
• Device : After the alignment, preparation for mining by opening up the deposit and installing extraction and conveying equipment.
• Propulsion: → drive a distance.

W.

Litter shovel loader

• Waltworcht (en): Historical term from the Saxon mining industry for a smelter. In his smelting plant, he produced raw silver (so-called → “ Blicksilber ”) from ore concentrate and sold it to the → Brenngaden . He invested the profit he made in his ironworks, including a. to pay his ironworkers, to buy fuel and consumables and to buy more ore concentrate.
• Shearer loader : machine for the cutting extraction of hard coal and ore
• Warm work: If the temperature in the workplace is higher than 28 ° C, the working time is reduced to 7 hours.
• Laundromat: large hall, consisting of → black and white pubs and the showers, for changing before and after the → shift.
• Dewatering : Systems and measures for draining the water flowing into a pit
• Dewatering machine: machine with the help of which the pit water accumulating in the mine building can be drained away.
• Wasserknecht : miner who was responsible for the dewatering of the mine.
• Water solution: discharge of water, e.g. B. by water solution tunnels. See drainage .
• Water column machine: machine that was driven by water power and served to operate the pumps.
• Water trough barrier : Independent protection system consisting of water-filled troughs, which is used for explosion protection.
• Water drum : Ventilation machine in which the suction of the falling water was used for ventilation.
• Weir : Area measurement in early mining with the dimensions 14 Lachter length and seven Lachter width.
• Weiberarsch: Colloquial term for a → pan shovel (regional).
• Spiral section , (also for short :) Wendel : Spiral ramp between the individual (partial) floors of a mine.
• Weather : totality of all gases in the mine.
• Weather screen : weather-technical structure that is used for weather regulation.
• Weather curtain : construction made of canvas or other flexible material used for provisional weather regulation.
• Weather speed : flow speed of the weather in a mine or a duct.
• Weather hat : construction for ventilating small mines.
• Weather channel : connecting channel between the main pit ventilator and the extending weather shaft.
• Weather cross : Weather-related building that is used to separate fresh and defeated weather. It is also known as a weather bridge.
• Short circuit in the weather : Loss of weather flows caused by leaks in the weather structures or insufficient separation of the weather routes.
• Weather cooling machine : Machine that is used for direct weather cooling of the mine workings.
• Weather cooling Cooling down partial weather flows using technical aids and machines.
• Weatherman : A miner who carries out the weather measurements in the individual mine workings.
• Weather volume: the volume of air that flows through the pit per unit of time.
• Weather measurement : Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the weather.
• Weather measuring point : specially marked area in the mine where regular weather measurements are carried out.
• Weather furnace : construction for creating an artificial weather train
• Weather wheel : simple wooden weather machine for ventilating the mine workings
• Weather replacement : machine that was used for artificial ventilation until the beginning of the 20th century.
• Weather separator : Weather engineering structure that separates the fresh from the weather in the pit.
• Weather sole : Sole that is mainly used for ventilation .
• Weather board : underground control board on which the air purity check is noted with the date, time and signature of the control person.

Weather measuring point in the pit "Reiche Zeche"

• Weather barrel: Slotted barrel or similar construction erected over shafts to initiate external air movements in mine workings.
• Weather door : Weather-related structure that is used in underground mining to regulate the weather draft.
• Weather change : Seasonal change in the direction of the weather, but also exchange of the used air for fresh weather.
• Weather draft : air movement assumed by the atmosphere in the mine workings.
• Wirbellutte : Special whirlwind that serves to mix weather conditions in specially weathered route words, also Coanda whirlwind whore.
• Throwing shovel loader : Charger, mainly used in drifting. Track-bound or trackless design possible.

Z

• Zeche : Another name for pit, mine. Also: billing, daily funding. "Doing a bill": accounting.
• Colliery ( SDAG Wismut ) sorting plant in the Ore Mountains uranium ore mining.
• Cementing process : Process for sinking shafts in water-bearing layers.
• Carpenter: a miner who was mainly engaged in woodwork and interior work.
• Carpentry: the entirety of the wooden extensions of a mine.
• Detonator chain : interconnection of several electric detonators so that they are ignited at the same time.
• Sedentary water: all water entering the mine.
• Intermediate harness: connecting element between the conveyor cage and the conveyor rope.
• Intermediate means : thin layers of deaf rock in a seam or an ore deposit.

literature

Dictionaries and encyclopedias

• Heinrich Veith : German mountain dictionary . Breslau 1870/1871 (Reprint: Vaduz 2008, ISBN 978-3-253-01964-7 )
• Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition. Glückauf Verlag, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
• Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining. 1st edition. Glückauf Verlag, Essen 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 .
• Fritz Heise, Fr. Herbst, Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science, with special consideration of coal mining . 8th and 9th completely revised edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1958.

Technical and text books, articles

• Georg Agricola : De Re Metallica Libri XII. Twelve books on mining and metallurgy . Unchanged reprint of the first edition of the VDI-Verlag 1928. Marixverlag, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-86539-097-8 (Latin: De re metallica libri XII .).
• G. Leithold among other things: paperback for the miner. Volume III: Civil Engineering . Ed .: Chamber of Technology, Association of Mining. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1962.
• S. Lentzsch: The wood finds from the high medieval silver mines of Dippoldiswalde . Dresden 2013 (unpublished master's thesis).
• Ilpo Tapani Piirainen: History of the German mining language. In: bleed. Magazine for art and culture in mining. 46 (1994) No. 6, pp. 202-206.
• Henry Rauche: The Potash Industry in the 21st Century. State of the art in the extraction and processing of raw materials as well as in the disposal of the resulting residues. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-662-46833-3 .
• H. Schneiderhöhn: Ore deposits . VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1955.
• Gottfried Schulte, Wilhelm Löhr: Markscheidekunde for mountain schools and the practical use . 2nd, improved edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1941.
• Horst Roschlau, Wolfram Heintze: Knowledge storage mining technology . Ed .: SDAG Wismut. 1st edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1974.
• Kurt Hoffmann among others: Expertise for the hard coal mining . tape 1 . People and Knowledge, Berlin 1952.
• Erich Lewien, Peter Hartmann: Technology of mining . Ed .: University of the German Trade Unions "Fritz Heckert". Fachbuchverlag, Leipzig 1958.
• Б. В. Бокий: mining science . Technik, Berlin 1955 (Russian: Горное дело . Translated by R. Staepken).
• E. Göpfert: The miner's language in the Sarepta of Johann Mathesius. In: Journal for German Word Research 3, 1902, supplement.

Regional literature

• List of mining terms used in Saxon mining . Supplement to the Sächsische Bergwerks-Zeitung No. 12, 1852 ( LINK )
• Collective of authors: From the Brückenbergschächten to the VEB Steinkohlenwerk Karl Marx Zwickau 1859–1959 . (Operating history). Progress printer, Erfurt 1960.
• Author collective: The coal mining in the Zwickau area . Ed .: Steinkohlenbergbauverein Zwickau eV Förster & Borries, Zwickau 2000, ISBN 3-00-006207-6 .
• Bayer: Die Himmelfahrt Fundgrube - a guide through the teaching and visitor mine of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg . Self-published, Freiberg 1994.
• Rolf Vogel : The Lugau – Oelsnitzer coal field . Ed .: Förderverein Bergbaumuseum Oelsnitz / Erzgeb. eV Hohenstein – Ernstthal 1992.
• Otfried Wagenbreth : The Freiberg mining. Technical monuments and history . Ed .: Eberhard Wächtler . 2nd Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-342-00117-8 .
• Günter Behnert : The shaft goat: miner's humor. True stories from the Zwickau coal mining area . Altis, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-910195-22-9 , pp. 170-176 .
• Regina Smolnik (ed.): Silberrausch and Berggeschrey (exhibition catalog for the traveling exhibition “Medieval Mining in Saxony and Bohemia”, 2014–2016) . Beier & Beran, 2014, ISBN 978-3-95741-059-7 .

Historical and social history books

• GE Rost: Costumes of the miners and smelters in the Kingdom of Saxony: according to the latest regulations with scenic surroundings from the various mining authority districts drawn from nature, engraved in copper and faithfully colored . Freiberg 1831.
• Siegfried Sieber : On the history of mining in the Ore Mountains . Wilhelm-Knapp-Verlag, Halle (Saale) 1954.
• Eduard Heuchler : Bergmann's curriculum vitae. A narrative with illustrations for the more mature youth. With a foreword by Moritz Döring , Verlag Frotscher, Freiberg 1867.
• Christoph Bartels : The Rammelsberg ore mine . Ed .: Preussag AG Metall. Preussag-AG Metall, Goslar 1988.
• Helmuth Trischler : Steiger in German mining . On the social history of technical employees 1815–1945. Ed .: Klaus Tenfelde (=  mining and mining ). CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Oscar Beck), Munich 1988.
• Klaus Tenfelde, Helmuth Trischler (ed.): Up to the steps of the throne. Petitions and complaints from miners (=  mining and mining ). CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Oscar Beck), Munich 1986.

Web links

Wiktionary: Miner's language  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Specialized dictionary. Geo and environmental portal Freiberg, accessed on December 31, 2012 . 
• Mining category. www.mineralienatlas.de, accessed on December 31, 2012 . 
• Mining Glossary. Gesamtverband Steinkohle, accessed on August 13, 2014 . 
• Explanations of selected mining terms. erbstolln.de, accessed on December 31, 2012 . 
• Mining terms. indra-g.at, accessed on December 31, 2012 . 
• Mining terms from AZ. Knappenverein Glückauf Südkamen 1901, accessed on March 31, 2016 . 

Individual evidence

1. ^ Astrid Stedje, Heinz-Peter Prell: German language yesterday and today: Introduction to language history and linguistics . (= Uni-Taschenbücher. Volume 1499). 2007, p. 257.
2. ^ Herbert Wolf: Studies on the German miners 'language in the miners' songs of the 16. – 20. Century . (= Central German research. Volume 11). Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1958.
3. ^ ^{A b} Lothar Hoffmann, Hartwig Kalverkämper, Herbert Ernst Wiegand: Specialized languages: an international handbook for technical language research and terminology science. Volume 1, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp. 1931ff.
4. ^ Journal for the entire political science. Volume 3, Verlag der H. Laupp'schen Buchhandlung, 1846, p. 437.
5. ^ Lore Trebbin: The German loan words in the Russian miners' language. (= Publications of the Department for Slavic Languages ​​and Literatures of the Eastern Europe Institute (Slavic Seminar) at the Free University of Berlin. Volume 12). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1957.
6. ↑ Ulrike Leitner: Studia Fribergensia: Lectures at the Alexander von Humboldt Colloquium in Freiberg from November 8 to 10, 1991. (= Contributions to Alexander von Humboldt research. Volume 18). Akademie Verlag, 1995, p. 40.
7. ↑ dismantling. In: Otto Lueger: Lexicon of the entire technology and its auxiliary sciences. Volume 1, Stuttgart / Leipzig 1904, pp. 2-3. (online at: zeno.org ).
8. ↑ ^{a b c d} U. Tiehl: The fine cleaning of silver in the Middle Ages - the example of Brenngaden Freiberg. Lecture at the international symposium "ArchaeoMontan - Medieval Mining in Saxony and Bohemia", Kaden , 30. – 31. March 2017
9. ↑ Flach, S .: Freiberg - About the minerals and mining history of the 800 year old mining town in Saxony, Doris Bode Verlag, Haltern / Westf. 1986, p. 17
10. ↑ JG Krünitz: Economic Encyclopedia , 1773-1858
11. ^ Rheinhausen mining terms. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 2, 2011 ; accessed on December 31, 2012 . 
12. ^ Otto Lueger: Lexicon of the entire technology and its auxiliary sciences. Volume 4, Stuttgart / Leipzig 1906, p. 405.