Water hoses

Water hoses
	Misjudged water hose ( Utricularia australis )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Mint family (Lamiales)
Family :	Water hose family (Lentibulariaceae)
Genre :	Water hoses
Scientific name
	Utricularia
	L.

The water hoses ( Utricularia ) are a genus of plants in the water hose family (Lentibulariaceae). With around 250 species , it is the most species-rich genus of all carnivorous plants . Despite their mostly inconspicuous appearance, they are extraordinary plants in many ways.

Both the German and the botanical name of the genus, which is derived from the Latin utriculus , “small hose”, alludes to the shape of the trap, which is reminiscent of ancient water or wine hoses.

description

Illustration of Utricularia humboldtii

Stolon of Utricularia blanchetii (20 ×)

The morphology of the water hose species is unusual because they neither have real roots nor can a distinction be made between leaf and shoot in the strict sense of the word . Another characteristic feature are the trap bladders, the functionality of which is unique and only surpassed in complexity by the closely related trap traps . With the exception of traps, flowers and leaves, almost any of the organs described below can be absent depending on the species.

Appearance

Water hose species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants . Most species only reach a height of up to 30 centimeters, but some species such as Utricularia humboldtii can reach heights of growth of up to 130 centimeters.

Rhizoids

With increasing complexity within the genus, the water hose species have more or less strongly developed rhizoids , which serve solely for anchoring in the substrate . In the species with a large number of evolutionarily original characteristics they are not present at all, in younger species - with more strongly derived characteristics, such as those of the section Pleiochasia - they are of a simple structure and only slightly twisted shape. In contrast, the rheophytic and lithophytic species that colonize fast-flowing bodies of water or bare rock are highly developed to ensure anchoring in difficult locations. In some cases the rhizoid and stolon cannot be clearly distinguished, for example in the section Phyllaria .

Stolons

The stolon is generally considered to be the offspring of most types of water hose. In terrestrial species it is a few millimeters to centimeters long , in aquatic species it is up to several meters long and mostly in the form of a dense network. In some species, the stolon also forms water-storing tubers or air shoots , the former in Utricularia alpina , the latter in Utricularia vulgaris . However, there are also some very ancient species without a stolon, an example of which is the species Utricularia violacea .

Expelling Turio of Utricularia bremii

Turions

Aquatic water hose species in temperate climates die in autumn and form so-called winter buds ( turions ) - short, compact shoots that sink to the bottom of the water and from which new plants sprout in the next spring.

Some Australian species retreat into tubers only 1 centimeter in size during the dry season , from which they sprout again when the rainy season begins.

Leaves of Utricularia reniformis

leaves

Due to the lack of separability of leaf and shoot mentioned above , every flat, green part of the plant is regarded as a leaf. They are of a non-uniform shape, in terrestrial species often oblong or kidney-shaped, in aquatic species in many finely divided segments extending from the stolon. The leaves are usually very small and a few millimeters to centimeters in size, but in tropical species they can also be over 100 centimeters long, for example in Utricularia longifolia . A few species such as Utricularia menziesii form scattered or dense rosettes . Most of the time, the single leaves grow out of eyes along the stolon . In addition to the normal leaves, some stipules such as bracts , bracts and scale leaves grow on the flower stalk , which are important as taxonomic features.

Falling

Trap of Utricularia humboldtii

When prey irritates the hairs of the flap, it opens. The prey is flushed into the trap by negative pressure .

The traps that grow mostly on the stolons, but sometimes also on other parts of the plant such as leaves or rhizoids, are microscopic or up to one centimeter large, usually stalked trapping bladders that work according to the suction trap principle , a purely mechanical method that is common to all carnivores only found in the water hoses. For this purpose, a negative pressure is built up inside the catching bladder , which in Utricularia vulgaris amounts to about 0.14 bar and contracts the bladder walls. The catching bladder is closed with a flap on which there are some fine bristles. Prey animals are attracted by chemical attractants or algae-like sprouts that simulate food. As soon as the bristles are touched by them, the flap opens with the fastest known movement in the plant kingdom: the opening and closing process takes less than two milliseconds. The bristles do not pick up any stimuli , but rather act as a lever through which the flap is pushed slightly inwards and thus opened a little. As a result of the abrupt equalization of pressure that follows, the water in front of the trap is flushed into the trap bladder and the prey is dragged into it; then the trap closes again. The glands located in it now begin to digest the prey by the enzymes esterase , phosphatase and protease . At the same time, the trap begins to pump out the excess water and thus generates the necessary negative pressure for the next catch. This process can be completed in as little as fifteen minutes. Most of the prey is very small, including water fleas , rotifers , roundworms and snails , plus protists such as ciliates and occasional planktonic algae , and rarely larger prey such as small tadpoles or mosquito larvae , which, however, can lead to the trap's death after the digestive process.

Inflorescences with zygomorphic flowers of Utricularia warburgii

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescences are the only parts of the plant that are above the substrate in all species. The flowers are mostly alternate in racemose inflorescences on upright, thin stems with air chambers in aquatic species, although occasionally only as a single flower.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The spurred flowers usually consist of two fused sepals and five fused petals . They can be monochrome or multicolored in numerous colors, such as white, yellow, red, purple, or blue, and any shades in between. The flowers vary in size between a few millimeters and 7 centimeters in length, and some, especially the large-flowered species, look like orchid flowers at first glance .

Capsule fruits of Utricularia humboldtii

Fruits and seeds

The fruits of the water hose species are small, mostly round or egg-shaped capsule fruits . The capsule fruits are extremely diverse and contain numerous seeds. The seeds are 0.2 to 1 millimeter long.

ecology

Depending on the type of water hose and the conditions, they occur mixed or alternately cleistogamous and chasmogamous , that is, they pollinate themselves, either, as in the first case, forced with the flower closed or, as in the second, with the flower open. In Chasmogamie a then -pollination possible.

It is about light germs .

Occurrence

Water hose species are common worldwide (with the exception of arid areas, the Antarctic and the oceanic islands). Its main area of distribution is in South America, followed by Australia. Due to their carnivory , the plants are largely independent of the presence of nutrients in the soil and prefer very nutrient-poor, partially shaded to full sun locations. It is mostly found in acidic conditions, some species are quite lime-tolerant, but are mostly displaced by other vegetation in appropriate (usually relatively nutrient-rich) locations.

All species of the genus have their habitat at least during the vegetative phase in or near the water. The majority (around 60%) live terrestrially, i.e. on wet, rarely swampy soils, around 15% are aquatic, partly anchored, partly free-floating. The remaining 25%, as so-called rheophytes, specialize in very fast flowing waters (e.g. Utricularia rigida ), colonize smooth surfaces as lithophytes or live epiphytically , i.e. as epiphytes on or in other plants (e.g. in mosses, on rough surfaces Tree bark or even in the funnels of bromeliads ), such as. B. Utricularia humboldtii , which is even found in the funnels of Brocchinia reducta , another carnivore.

Species found in Central Europe

Only a few species are native to Central Europe:

Misjudged water hose ( Utricularia australis R.Br. )
Bremis water hose ( Utricularia bremii Heer )
Medium hose ( Utricularia intermedia Hayne )
Small water hose ( Utricularia minor L. )
Pale yellow water hose ( Utricularia ochroleuca R.W. Hartm. )
Dark yellow water hose ( Utricularia stygia G.Thor )
Common water hose ( Utricularia vulgaris L. )

All of these species are closely related and belong to the Utricularia section . Sometimes they can only be distinguished from one another by individual features. All live within bodies of water and are endangered or endangered in the entire German-speaking area; Bremi's water hose is even threatened with extinction. Humans have made a significant contribution to this decline through the destruction of wetlands such as moors and through water eutrophication (excessive nutrient input from agriculture).

Systematics

The genus Utricularia was established by Carl von Linné .

The genus Utricularia was divided into 35 sections by the British botanist Peter Taylor . Based on a supertree from two molecular genetic studies (Jobson et al. 2003; Müller et al. 2004), Taylor's sections were largely confirmed in 2006 and new sub-genera were proposed; this modified version is largely followed here. Since some monotypical sections were not taken into account in these investigations, Taylor's work was used here, the Minutae section was first described in 2008, its classification in the subgenus Bivalvia is considered provisional. Supplements and information on regions follow the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.

Sections and species of the genus Utricularia

Inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of Utricularia arcuata

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia asplundii

Utricularia aurea
with water spinach in a rice field (Thailand)

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia caerulea

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia calycifida

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia campbelliana

Zygomorpe flowers of Utricularia cornuta

Inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of Utricularia dichotoma

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia fulva

Inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of Utricularia juncea

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia lateriflora

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia livida

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia menziesii

Zygomorpe flower and flower bud of Utricularia multifida

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia nelumbifolia

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia petertaylorii

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia pubescens

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia quelchii

Inflorescences with zygomorphic flowers of Utricularia reniformis

Inflorescences of Utricularia reticulata

Zygomorpe flowers of Utricularia sandersonii

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia uniflora

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia violacea

Zygomorpe flower of Utricularia volubilis

Subgenus Polypompholyx (clay.) P.Taylor

Section Polypompholyx (clay.) P.Taylor
- Utricularia multifida R.Br. : It occurs only in southwest and west-southwest Western Australia .
- Utricularia tenella R.Br. : It occurs only in southwest and southeast Australia.
Section Tridentaria P.Taylor
- Utricularia westonii P.Taylor : It occurs only in southern Western Australia.
Section Pleiochasia Kamienski
- Utricularia albiflora R.Br. : This endemic occurs only in northern Queensland .
- Utricularia antennifera P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in northern Western Australia.
- Utricularia arnhemica P.Taylor : It occurs from northern Western Australia to the northern Northern Territory .
- Utricularia beaugleholei R.J. Gassin : It occurs only in southeastern Australia.
- Utricularia benthamii P.Taylor : It occurs only in southwestern and southern Australia.
- Utricularia capilliflora F. Muell. : This endemic occurs only in the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia cheiranthos P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia dichotoma Labill. : It occurs in eastern, southeastern and southwestern Australia.
- Utricularia dunlopii P.Taylor : It occurs from northern Western Australia to the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia dunstaniae .E.Lloyd : It occurs from northern Western Australia to the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia fistulosa P.Taylor : It occurs from northern Western Australia to the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia georgei P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in northern Western Australia.
- Utricularia hamiltonii F.E. Lloyd : This endemic occurs only in the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia helix P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in southern Western Australia.
- Utricularia holtzei F. Muell. : This endemic occurs only in the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia inaequalis A. DC. : This endemic occurs only in southwestern Western Australia.
- Utricularia petertaylorii Lowrie : This endemic occurs only in southwestern Western Australia.
- Utricularia kamienskii F. Muell. : This endemic occurs only in the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia kenneallyi P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in northern Western Australia.
- Utricularia kimberleyensis C.A. Gardner : It occurs from northern Western Australia to the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia lasiocaulis F. Muell. : It occurs in northern Australia.
- Utricularia leptorhyncha O.Black : It occurs from northern Western Australia to the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia menziesii R.Br. : It occurs in southwestern Australia.
- Utricularia paulineae Lowrie : This endemic occurs only in southwestern Western Australia.
- Utricularia quinquedentata F. Muell. ex P.Taylor : It occurs in northern and northeastern Australia.
- Utricularia rhododactylos P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia singeriana F. Muell. : It occurs from northeastern Western Australia to the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia tridactyla P.Taylor : It occurs from northeastern Western Australia to northwestern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia triflora P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia tubulata F. Muell. : It occurs in northern Australia.
- Utricularia uniflora R.Br. : It occurs from southeast Queensland to Tasmania .
- Utricularia violacea R.Br. : It occurs in southwestern and southeastern Australia.
- Utricularia volubilis R.Br. : This endemic occurs only in southwestern Western Australia.

Subgenus Utricularia

Section Avesicaria
- Utricularia neottioides A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs in tropical South America.
- Utricularia oliveriana Steyerm. : It occurs from southeastern Colombia to southern Venezuela and eastern Bolivia.
- Utricularia flaccida A.DC. : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
- Utricularia nervosa Weber ex Benj. : It occurs from southeast Colombia to Brazil and northeast Argentina.
- Utricularia nigrescens Sylvén : It occurs in Brazil.
- Utricularia physoceras P.Taylor : It occurs in northern Brazil.
- Utricularia pusilla Vahl : It occurs from Mexico to tropical America.
- Utricularia stanfieldii P.Taylor : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Cameroon .
- Utricularia subulata L .: It occurs in the tropics and subtropics north to North America.
- Utricularia trichophylla Spruce ex Oliv. : It occurs from Belize to tropical South America.
- Utricularia triloba Benj. : It occurs in Belize and from the island of Trinidad to tropical South America.
Section Nelipus (Raf.) P.Taylor
- Utricularia biloba R.Br. : It occurs in eastern Australia.
- Utricularia leptoplectra F. Muell. : It occurs in northern Australia.
- Utricularia limosa R.Br. : It occurs from Guangdong to the Malay Peninsula and from southern New Guinea to northern Australia.
Section Lecticula (Barnh.) Komiya
- Utricularia resupinata B.D. Greene ex Bigelow : It occurs from eastern Canada to the north-central and eastern United States, from Mexico to Nicaragua and Cuba .
- Utricularia spruceana Benth. ex Oliv. : It occurs from southern Venezuela to northern and northeastern Brazil.
Utricularia
section
- Golden yellow water hose ( Utricularia aurea Lour. ): It occurs from tropical and subtropical Asia to northern and eastern Australia.
- Misunderstood water hose ( Utricularia australis R.Br. ): It is widespread in the Old World.
- Utricularia benjaminiana Olive. : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa in Madagascar, from Central America to the island of Trinidad and northern Brazil.
- Utricularia biovularioides (Kuhlm.) P.Taylor : It occurs in Brazil.
- Bremis water hose ( Utricularia bremii Heer ex Koell. ): It occurs in Europe.
- Utricularia breviscapa C. Wright ex Griseb. : It occurs in tropical South America and in Cuba.
- Utricularia cymbantha olive. : It occurs from the Congo area to Ethiopia and South Africa and also in Madagascar .
- Utricularia dimorphantha Makino : This endemic occurs only in central Japan .
- Utricularia floridana Nash : It is found in the southeastern United States.
- Utricularia foliosa L .: It occurs in tropical and southern Africa, in Madagascar and in the Neotropics .
- Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. : It occurs from eastern Canada to the north-central and eastern United States.
- Dwarf water hose ( Utricularia gibba L. ): It occurs in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World and in the New World.
- Utricularia hydrocarpa Vahl : It occurs from southeastern Mexico to tropical South America.
- Utricularia incisa (A.Rich.) Alain : This endemic occurs only in western Cuba .
- Utricularia inflata Walter : It occurs in western Washington and in the eastern and east-central United States.
- Utricularia inflexa Forssk. : It occurs in Africa and on the Indian subcontinent.
- Medium hose ( Utricularia intermedia Hayne ): It occurs in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere.
- Utricularia macrorhiza Leconte : It occurs from Siberia to Russia's Far East and northern China, in addition to northern Japan and northern North America.
- Small water hose ( Utricularia minor L. ): It occurs from the subarctic to the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere and also in New Guinea.
- Utricularia muelleri Kamienski : It occurs from southern New Guinea to northern Australia.
- Utricularia naviculata P.Taylor : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Brazil.
- Pale yellow water hose ( Utricularia ochroleuca R.W. Hartm. ): It is found from Europe to Afghanistan , from Russia's Far East to Japan, and from subarctic North America to the northern and western United States.
- Utricularia olivacea C. Wright ex Griseb. : It occurs in the southeastern USA, from the island of Trinidad to Bolivia, in Cuba and Nicaragua .
- Utricularia perversa P.Taylor : It occurs in Mexico.
- Utricularia platensis Speg. : It occurs from southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
- Utricularia poconensis Fromm : It occurs from Bolivia to central Brazil and northeastern Argentina.
- Utricularia punctata Wall. ex A.DC. : It occurs from the Chinese province of Fujian to western Malesia .
- Utricularia radiata Small : It occurs from southeastern Canada to the east-central and eastern United States and the Mexican state of Tabasco .
- Utricularia raynalii P.Taylor : It occurs from Senegal to southern Sudan and Rwanda .
- Utricularia reflexa olive. : It occurs from tropical Africa to northern Botswana and central Madagascar.
- Utricularia stellaris L.f. : It occurs in Africa, from the Indian subcontinent to Indochina and in northern Australia.
- Utricularia striata Leconte ex Torr. : It occurs in the east and east-central United States.
- Dark yellow water hose ( Utricularia stygia G.Thor ): It is found in northern and central Europe, in Russia's Far East, in Alaska and in northern and eastern Canada.
- Common water hose ( Utricularia vulgaris L. ): It occurs from Europe to Tibet and in northwestern Africa.
- Utricularia warmingii Kamienski : It occurs in Venezuela and from Brazil to Bolivia.

Section Vesiculina (Raf.) P.Taylor

Utricularia cucullata A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs from the island of Trinidad to Brazil.
Utricularia myriocista A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs from the island of Trinidad to tropical South America and Costa Rica .
Utricularia purpurea Walter : It occurs from eastern Canada to the east-central and eastern United States, from southern Mexico to Costa Rica, from the Bahamas to Cuba and Jamaica .

Foliosa section

Utricularia amethystina Saltm. ex A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs in southwest Florida , from Mexico to tropical South America and on the island of Trinidad.
Utricularia tricolor A.St.-Hil. : It occurs from Colombia to Venezuela and from Bolivia to Brazil and northeastern Argentina .
Utricularia tridentata Sylvén : It occurs from southern and southeastern Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
Utricularia calycifida Benj. : It occurs from eastern Colombia to Suriname and Brazil.
Utricularia hintonii P.Taylor : It occurs in Mexico.
Utricularia hispida Lam. : It occurs from southern Mexico to tropical South America and on the island of Trinidad.
Utricularia huntii P.Taylor : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso .
Utricularia longifolia Gardner : It occurs in central and eastern Brazil.
Utricularia panamensis Steyerm. ex P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in Panama .
Utricularia petersoniae P.Taylor : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Guerrero .
Utricularia praelonga A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs from Brazil to northeast Argentina.
Utricularia regia Zamudio & Olvera : It was first described in 2009 and occurs in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca .
Utricularia schultesii A. Fernández : It occurs from southeastern Colombia to Venezuela.

Section Orchidioides

Utricularia alpina Jacq. : It occurs from the Lesser Antilles to northern Colombia and northern Brazil and also in Jamaica.
Utricularia asplundii P.Taylor : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
Utricularia buntingiana P.Taylor : It occurs in northern Venezuela.
Utricularia campbelliana olive. : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Guiana .
Utricularia endresii Rchb.f. : It occurs from Costa Rica to Ecuador .
Utricularia jamesoniana Olive. : It occurs from Mexico to tropical South America.
Utricularia praetermissa P.Taylor : It occurs from Nicaragua to western Panama.
Utricularia quelchii N.E.Br. : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Guiana and Brazil.
Utricularia unifolia Ruiz & Pav .: It occurs from Costa Rica to northwestern Venezuela and in Bolivia.
Utricularia humboldtii R.H. Schomb. : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Guyana and northern Brazil.
Utricularia geminiloba Benj. : It occurs in Brazil.
Utricularia nelumbifolia Gardner : It occurs in southeastern Brazil.
Utricularia nephrophylla Benj. : It only occurs in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro .
Utricularia reniformis A.St.-Hil. : It occurs in southeastern and southern Brazil.

Section Candollea P.Taylor

Utricularia podadena P.Taylor : It occurs from southern Malawi to northern Mozambique .

Section Meionula (Raf.) P.Taylor

Utricularia geoffrayi Pellegr. : It occurs in Thailand , Cambodia and Vietnam .
Utricularia hirta Klein ex Link : It occurs from India to Vietnam and in north-western Borneo .
Utricularia minutissima Vahl : It occurs from tropical and subtropical Asia to northern Australia and south-central Japan.

Section Steyermarkia P.Taylor

Utricularia aureomaculata Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
Utricularia steyermarkii P.Taylor : It occurs in southern Venezuela.

Section Martinia P.Taylor

Utricularia tenuissima Tutin : It occurs from Colombia to Suriname and Brazil and on the island of Trinidad.

Section Chelidon P.Taylor

Utricularia mannii olive. : It occurs from Nigeria to Cameroon and on the islands in the Gulf of Guinea.

Stylotheca section

Utricularia guyanensis A.DC. : It occurs from Belize to Nicaragua, from southern Venezuela to French Guiana and eastern Bolivia and also on the island of Trinidad.

Section Kamienskia

Utricularia mangshanensis G.W.Hu : It occurs only in the Chinese province of Hunan .
Utricularia peranomala P.Taylor : It occurs in northeastern Guangxi .

Section Oliveria P.Taylor

Utricularia appendiculata E.A. Bruce : It occurs from west-central and southern tropical Africa to Tanzania and in northern and central Madagascar.

Section Sprucea P.Taylor

Utricularia viscosa Spruce ex Oliv. : It occurs from Belize and Nicaragua to Trinidad and Brazil.

Section Mirabiles P.Taylor

Utricularia heterochroma Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
Utricularia mirabilis P.Taylor : It occurs in Venezuela.

Section Choristothecae P.Taylor

Utricularia choristotheca P.Taylor : It occurs from Suriname to French Guiana.
Utricularia determannii P.Taylor : It occurs only in Suriname.

Subgenus Bivalvaria

Australes Section P.Taylor
- Utricularia delicatula Cheeseman : It occurs in the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand .
- Utricularia lateriflora R.Br. : It occurs from southeast Queensland to southeast Australia and on the North Island of New Zealand.
- Utricularia simplex R.Br. : This endemic occurs only in southwestern Western Australia.
Section Nigrescentes Kamienski
- Utricularia bracteata R.D.Good : It occurs from the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo to Angola .
- Utricularia caerulea L .: It occurs in northern Madagascar, from tropical-subtropical Asia to the southern part of Russia's Far East and in northern and eastern Australia.
- Utricularia warburgii K.I.Goebel : It occurs in southeastern China.
Section Calpidisca (Barnh.) Komiya
- Utricularia arenaria A.DC. : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar and central India.
- Utricularia bisquamata cabinet : It occurs from Angola to southern Africa and Madagascar.
- Utricularia firmula Welw. ex Oliv. : It occurs from tropical to southern Africa and in central and eastern Madagascar.
- Utricularia livida E. Mey. : It occurs from Ethiopia to South Africa, in Madagascar and in Mexico.
- Utricularia microcalyx (P.Taylor) P.Taylor : It occurs from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Angola.
- Utricularia odontosepala Stapf : It occurs from the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo to northern Malawi and Zambia.
- Utricularia pentadactyla P.Taylor : It occurs from Ethiopia to southern tropical Africa.
- Utricularia sandersonii olive. : It occurs from the eastern Cape Province to northern KwaZulu-Natal .
- Utricularia troupinii P.Taylor : It occurs from Rwanda to Burundi.
- Utricularia welwitschii olive. : It occurs from Tanzania to South Africa and Madagascar.
Section Lloydia P.Taylor
- Utricularia pubescens Sm .: It occurs in tropical Africa, on the Indian subcontinent and from Panama to Brazil.
Section Aranella (Barnhart) P.Taylor
- Utricularia blanchetii A.DC. : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
- Utricularia costata P.Taylor : It occurs from Venezuela to Brazil.
- Utricularia fimbriata Kunth : It occurs from Colombia to northern Brazil.
- Utricularia laciniata A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs in central Brazil.
- Utricularia longeciliata A.DC. : It occurs from southeastern Colombia to northern South America.
- Utricularia parthenopipes P.Taylor : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
- Utricularia purpureocaerulea A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs in Brazil.
- Utricularia sandwithii P.Taylor : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Suriname and Brazil.
- Utricularia simulans Pilg. : It occurs from western tropical Africa to Chad and Zambia, from southern Florida to Cuba, from Mexico to Belize and in tropical South America.
- Utricularia rostrata A. Fleischm. & Rivadavia It was first described in 2009 from the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Section Enskide (Raf.) P.Taylor
- Utricularia chrysantha R.Br. : It occurs from southern New Guinea to northern Australia.
- Utricularia fulva F. Muell. : This endemic occurs only in the northern Northern Territory.
Section Oligocista A.DC.
- Utricularia adpressa Salzm. ex A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs from northern South America to Brazil as well as Belize and on the island of Trinidad.
- Utricularia albocaerulea Dalzell : It occurs in India.
- Utricularia andongensis Welw. ex here : It occurs in tropical Africa.
- Utricularia arcuata Wight : It occurs in India.
- Utricularia bifida L .: It occurs from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands of the northwestern Pacific.
- Utricularia bosminifera Ostenf. : It occurs in Thailand.
- Utricularia cecilii P.Taylor : It occurs in southwest India.
- Utricularia chiribiquitensis A. Fernández : It occurs from southeastern Colombia to southern Venezuela.
- Utricularia circumvoluta P.Taylor : It occurs in the northern Northern Territory and in northern Queensland.
- Utricularia delphinioides Thorel ex Pellegr. : It occurs in Indochina.
- Utricularia erectiflora A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs from Mexico to tropical South America.
- Utricularia foveolata Edgew. : It occurs from western tropical Africa to Tanzania and Zambia, from India to Hainan, in the Philippines, Madagascar, in eastern Java and in northern Australia.
- Utricularia graminifolia Vahl (Syn .: Utricularia purpurascens J. Graham ): It occurs from India to Yunnan and on Sri Lanka .
- Utricularia heterosepala Benj. : It occurs from eastern Taiwan to the Philippines .
- Utricularia involvens Ridl. : It occurs from southern Myanmar to the Malay Peninsula and in the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia laxa A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs from Brazil to northeast Argentina.
- Utricularia lazulina P.Taylor : It occurs in southwestern India.
- Utricularia letestui P.Taylor : It occurs in the Central African Republic.
- Utricularia lloydii Merl : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Suriname and Bolivia and also in Panama.
- Utricularia macrocheilos (P.Taylor) P.Taylor : It occurs from Guinea to Sierra Leone and in Cameroon .
- Utricularia meyeri Pilg. : It occurs from eastern Bolivia to Brazil.
- Utricularia micropetala Sm .: It occurs from tropical West Africa to Cameroon.
- Utricularia odorata Pellegr. : It occurs in Indochina and from northern Western Australia to the northern Northern Territory.
- Utricularia pierrei Pellegr. : It occurs in southern Vietnam.
- Utricularia pobeguinii Pellegr. : It occurs from Guinea to Liberia .
- Utricularia polygaloides Edgew. : It occurs in India and Sri Lanka.
- Utricularia praeterita P.Taylor : It occurs in western India.
- Utricularia prehensilis E. Mey. : It occurs from the Central African Republic to Ethiopia and South Africa and in Madagascar.
- Utricularia recta P.Taylor : It occurs from the Himalayas to western Yunnan.
- Utricularia reticulata Sm . : It occurs in India and Sri Lanka.
- Utricularia scandens benj. : It occurs from tropical to southern Africa, from the Indian subcontinent to China and the Malay Peninsula, in Madagascar and in New Guinea.
- Utricularia smithiana Wight : It occurs in south-western India.
- Utricularia spiralis Sm .: It occurs in tropical Africa.
- Utricularia tortilis Welw. ex Oliv. : It occurs from tropical Africa to northern Botswana.
- Utricularia uliginosa Vahl : It occurs from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the northwestern Pacific.
- Utricularia vitellina Ridl. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
- Utricularia wightiana P.Taylor : It occurs in southwestern India.
Section Stomoisia (Raf.) Komiya
- Utricularia cornuta Michx. : It occurs from central and eastern Canada to the central and eastern United States, the Bahamas and western Cuba.
- Utricularia juncea Vahl : It occurs in the US states from New York to Texas , on the Caribbean islands from Cuba to Puerto Rico and from Mexico via Central America to the island of Trinidad and in Brazil.
Section Benjaminia P.Taylor
- Utricularia nana A.St.-Hil. & Girard : It occurs from northern South America to Paraguay.
Phyllaria
section
- Utricularia moniliformis P.Taylor : It occurs only in Sri Lanka.
- Utricularia forrestii P.Taylor : It occurs from western Yunnan to northern Myanmar.
- Utricularia pulchra P.Taylor : It occurs only in New Guinea.
- Utricularia furcellata olive. : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to Yunnan.
- Utricularia christopheri P.Taylor : It occurs only from Nepal to Sikkim .
- Utricularia brachiata olive. : It occurs from Nepal to Yunnan.
- Utricularia corynephora P.Taylor : It occurs from southern Myanmar to Thailand.
- Utricularia garrettii P.Taylor : It occurs in Thailand.
- Utricularia inthanonensis Suksathan & J.Parn. : It was first described in 2010 from Thailand.
- Utricularia kumaonensis olive. : It occurs from the Himalayas to northwestern Yunnan.
- Utricularia multicaulis olive. : It occurs from Nepal to Yunnan.
- Utricularia phusoidaoensis Suksathan & J.Parn. : It was first described in 2010 from Thailand.
- Utricularia salwinensis Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs from southeastern Tibet to northwestern Yunnan.
- Utricularia steenisii P.Taylor : This endemic occurs only in northern Sumatra .
- Utricularia striatula Sm .: It occurs in tropical Africa and from the southern Arabian Peninsula to tropical and subtropical Asia.
- Utricularia spinomarginata Suksathan & J.Parn. : It was first described in 2010 from Thailand.

Section Avesicarioides Komiya

Utricularia rigida Benj. : It occurs in tropical West Africa.
Utricularia tetraloba P.Taylor : It occurs from Guinea to Sierra Leone .

Section Minutae Lowrie, Cowie & Conran

Utricularia simmonsii Lowrie, Cowie & Conran : It occurs in northern Queensland and the northern Northern Territory.

Incertae sedis (without assignment to a subgenus or section), for example species first described since 2000:
- Utricularia ameliae R.W. Jobson : It was first described from Queensland in 2013.
- Utricularia babui S.R. Yadav , Sardesai & SPGaikwad : It was first described in 2005 and occurs in India and Thailand.
- Utricularia barkeri R.W. Jobson : It was first described in 2013 from southeastern Australia.
- Utricularia blackmanii R.W. Jobson : It was first described in 2012 from Queensland and New South Wales.
- Utricularia byrneana R.W. Jobson & Baleeiro : It was first described in 2015 from Western Australia.
- Utricularia catolesensis G.L. Campos, Cheek & Giul. : It was first described from Brazil in 2010.
- Utricularia cochleata C.P.Bove : It was first described from Brazil in 2008.
- Utricularia cornigera Studnicka : It was first described from Brazil in 2009.
- Utricularia densiflora Baleeiro & CPBove : It was first described from Brazil in 2011.
- Utricularia fenshamii R.W. Jobson : It was first described from Australia in 2013.
- Utricularia grampiana R.W. Jobson : It wasfirst describedin 2013 from the Australian state of Victoria .
- Utricularia jackii J. Parn. : It was first described in 2005 from Thailand.
- Utricularia janarthanamii S.R. Yadav , Sardesai & SPGaikwad : It was first described from India in 2000.
- Utricularia julianae Delprete : It was first described from French Guiana in 2014.
- Utricularia linearis H. Wakab. : It wasfirst describedin 2010 from the Northern Territory .
- Utricularia lowriei R.W. Jobson : It was first described from Queensland in 2013.
- Utricularia naikii S.R. Yadav , Sardesai & SPGaikwad : It was first described from India in 2000.
- Utricularia uxoris Gómez-Laur. : It was first described in 2005 from Costa Rica.
- Utricularia wannanii R.W. Jobson & Baleeiro : It was first described in 2015 from Western Australia.

Phylogenetics

The following cladogram of the genus Utricularia is a so-called “ supertree ”, which - like the above systematics - is based on two molecular genetic studies (Jobson et al. 2003; Müller et al. 2004) and shows the relationships of the genus down to the section level. Since the sections Vesiculina and Aranella are polyphyletic , they appear several times within the cladogram (*) , some monotypic sections were not taken into account in this investigation and are therefore not shown here.

Subgenus Utricularia

	Section Avesicaria

	Vesiculina Section *

	Utricularia olivacea

	Vesiculina Section *

Section of the nelipus

	Lecticula section

	Utricularia section

	Section Orchidioides

	Foliosa section

Subgenus Bivalvaria

	Oligocista section

	Section Avesicarioides

Section Benjaminiana

	Section stomoisia

	Section Enskide

Section Aranella *

	Section Calpidisca

	Section Lloydia

	Australes section
Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3

	Section nigrescentes

	Phyllaria section

Section Aranella *

Subgenus Polypompholyx

	Section of Pleiochasia

	Polypompholyx section

use

The water hose species have no meaning for humans either as a food or as a remedy. Because of their carnivory and their attractive flowers, however, many species are in culture with lovers; the native species can also be found in garden ponds. However, they are of no commercial importance as ornamental plants.

literature

Peter Taylor: The Genus Utricularia. A Taxonomic Monograph (= Kew Bulletin. Additional Series. 14). Royal Botanic Gardens - Kew, London 1989, ISBN 0-947643-72-9 .
Wilhelm Barthlott , Stefan Porembski, Rüdiger Seine, Inge Theisen: Carnivores. Biology and culture of carnivorous plants. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-4144-2 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Utricularia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 24, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b Kai F. Müller, Thomas Borsch, Laurent Legendre, Stefan Porembski, Wilhelm Barthlott: Recent Progress in Understanding the Evolution of Carnivorous Lentibulariaceae (Lamiales). In: Plant Biology. Volume 8, No. 6, 2006, ISSN 1435-8603 , pp. 748-757, doi: 10.1055 / s-2006-924706 .
^ ^A ^b Allen Lowrie, Ian D. Cowie, John G. Conran: A new species and section of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) from northern Australia. In: Telopea. Volume 12, No. 1, 2008, ISSN 0312-9764 , pp. 31-46, (online)
↑ Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , p. 427.
^ Sergio Zamudio, Martha Olvera: A new species of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) from Guerrero, Mexico. In: Brittonia. Volume 61, No. 2, 2009, ISSN 0007-196X , pp. 119-125, JSTOR 40648096 .
↑ Guang-Wan Hu, Chun-Lin Long, Ke-Ming Liu: Utricularia mangshanensis (Lentibulariaceae), a new species from Hunan, China. In: Annales Botanici Fennici. Volume 44, No. 5, 2007, ISSN 0003-3847 , pp. 389-392, ( (digitalisat, PDF; 508.76 KB) ).
^ Andreas Fleischmann, Fernando Rivadavia: Utricularia rostrata (Lentibulariaceae), a new species from the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 64, No. 1, 2009, ISSN 0075-5974 , pp. 155-159, JSTOR 20649635 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Piyakaset Suksathan, John AN Parnell: Three new species and two new records of Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae) from Northern Thailand. In: Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). Volume 38, 2010, ISSN 0495-3843 , pp. 23-32, online.

Web links

Commons : Water Hoses ( Utricularia ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: water hose - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

This version was added to the list of excellent articles on May 27, 2005 .

[WCSP-1] Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Utricularia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 24, 2018.

[Müller2006-2] Kai F. Müller, Thomas Borsch, Laurent Legendre, Stefan Porembski, Wilhelm Barthlott: Recent Progress in Understanding the Evolution of Carnivorous Lentibulariaceae (Lamiales). In: Plant Biology. Volume 8, No. 6, 2006, ISSN 1435-8603 , pp. 748-757, doi: 10.1055 / s-2006-924706 .

[Simmonsii-3] A ^b Allen Lowrie, Ian D. Cowie, John G. Conran: A new species and section of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) from northern Australia. In: Telopea. Volume 12, No. 1, 2008, ISSN 0312-9764 , pp. 31-46, (online)

[4] Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , p. 427.

[5] Sergio Zamudio, Martha Olvera: A new species of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) from Guerrero, Mexico. In: Brittonia. Volume 61, No. 2, 2009, ISSN 0007-196X , pp. 119-125, JSTOR 40648096 .

[6] Guang-Wan Hu, Chun-Lin Long, Ke-Ming Liu: Utricularia mangshanensis (Lentibulariaceae), a new species from Hunan, China. In: Annales Botanici Fennici. Volume 44, No. 5, 2007, ISSN 0003-3847 , pp. 389-392, ( (digitalisat, PDF; 508.76 KB) ).

[7] Andreas Fleischmann, Fernando Rivadavia: Utricularia rostrata (Lentibulariaceae), a new species from the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 64, No. 1, 2009, ISSN 0075-5974 , pp. 155-159, JSTOR 20649635 .

[Suksathan2010-8] Piyakaset Suksathan, John AN Parnell: Three new species and two new records of Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae) from Northern Thailand. In: Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). Volume 38, 2010, ISSN 0495-3843 , pp. 23-32, online.