Gold buttercup
| Gold buttercup | ||||||||||||
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Species group Ranunculus auricomus , illustration |
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| Ranunculus auricomus agg . | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The golden buttercup ( Ranunculus auricomus agg.), Sometimes also called golden-yellow buttercup , golden-headed buttercup or golden-haired buttercup , is a diverse group of species from the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).
description
The gold buttercup is a perennial, herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 10 to 50 centimeters. The stems have small bracts at the base. The basal leaves are long-stalked and have an undivided, kidney-shaped, rounded blade with a notched-serrated leaf margin, but can also be three, five or more columns. The two to four stem leaves are very different from the basal leaves: they are sessile, divided into fingers and have linear tips.
The flower stalks are round, and not or indistinctly furrowed. The flower base is bald to hairy. The hermaphrodite flower is radially symmetrical and five-fold with a double flower envelope . There are always five sepals . Five of the yellow petals are not always fully developed. The flowering period extends from April to May. The pollination is done by insects or self-pollination. Propagation by apomixis also occurs in a number of small species.
The densely hairy nuts are egg-shaped with a length of 3 to 4 millimeters and end in a short, hooked beak. The fruit ripens from July to September.
The number of chromosomes is usually 2n = 32.
ecology
The gold buttercup is a hemicryptophyte and stem plant. A vegetative reproduction occurs through the rhizome .
It is a spring bloomer. Although the corolla-like tepals and nectaries are often reduced or missing, bee relatives and two-winged birds still visit flowers . Also apomictic reproduction occurs in several small ways.
The diaspores spread as balloon fliers or by ants spreading , for example by the red wood ant ( Formica rufa ).
Occurrence
The gold buttercup occurs mainly in deciduous and alluvial forests , in soaked mountain meadows , and rarely in gardens and parks. He also prefers chalky, nutrient-rich and groundwater- permeated loam soils . He climbs to the alpine altitude level .
Systematics
Numerous small species are combined in the species group of the gold buttercup. Two small species reproduce sexually , the rest agamosperm . The classic division into Ranunculus auricomus , Ranunculus cassubicus and Ranunculus fallax cannot be maintained. Fischer lists 30 small species for Austria alone. 49 small species are given for Germany, of which only six also occur in Austria.
literature
- Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
- Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 , pp. 285, 287 (fig.), 289-299.
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 . (Section ecology)
- Eva Borchers-Kolb: Ranunculus sect. Auricomus in Bavaria and the adjacent areas. I. General part . In: Hermann Merxmüller (Hrsg.): Communications from the Botanical State Collection Munich . tape 19 , 1983, ISSN 0006-8179 , pp. 363-429 ( archive.org [PDF; 26.2 MB ]). - Eva Borchers-Kolb: Ranunculus sect. Auricomus in Bavaria and the adjacent areas. II. Special part . In: Hermann Merxmüller (Hrsg.): Communications from the Botanical State Collection Munich . tape 21 , 1985, ISSN 0006-8179 , pp. 49–300 ( archive.org [PDF; 87.5 MB ]). Digitization of the entire magazine volume 21 at archive.org (32 MB). - One of the few overview representations for a larger area in Germany.
Individual evidence
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 412-415.
Web links
- Gold buttercup. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
- Ranunculus auricomus aggr. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 20, 2015.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to: Eric Hultén , Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 .
