Serradella

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Real Serradella
Ornithopus sativus flower, serradelle bloem.jpg

True Serradella ( Ornithopus sativus )

Systematics
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Loteae
Genre : Ornithopus
Type : Real Serradella
Scientific name
Ornithopus sativus
Loaf.

The real Serradella ( Ornithopus sativus ), also known for short as Serradella or Great Bird's Foot , Portuguese Bird's Foot , Sand Clover , Great Clawed Clover , Seed Bird's Foot or Claw pod , is a species of the genus Ornithopus within the legume family (Fabaceae). It is naturally common in the western Mediterranean and is a neophyte in some temperate areas of the world . It is an old cultivated plant.

description

illustration
Flowers and articulated legumes
Partial fruits and seeds

Vegetative characteristics

Ornithopus sativus grows as an independently upright, ascending to prostrate, herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 60 centimeters. It forms a deep , well-branched taproot . The stem is 9 to 65 centimeters long. The vegetative parts of the plant are hairy shaggy.

From one another arranged on the stem foliage leaves the lower stalked and the middle to upper sitting. The 1.2 to 5, rarely up to 9.7 centimeters long, leaves are unpinnate and have 4 to 18 pairs of leaflets . The leaflets are 3.5 to 16 millimeters long and 1.5 to 6 millimeters wide and obovate or elliptical with a prickly tip. The stipules are triangular with a length of less than 1 millimeter with an often purple upper end.

Generative characteristics

With a length of 7 to 50 millimeters, the inflorescence shafts are much longer than the corresponding leaves. Two to six flowers are grouped together in a golden inflorescence . The flowers are at most 1 millimeter long stalked to almost sessile.

The flowers are 5 to 9 millimeters in length longer than the bract . The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The shaggy hairy, 3.2 to 5 millimeter long sepals are fused to about half of their length. The two-toothed calyx upper lip is much shorter than the three-toothed lower lip. The calyx teeth of the upper lip are lanceolate with a length of 1 to 1.5 millimeters and those of the lower lip are linear-lanceolate with a length of 1.5 to 3 millimeters. The corolla has the typical structure of the butterfly flower and is 5 to 8 millimeters long. The five petals are pink or whitish, with purple nerves on the flag. With a length of 6.5 to 10 millimeters and a width of 3 to 4.3 millimeters, the flag is violin-shaped and asymmetrical. The wings are 5.5 to 7.5 millimeters long and 2.5 to 3.2 millimeters wide and are eyed. The shuttle is 3 to 4 millimeters long and 1.2 to 1.8 millimeters wide. The anthers are 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters long and 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters wide. The only carpel is bald or hairy.

The bald or hairy, green legume is rarely 11 to, usually 15 to 43 millimeters in length and rarely 1.2 to, usually 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters wide, almost straight, slightly sickle-shaped to claw-like and constricting structured and usually 2 to 20 (1.2 to 30) millimeters long beaked and disintegrates when ripe into one to four to six partial fruits (limbs). The seed is 2 to 4 millimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide and 0.8 to 1.5 millimeters thick and weighs 1.5 to 6 g.

The basic chromosome number is x = 7; there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 14.

ecology

From an ecological point of view, these are butterfly flowers of the Fabace type with a folding mechanism. Typical pollinators are Hymenoptera .

The diaspores are the partial fruits of the broken fruit .

distribution

The natural range of Ornithopus sativus is in the western Mediterranean . There are sites from western Algeria , Morocco , Portugal and Spain to southwest France .

The real Serradella, for example, is a naturalized neophyte in Germany . It is a neophyte in southwestern Australia and many temperate areas with mild winter, for example in New Zealand or in southern South Africa.

Systematics

Ornithopus sativus was first published in 1804/1805 by Felix de Avellar Brotero Flora Lusitanica , Volume 2, p. 160. Ornithopus sativus Godr is a homonym . & Gren. published in Flore de France ... Prospectus , 1, p. 499. Synonyms of Ornithopus sativus bread. are: Coronilla seradella E.HLKrause , Ornithopus roseus Dufour , Ornithopus perpusillus subsp. roseus (Dufour) Rouy , Ornithopus sativus subsp. roseus (Dufour) Dostál .

From Ornithopus sativus several subtaxa described (selection):

  • Ornithopus sativus subsp. isthmocarpus (Coss.) Dostál (Syn .: Ornithopus isthmocarpus Coss.): It occurs in the entire range except France.
  • Ornithopus sativus nothosubsp. macrorrhynchus (Willk.) Talavera et al. = Ornithopus sativus subsp. sativus × Ornithopus sativus subsp. isthmocarpus
  • Ornithopus sativus bread. subsp. sativus : It occurs in large parts of the total natural range and is rarely overgrown in Central Europe and occurs adventively.
  • Ornithopus sativus subsp. sativus var. sativus

use

Ornithopus sativus was introduced to Germany from Portugal in the mid-19th century . The old cultivated plant Ornithopus sativus subsp. sativus is rarely grown in Germany this century.

Ornithopus sativus is used for green manuring , also against erosion . It serves as a previous crop or intercrop between grown root crops and cereals . Timely applied it grows to cut in order to hay or grazing on. It thrives best on sandy , not too calcareous soils and prefers humid and warm climates . It can tolerate individual frosts , but not permanent winter cold, so it is grown as an annual.

The young plant grows relatively slowly, so that it is suppressed in places by couch grass , field spark or field radish .

Their animal pests include caterpillars and Ypsilon owl .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Real Serradella. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Ornithopus sativus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  3. ↑ Profile of the vascular plants of Bavaria of the Botanical Information Node Bavaria .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q data sheet from Flora Vascular .
  5. ↑ a b c d data sheet at BiolFlor of the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany
  6. ^ John Frame: Data sheet at the FAO - Grassland Species .
  7. ↑ Ornithopus sativus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 31, 2014.
  8. ↑ a b c data sheet with data from ILDIS - The LegumeWeb at The Euro + Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity
  9. ↑ a b data sheet from Michael Hassler and Bernd Schmitt - Plant World of Germany .

literature

  • Eduard Birnbaum: Pflanzenbau , 1896, pp. 94–96
  • Guido Krafft: Die Pflanzenbaulehre , 1927, pp. 238–239
  • E. Vogt: The flower color variations of the Serradella , in: Angewandte Botanik 32, 1958, pp. 105-110
  • Peter Hanelt: The intraspecific morphological variability of Ornithopus sativus bread , in: Kulturpflanze 3, 1962, pp. 134-143

Web links

Commons : Serradella ( Ornithopus sativus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files