Glomerella
| Glomerella | ||||||||||||
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
| Glomerellaceae | ||||||||||||
| Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Glomerella | ||||||||||||
| Fun. & H. Schrenk |
Glomerella is a cosmopolitan species of Ascomycetes (Ascomycota), the own family Glomerellaceae forms. Their asexual forms ( anamorphs ) are summarized in the genus Colletotrichum Corda and are important plant pests. The anthracnosis causedby C. acutatum and C. cingulata is known . Some species, for example C. circinans and C. capsici , are parasitoids .
features
Sexual form
The sexual form ( teleomorph ) is called Glomerella . It forms black perithecia without stroma as fruiting bodies , which have a clearly formed opening (ostiolum). Thin-walled paraphyses are numerous in the fruiting body . The asci are club-shaped and have an apical ring. The ascospores are hyaline , smooth, and often curved.
Asexual forms
The asexual forms (anamorphs) are called Colletotrichum . The spores are conidia . The spore is as Acervulus , that is, as in the host tissue sunk Myzelpolster formed with forced standing conidiophores. The acervulus is flat, disc-shaped and long covered by epidermis with blackish bristles.
The conidia are ovate to oblong. They are unicellular and hyaline . They are often found in drops of mucus on the bearing.
Systematics
External system
The genus has long been placed in the order Phyllachorales . However, it is distinguished from this order by some features, such as the absence of a stroma and the exclusive formation of anamorphs of the Colletotrichum form. First phylogenetic studies showed that Glomerella and Colletotrichum form their own group within the Hypocreomycetidae , so they are not closely related to the Phyllachorales. These authors had suggested that the genus should be placed in its own family and order.
Zhang et al. were able to confirm these results and describe the family Glomerellaceae, which was incorrectly described by Locquin in 1984. The relationships are illustrated by the following cladogram:
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The position of Glomerella as an unrelated family within the Hypocreomycetidae was subsequently included in the Outline of Ascomycota .
Internal system
To date 39 accepted species belong to the anamorphic Colletotrichum . Some species with their associated host plants are:
| Art | Host plants |
|---|---|
| C. acutatum Simmonds (Syn: C. xanthii ), causes anthracnose and Colletotrichum berry disease | wide range for example: silver seeds ( Leucospermum ), Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ), silver trees (Leucadendron), sugar bushes ( Protea ), Hevea brasiliensis , apples ( Malus ), melon trees (Carica), Hakea and currants ( Ribes ) |
| C. boninense Moriwaki, Sato et Tsukib. | Silver seeds ( Leucospermum ), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus ) and king protea ( Protea cynaroides ) |
| C. capsici (Syd.) EJ Butler et Bisby | Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) |
| C. caudatum (Sacc.) Peck | Cymbopogon martinii , a lemongrass |
| C. coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes, causes Colletotrichum wilt disease | Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) |
| C. crassipes (Speg.) Arx, Verh. K. Akad. Wet. | Dryandra and Dryas |
| C. dematium (Pers.) Grove | Peperomia ( Peperomia ) |
| C. gloeosporioides Penz. | Citrus plants ( Citrus ), sugar bushes ( Protea ), silver seeds ( Leucospermum ), real grapevines ( Vitis vinifera ) and cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) |
| C. graminicola DJ Politis | Corn ( Zea mays ) |
| C. kahawae JM Waller et Bridge | Arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) |
| C. lindemuthianum (Sacc. Et Magnus) Briosi & Cavara, causes bean focal spot disease | Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) |
| C. orbiculare (Berk. Et Mont.) Arx (Syn: C. langarium (Pass) Ell. Et Halst.), Causes the focal spot disease of the cucumber | Xanthium spinosum a pointed burdock and cucumber ( Cucumis ) |
| C. sublineolum Henn. | Black millet ( Sorghum bicolor ) |
| C. trifolii Bain, causes the southern stem burner | Serradella ( Ornithopus sativus ), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) and red clover |
| C. truncatum (Pig.) Andrus et WD Moore | Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) |
literature
- Werner Rothmaler: Excursion flora for Germany, Volume 1: Lower plants . 3. Edition. Fischer, Jena 1994, ISBN 978-3-334-60827-2 , pp. 301 .
- JA Bailey, MJ Jeger: Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control . CABI, Wallingford 1992, ISBN 978-0-85198-756-9 .
- Akinwunmi O. Latunde-Dada: Colletotrichum: tales of forcible entry, stealth, transient confinement and breakout . In: Molecular Plant Pathology . tape 2 , no. 4 , 2001, p. 187-198 , doi : 10.1046 / j.1464-6722.2001.00069.x .
- Dean, Ralph, et al .: The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology . In: Molecular Plant Pathology . tape 13 , no. 4 , 2012, p. 414-430 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Ning Zhang et al .: An overview of the systematics of the Sordariomycetes based on a four-gene phylogeny . In: Mycologia , Volume 98, 2006, pp. 1076-1087.
- ↑ Denise Wanderlei-Silva, Eduardo Ramalho Neto, Richard Hanlin: Molecular systematics of the Phyllachorales (ascomycota, fungi) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequences . In: Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology . tape 46 , no. 3 , June 2003, doi : 10.1590 / S1516-89132003000300002 .
- ↑ HT Lumbsch, SM Huhndorf: Outline of Ascomycota - 2007. In: Myconet Volume 13, 2007, pp. 1–58, here p. 45. (PDF, 2.8MB)
- ↑ Carolien M. Lubbe: Characterization of Colletotrichum species associated with diseases of Proteaceae . In: Mycologia . tape 96 , no. 6 , 2004, p. 1268-1279 ( mycologia.org ).