Gildehaus (Bad Bentheim)
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Guild house
City of Bad Bentheim
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| Height : | 63 m | |
| Area : | 8.2 km² | |
| Residents : | 4084 (Dec. 31, 2013) | |
| Population density : | 498 inhabitants / km² | |
| Incorporation : | March 1, 1974 | |
| Postal code : | 48455 | |
| Area code : | 05924 | |
Location of Gildehaus in Lower Saxony |
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Gildehaus is a district of the city of Bad Bentheim in Lower Saxony (Germany) and is located in the Grafschaft Bentheim district on the borders with North Rhine-Westphalia and the Netherlands . The village of Gildehaus, located on two ridges (foothills of the Teutoburg Forest) and today a state-recognized resort, has been nicknamed the "Pearl of the County" since 1923.
history
The place was already an independent parish in 1292, which had branched off from Schüttorf and was initially referred to as Nova ecclesia (New Church). Since 1292 the place was mentioned in a document with the proper name Nyenkerken . The place should therefore be much older, even if it was not documented earlier. The name Gildehaus is not derived from craftsmen's guilds, but refers to a house after Hermann Abels that was used in earlier times in the peasantry to accommodate the archdeacon (e.g. dean). Such houses (widespread in the Osnabrück area) were also used for guild meetings for community members and probably also as school and poor houses.
One of the Anabaptists , Bernhard Krechting , was a pastor in Gildehaus. He moved to Münster with numerous guild houses and founded the Anabaptist Empire there . Since the Reformation, however, the village has been strictly Protestant reformed for the most part . An increasingly large proportion of the population are Dutch people who settle in Gildehaus because of new building areas.
At the beginning of the Third Reich there were numerous conflicts in Gildehaus between the Iron Front ( Reichsbanner / SPD ) and the local NSDAP , especially between the NSDAP district leader Josef Ständer and the Reichsbannermann Heinrich Kloppers . Kloppers was murdered in Neuengamme concentration camp in 1944 .
Gildehaus was incorporated into the city of Bentheim on March 1, 1974 . Bentheim then got the former Gildehauser zip code 4444. The parish Gildehaus includes the former communities Achterberg, Bardel, Hagelshoek, Holt and Haar , Sieringhoek, Waldseite and Westenberg.
The specific mentality of the local population has long been described in local literature as "Gildehauser Eigenart". In contrast to other parts of the city, many village traditions have been preserved here. Low German as an everyday language is widespread.
politics
Politically, in Gildehaus predominantly Social Democrats are elected, while conservatives and the CDU dominate in the parish .
| mayor | Period |
|---|---|
| Everhard Hagen | 1813–1816 (died in 1816) |
| Jan Wilhelm Schrader | 1816–1839 (died 1839) |
| August Ernst Roskott | 1842–1846 (died 1846) |
| Lambertus Hoon | 1846–1877 (died 1877) |
| Hermann Gerhard Hoon | 1877-1891 |
| Bernhard Hagels | 1891-1920 |
| Ernst Buermeyer , teacher (DVP) | 1920–1933 (expelled by the NSDAP district leader) |
| Weynand Vos, businessman (NSDAP) | 1933–1943 (appointed by the district leader) |
| Johann Bründermann, businessman (NSDAP) | 1943–1944 (appointed by the district leader; 1944 accidental death in the Netherlands) |
| Wilhelm Bornhalm, foreman (NSDAP) | 1944–1945 (appointed by the district leader; released by the British military government in 1945) |
| Anton Ringena, pastor | 1945 (installed by the British Military Government) |
| Paul Hoon, textile manufacturer | 1945–1946 (installed by the British military government) |
| Heinrich Rahe, master baker (CDU) | 1946-1949 |
| Heinrich Spalink, teacher (SPD) | 1949-1955 |
| Heinrich Hölscher, businessman (CDU) | 1955-1956 |
| Heinrich Spalink, teacher (SPD) | 1956-1968 |
| Ernst Wegkamp (UWG) | 1968-1972 |
| Dietrich Mersmann, tax officer (SPD) | 1972–1974 (term of office expired due to incorporation into Bentheim) |
economy
For many centuries agriculture was the main livelihood in the village and parish, before the (Dutch) stone trading companies had Gildehauser sandstone quarried in the quarries in the 12th century . The sandstone was mainly used to build churches and town halls - also in the neighboring Netherlands.
In the 18th century, the first textile companies settled, so that the economic structure changed fundamentally and Gildehaus became a workers' village with a textile industry. With the decline of the textile industry from the mid-eighties of the twentieth century, the development of the accident vehicle trade operated by the Dutch went hand in hand. Gildehaus became an international center for the accident vehicle trade. Numerous Eastern Europeans bought and still buy accident vehicles here in order to import them into their homeland.
In the mid-1920s, Gildehaus was given the nickname "Pearl of the County" , not least because of the "Bürgergarten" on a ridge (foothills of the Teutoburg Forest ). In 1985 the village became a state-approved resort. The "white industry" i.e. H. the expansion of tourism through hotels, events, etc., is currently rather modest.
The “K 26 / Westenberg” industrial park, which is heavily used by Dutch traders, is of great importance. Many German and Dutch companies have settled here, in the immediate vicinity of the motorway ( A 30 ) on the German side. The largest employer in the village is currently the Eylarduswerk, an evangelical youth welfare organization with approx. 280 employees.
traffic
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Gildehaus is on the Almelo – Salzbergen railway line . From December 2017 the trains of the RB 61 will run to Hengelo , but without stopping at Gildehaus.
Culture and sights
Ostmühle
The original east mill was built between 1610 and 1618 at the east end of the village in "Benings Büßken". Until when it was in operation is unclear. However, it is clearly stated that it was no longer operated at the beginning of the 18th century. A new east mill further west had taken over its duties. This new mill was a wooden column mill built between 1668 and 1680. As early as 1702 it was six times more efficient than the old mill. In 1747 it collapsed during a storm. In 1750 it was replaced by a windmill made from Bentheim sandstone . This mill was maintained by Count Friedrich Carl Philipp zu Bentheim. The frequently changing tenants had to pay high sums.
In 1937 the mill was renovated and got new wings. These were destroyed in a storm in 1939. Then it was converted to electric power. The mill was used to produce oat flakes until after the Second World War. Although the mill received new blades again in 1966, it was not put into operation again.
The county of Bentheim had the mill renovated again at great financial expense. Since 1986 it has been managed by the voluntary leisure millers of the Transport and Beautification Association.
Lukasmühle
In 1720 a second mill was built next to the east mill. It was the first mill made entirely of sandstone in Grafschaft Bentheim. A Dutchman was hired as the architect. This mill was also badly damaged by a storm in 1791. It was renovated and operated with small interruptions until Easter Sunday 1945. The mill burned to the stump when Canadian troops shot at Gildehaus.
In 1947 the stump was supposed to be torn off. The artist Friedrich Hartmann took over the stump and prevented it from being torn down. He built a new roof and used the mill as a studio and apartment. On the outer facade, he painted an oversized portrayal of Luke, which gave the mill its current name. Today the mill is a museum that commemorates the artist.
Evangelical Reformed Church
The church in Gildehaus dates from the 13th century. In 1246, Count Balduin and his son Otto donated the church in Schüttorf to the Wietmarschen monastery as atonement for abuse of their bailiff's power. But they immediately expressed their intention to build a new church in the west of the Schüttorf parish. In 1321 the name "Gyldehus" appears for the first time in a document as a location. The church was dedicated to Saints Anne and Mary , mother of Jesus.
First there was probably a wooden church. Due to the sandstone quarrying in Gildehaus, it will later have been one of the first stone churches.
The 40 meter high bell tower stands next to the evangelical reformed churches. The current tower dates from the 14th century. The original tower did not serve as a bell tower at all. The church nearby was not built until later. Originally there was a meeting room on the ground floor, a storage room on the middle floor and apartments on the upper floor. The tower is probably the nucleus of the place. The name guild house refers to a stone building.
Art history
The church tower, which stands apart from the Gothic hall church, was a motif in several pictures by the Dutch landscape painter Jacob van Ruisdael (1648–1682). Ruisdael made trips to the German-Dutch border area in the 1750s. Better known than the “guild house motif” are his views of Bentheim Castle .
In 1729 the Dutch draftsman Cornelis Pronk dedicated a drawing to the church and tower.
The "Old Town Hall" from 1656 is a listed building. It was originally built as a school. The building was used as a town hall and school until the regional reform in the 1970s. Since October 20, 1996, it has housed the Otto Pankok Museum Gildehaus.
The artist Otto Pankok (1893–1966), classified as degenerate during the Nazi era, lived and worked in Gildehaus in the summer of 1936. During extensive forays through the village and its surroundings, he created over 100 of his typical charcoal paintings.
Friedrich Hartmann , a contemporary artist, worked until his death in 2000 in the mill stump of the Lukasmühle on the Gildehauser Mühlenberg, which was converted into a studio . His work is characterized by the “search for light”. His wood staining technique, brought to perfection, made Hartmann known beyond the borders of Germany. His former studio is now home to the Friedrich Hartmann Museum.
schools
- Eylardusschule - special school for people with learning and behavior problems
- Primary and secondary school Gildehaus (only secondary school in the city of Bad Bentheim).
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the village (district):
- Jan Wieking (1839–1912), teacher and founder of the school, youth and public library in Gildehaus
- Friedrike Wieking (1891–1958), chief criminal police officer in the Third Reich and head of the youth concentration camps in Moringen and Uckermark, as well as involved in the T4 campaign
- Heinrich Kloppers (1891–1944), textile worker, union and church official, Reichsbannermann, mayor, arrested in 1944 and killed in Neuengamme concentration camp
People who lived and worked on site:
- Ernst Buermeyer (1883–1945), mayor 1920–1933
- Otto Pankok (1893–1966), painter, graphic artist and sculptor
- Josef Ständer (1894–1976), doctor and NSDAP district leader
literature
- Helmut Schönrock: A guild house motif in paintings by Ruisdael , in: Bentheimer Jahrbuch 2000 (Das Bentheimer Land Volume 147), Bad Bentheim 1999, p. 79 ff.
- Heinrich Voort: 700 years of the Gildehaus 1292–1992 , Bad Bentheim 1992.
- Heinrich Voort (editor): Otto Pankok in Gildehaus (exhibition catalog) , Bad Bentheim 1994.
- Herbert Wagner : The Gestapo wasn't alone ... Political social control and state terror in the German-Dutch border area 1929–1945. (contains among other things: Gildehaus in the Third Reich / The Gildehauser Resistance Fighter Heinrich Kloppers), LIT-Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 978-3-8258-7448-3
- Hermann Abels: The place names of the Emsland, in their linguistic and cultural-historical significance . Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 1929
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Geodata Center - Gildehaus
- ↑ Gilhus.de ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 254 .
- ^ Herbert Lange, Steffen Burkert: Mills in Gildehaus: "Eye-catchers" survived stormy times . In: Mute Witnesses. Monuments and cultural sites in the Upper County of Bentheim . Grafschafter Nachrichten, S. 93-96 .
- ^ Evangelical Reformed Community of Gildehaus. In: reformiert.de. Retrieved July 8, 2020 .
- ↑ Herbert Lange, Steffen Burkert: Church tower in Gildehaus: No devil's work: Church tower as a "unique selling point" . In: Mute Witnesses. Monuments and cultural sites in the Upper County of Bentheim . Grafschafter Nachrichten, S. 89-92 .
- ^ Drawing Gezicht op Gilhuis by C. Pronk in the library of the University of Leiden
