Ordinary water hose
| Ordinary water hose | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common water hose ( Utricularia vulgaris ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Utricularia vulgaris | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The common water hose ( Utricularia vulgaris ) is a type of plant from the genus of the water hose ( Utricularia ) within the family of the water hose plants (Lentibulariaceae). This carnivorous plant species (carnivore) lives aquatic .
description
The freely floating plant can have stem axes over a meter long . The segmented leaves are finely branched. The water leaves are one to eight centimeters long, divided into fine corners and provided with numerous bubble-shaped appendages.
The yellow flowers stick out of the water on upright flower stalks . They form loose, four- to fifteen-flowered grapes. The individual flowers are double-lipped, golden yellow and agitated-bell-shaped and end in a curved spur. The upper lip is rounded to transversely ovate, with a rutted furrow on the inside, truncated at the top and up to 14 mm long and wide. They form an acute angle with the lower lip. The flowers appear from April to August. They are mainly pollinated by hover flies. The very similar misjudged water hose ( Utricularia australis ) has a right or obtuse angle protruding upper and lower lip of the flowers.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 44.
ecology
The common water hose is a submerged water plant . It only swims to the top during flowering . It survives through spherical hazelnut- sized turions . It is a carnivorous plant called a carnivore . Animal trapping serves as an additional source of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. The leaves are divided into hair-thin mountains, of which around 20, at most 200, are transformed into 4-5 mm long trapping bubbles. Over 26,000 trapping bubbles were counted on a large plant. They are firmly closed from the inside by a flap provided with bristles. Its wall is covered with various glands, for example club glands, which secrete sugary mucus that is used to attract potential prey.
Four-rayed glands on the inner wall have three different functions:
1. After catching the water, they pump the water out of the bladder by using ion pumps to transport alkali ions to the outside and thus lower the osmotic value inside, so that a negative pressure of 0.1 bar is created again.
2. They release digestive enzymes (a protease , esterase , phosphatase ) and benzoic acid .
3. They take on the resulting breakdown products for forwarding.
If small animals touch the folding bristles that serve as levers, e.g. B. when eating the bacterial threads adhering to them, the flap snaps inward, and the animals are sucked or swallowed into the catching hose with the surrounding water. The process takes only 2 milliseconds and is therefore one of the fastest movements in the plant kingdom. This is followed by digestion and renewed pumping out of the gland. The trap is ready to be caught again after about 0.2–2 hours. A total of 2000 small animals were caught in 600 examined tubes (up to 14 small animals per tube), more than half of which were small crustaceans (e.g. daphnia ), but also insect larvae, for example mosquitoes . In the past, attempts have repeatedly been made to use the plant for biological control of mosquito plagues. However, this only works against mosquitoes of the genus Culex . The settlement of the common water hose does not help against the mosquitoes of the genus Aedes , which are perceived as more unpleasant by humans and which breed in shallow waters such as flooded meadows and puddles. Small algae are also caught.
The flowers are large golden yellow "mask flowers ". The upper part of the flower stem is sticky to protect against “unwanted” flower visitors from creeping up. The corolla has a 6–7 mm long spur as a juice holder for the nectar . The two-lipped stigma lies against the upper lip of the flower and is irritable: when touched, the lower adjacent lobe immediately curves upwards. The dust bag is single. Since the mask is soft, the pollinators are mostly hoverflies , rarely bees ; also self-pollination is not rare, in part one also finds cleistogamous flowers. Flowering time is between April and August.
The fruits are irregularly tearing capsules. The seed set is only small. The seeds have two "air grooves" and are therefore able to swim for weeks and are subject to swimming and water dispersal by water birds; they are light germs . Fruit ripening occurs from September.
Vegetative reproduction occurs through broken-off even the smallest stem parts and through turions .
distribution
The common water hose occurs from Europe to Tibet and in North Africa . The plant can be found in nutrient-poor as well as nutrient-rich, still or poorly flowing waters and preferably in full sun. It is mainly found in the lowlands, but can occasionally occur at altitudes of 1000 meters. It is a character species of Lemno-Utricularietum vulgaris from the Hydrocharition Association. In Germany, the common water hose is on the red list of fern and flowering plants.
Systematics
The kind Utricularia vulgaris belongs to the section Utricularia in the genus Utricularia .
literature
- Peter Taylor: The Genus Utricularia. A Taxonomic Monograph (= Kew Bulletin. Additional Series 14). Royal Botanic Gardens - Kew, London 1989, ISBN 0-947643-72-9 .
- Wilhelm Barthlott , Stefan Porembski, Rüdiger Seine and Inge Theisen: Carnivores. Biology and culture of carnivorous plants. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-4144-2 .
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 869 .
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Utricularia vulgaris. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 24, 2020.
- ↑ Red List of Fern and Flowering Plants (Pteridophyta et Spermatophyta; Category “V”, supplemented from Korneck et al. 1998), PDF file; 767 kB
Web links
- Ordinary water hose. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Ordinary water hose . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Utricularia vulgaris L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved March 27, 2016.
- Thomas Meyer: Water hose data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )