Green chemistry

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As Green Chemistry and Sustainable Chemistry is called the kind of chemistry that tries pollution curb, energy saving and produce environmentally friendly as possible. At the same time, dangers to production and the product should be avoided. In order to achieve these goals, the development and use of novel techniques are necessary. So it can be B. Sustainable be plastic or ethanol from renewable raw materials to produce, instead of from petroleum . In contrast to green chemistry, environmental chemistry is concernedwith the spread, transformation and effects of chemical substances on the animate and inanimate environment.

properties

Green chemistry refers to all areas of chemistry, such as organic chemistry , inorganic chemistry , biochemistry , analytical chemistry and physical chemistry and is therefore not only realized in the industrial sector. The concept of click chemistry is often referred to as a particularly green type of chemical synthesis.

In 2005 Ryōji Noyori explained three important developments in green chemistry: the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent, hydrogen peroxide dissolved in water for green oxidations and the use of hydrogen for stereoselective syntheses . Examples of the implementation of green chemistry are oxidation reactions with supercritical water ( Supercritical Water Oxidation ) and solvent-free reactions ( Dry Media Reaction ). Another technique in the field of green chemistry is bioengineering . Many important chemicals can be synthesized in microorganisms , e.g. B. shikimic acid .

A large number of platform chemicals can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. wood, by pyrolysis . Ways to polymers based on fats and oils as renewable raw materials have been described.

Basic principles

Paul Anastas of the Environmental Protection Agency and John C. Warner developed twelve basic principles of Green Chemistry :

  1. Avoidance of waste : Avoiding waste and pollution is preferable to the subsequent disposal and processing of the same.
  2. Atomic efficiency : Syntheses and reactions must be designed in such a way that a maximum number of atoms in the starting materials involved are achieved in the end product .
  3. Safer chemical conversions: Synthetic methods that use educts or produce products that pose a risk to humans or the environment should be avoided.
  4. Development of safer substances: When developing chemical substances, care should be taken to minimize their toxicity while simultaneously exercising their usefulness .
  5. Safer solvents and auxiliaries: The use of solvents or auxiliary substances should be avoided, or - if there is no other way, have as low toxicity as possible.
  6. Energy efficiency : The energy consumption should be reduced and the processes should be carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure if possible.
  7. Renewable resources : Renewable resources should be preferred.
  8. Reduce derivatives : number of intermediate stages and / or derivatives - e.g. B. protecting groups - should be reduced or avoided entirely. Such additional steps require additional reagents and create additional waste
  9. Catalysts : Catalysts should be used with stoichiometric reagents.
  10. Naturally degradable: Products should be able to be degraded naturally after use without harming the environment.
  11. Real-time monitoring of waste management: Real-time monitoring must be further developed in order to avoid contamination in the process.
  12. Fundamental risk avoidance: The choice of starting materials in chemical processes should avoid the potential danger such as explosion, fire, unintentional release.

criticism

The chemical synthesis of some fuels - such as biodiesel ( fatty acid methyl ester ) - from renewable raw materials (oils and fats, such as rapeseed oil , but also used cooking fats and animal fats and other triglycerides ) is assessed critically by the Federal Environment Agency from the point of view of sustainability . Biodiesel has a moderate ecological balance and is therefore not economically sensible as a motor vehicle or truck fuel, but its use as a fuel in pleasure boats is recommended under aspects of water protection.

Prices

The GDCh awards the Wöhler Prize for Sustainable Chemistry for achievements in this area .

literature

  • Michael Angrick, Klaus Kümmerer, Lothar Meinzer (eds.): Sustainable Chemistry: Experiences and Perspectives Series “Ecology and Economic Research”, Volume 66, Marburg, Metropolis-Verlag 2006 ISBN 3-89518-565-5 .
  • Bernd Beek, Horst Neidhard, Günter Neumeier, Wolfgang Lohrer: Substitution of environmentally hazardous substances Science magazine Ökologie 8, 77–90, Technical University Berlin (1985).
  • Green Chemistry's Industrial Strategies (ParisTech Review, Dec. 2011).
  • Ryoji Noyori: Pursuing practical elegance in chemical synthesis . In: Chemical Communications . No. 14 , 2005, pp. 1807-1811 , doi : 10.1039 / B502713F .
  • Hermann Fischer, Horst G. Appelhagen: The chemical revolution: From the intelligent use of natural raw materials , Verlag A. Kunstmann, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-95614-173-7 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tushar P. Vispute, Huiyan Zhang, Aimaro Sanna, Rui Xiao and George W. Huber: Renewable Chemical Commodity Feedstocks from Integrated Catalytic Processing of Pyrolysis Oils , Science 330 (2010) pp. 1222-1227, doi: 10.1126 / science.1194218 .
  2. ↑ Michael AR Meier, Jürgen O. Metzger and Ulrich S. Schubert: Plant oil renewable resources as green alternatives in polymer science , Chem. Soc. Rev., 36 ( 2007 ) pp. 1788-1802, doi: 10.1039 / B703294C .
  3. ↑ 12 Principles of Green Chemistry - American Chemical Society. In: American Chemical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2016 .
  4. ↑ BUA recommendation on the use of biodiesel in pleasure boats ( Memento of March 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ).