Push-pull model of migration

The push-pull model of migration is the core of economically motivated migration theory is that Everett S. Lee set up (1917-2007) in the 1960s. The theory assumes that people are "pushed away" from an original area ( English : "to push") and / or "attracted" ( English : "to pull" ) from another area “) Will be. The theory is applied to both national and international migrationapplied. Lee's work (1966) is based on the principle of “economic rationalism” and has been taken up and further developed by other authors. Lee assumes that due to natural sluggishness and risk aversion, a preponderance of beneficial factors does not necessarily lead to migration.

Push factors

also migration pressure or "causes of flight"

Socio-economic reasons

• Unemployment , low income, lack of prospects
• Poverty and hunger
• Unjust distribution of property / social inequality
• high taxes and duties ( tax evasion )
• lack of infrastructure
• Demographic problems (scarcity of land / overpopulation )

Political reasons

• War , political unrest
• Dictatorship , torture, civil war, genocide
• Disregard for human rights (e.g. restriction of freedom of expression or freedom of religion)
• Discrimination or persecution (based on religion , skin color, ethnicity, political worldview , gender, sexual orientation)

Ecological reasons

• Natural, climatic and environmental disasters (eg. As floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, rising sea levels, droughts)
• Shortage of natural resources (e.g. due to salinization , erosion , overgrazing , overfishing )

See also : Migration pressure , causes of flight and environmental migration

Pull factors

Economy

• Boom
• good earning potential / many job offers
• informal sectors in the city (easy access for illegal immigrants)
• Economic development programs
• economic independence
• social benefits

society

• safety
• good housing opportunities
• high tolerance (e.g. religious, sexual)
• good educational opportunities
• functioning health system
• wide range of services , culture and leisure time
• high benefits - the relationship was in a study of three scientists at Princeton University for Denmark demonstrated; However, the migration expert at the OECD criticized the fact that the residence rules for migrants were tightened during the period under review and that the effect of the reduction in social benefits was "blurred". Two Austrian economists were also able to demonstrate the connection in 2020.

Demographics

• sufficient space available
• structured spatial planning
• Labor shortage (e.g. due to demographic change )
• social networks - migrants seek out countries in which they have or hope to have contacts and points of contact. Smugglers and smugglers influence the decision of migrants, as does word of mouth during migration. In May 2015, the BAMF declared that Germany's strong economy is definitely an incentive for migration.

politics

• favorable immigration laws / possibility of family reunification
• Possibility of legal immigration
• Recognition of immigrants as innovation potential
• Legal certainty
• peace
• personal freedom

Context and limits of modeling

With a model of the Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) an attempt was made to integrate different theoretical approaches to explain migration. The objection raised against this and other models is that individuals are assumed to be selfish and that complex social relationships are not taken into account. As an example, it is cited that it has been empirically confirmed that migration decisions by married couples are often suboptimal with regard to the wife's professional career.

See also

• Push-pull strategy (marketing)
• Push and pull factors of emigration from Germany to areas outside the Eurasian continent before 1945 and after 1945
• European Union asylum policy

literature

• Everett S. Lee (1966): A Theory of Migration . In: Demography , Volume 3, No. 1, 1966, pp. 47-57, doi : 10.2307 / 2060063 , JSTOR 2060063 ; also reprinted in JA Jackson (ed.): Migration . Cambridge University Press , 1969, pp. 282-297 (Sociological Studies, Vol. 2) - ISBN 978-0-521-13568-9 .
• Everett S. Lee (1972): A Theory of Migration . In: György Széll (ed.): Regional mobility. Nymphenburger Verlag 1982, pp. 117-129.

Footnotes

1. ↑ loc. Gov
2. ^ Everett S. Lee (1966): A Theory of Migration . In: Demography , Volume 3, No. 1, 1966, pp. 47-57, doi : 10.2307 / 2060063 , JSTOR 2060063
3. ↑ - ( Memento of the original from August 16, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 9 
4. ↑ Political and legal aspects in dealing with Central American migrants in North America. Part 1: Migration movements (countries of origin and destination), causes of migration. In: WD 2-3000-030 / 16. German Bundestag, 2016, accessed on July 25, 2017 .  P. 15.
5. ↑ Ole Agersnap, Amalie Jensen, Henrik Kleven: The Welfare Magnet Hypothesis: Evidence From an Immigrant Welfare Scheme in Denmark. October 2019, accessed December 6, 2019 . 
6. ↑ Maja Brankovic: Princeton study: Social benefits attract immigrants . November 19, 2019, ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed December 6, 2019]).
7. ↑ Social welfare as a magnet for refugees? Three researchers say yes - derStandard.at. November 27, 2019, accessed on December 6, 2019 (Austrian German). 
8. ↑ Vienna attracts refugees with higher social assistance - derStandard.at. Retrieved February 26, 2020 (Austrian German). 
9. ↑ Why Germany? BAMF, December 1, 2013, accessed on March 18, 2017 . 
10. ↑ Federal Office expects 450,000 asylum applications this year. BAMF, May 7, 2015, accessed on March 18, 2017 . 
11. ↑ Steffen Köhnert: Migration Theories . Berlin Institute for Population and Development, October 2007, accessed on December 20, 2018 .  P. 5.