Green edible blubber
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The green blubber ( Russula heterophylla ) |
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| Russula heterophylla | ||||||||||||
| (Fri.) Fri. |
The green or greenish edible deafness ( Russula heterophylla ) is a species of fungus from the family of deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is also called the purple-gray blubber .
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 8-15 cm wide. Young the hat is almost spherical, later spread out and finally depressed. Its color varies widely and can take on various shades of green, brown or ocher. The hat skin is shiny and smooth.
The white stem is 3–6 cm long and 1–3 cm wide. It is firm and becomes brown-spotted, especially at the base, with age.
The white, rust-stained lamellae have grown on the stem and are usually quite dense. In old age, they can also easily run down a stick. They are noticeably forked at the base of the stem. The spore powder is also white.
The meat is whitish and turns bright pink with FeSO 4 . The smell is inconspicuous and the taste mild, sometimes a bit bitter after prolonged chewing.
FeSO 4 gives the meat an intense pink or salmon color , while guaiac tincture gives the meat a blue or bluish green color. With aniline it turns red; if you drop it on the hat, it turns yellow.
Microscopic features
The spores are the smallest in the genus, they are 5–7 µm long and 4–6 µm wide, spherical to broadly elliptical, or almost pear-shaped; The warts are 0.2–0.6 µm high, mostly isolated, but occasionally two or three are connected.
The hyphae end cells of the cap skin are tapered at the end or sometimes pulled out into a narrow, thick-walled hair. The support cells are rectangular or inflated. The hat skin cystids ( pileocystids ) are club-shaped, cylindrical or spindle-shaped or tapered at the ends and are only slightly purple or not stained with sulfovanillin. The cap skin pigments only ever occur in vacuoles and are never membrane-bound.
Species delimitation
The edible green deaf can look very similar to the green forms of the female deaf ( Russula cyanoxantha f. Peltereaui ). The two types can be most easily distinguished by the FeSO 4 reaction. The female pavilion does not change color or is only slightly gray-green with iron sulphate, whereas the green pavilion is bright pink. In addition, the female pigeon has softer, more flexible, greasy-feeling lamellae.
The hard-fleshed female deaf ( Russula langei ) can also look similar. It has cream-colored lamellas and usually a purple-tinged stem. In the FeSO 4 reaction, the meat turns a distinct gray-green color .
The Grünfeldiges Täubling ( Russula virescens ) has a light to dark green, fieldy tearing hat and is therefore easy to distinguish.
The grass-green blubber ( Russula aeruginea ) has cream-colored spore powder and grows under birch trees .
The most difficult thing is to distinguish it from the meat-red edible pigeon , of which there is also a green- capped form with ( Russula vesca f. Viridata ). Here a reliable determination is only possible with the microscope. The green blubber has much smaller spores, the smallest within the genus blubber.
Especially inexperienced mushroom pickers must be careful that they are not the Greens dining Täubling with the green death cap ( Amanita phalloides confused). This deadly poisonous mushroom often has a similarly colored hat and is also found in the same locations. However, the stem sleeve and the tuber at the stem base are missing in the green edible deaf.
ecology
The green edible deaf is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiosis with various deciduous trees. His preferred mycorrhizal partner is the common beech , followed by the sessile and English oak . But it can also partner with other deciduous trees. In neighboring countries it is said to be associated with linden , birch and even pine .
The Täubling occurs in Germany mainly in mesophilic red beech forests , such as woodruff and barley beech forests . At higher altitudes it can also be found in fir-beech forests. In acidic beech forests or basic sedge-beech forests , it penetrates less often. Instead, it is also found in corresponding oak-hornbeam forests and mixed oak forests, as it prefers warm, light locations.
The Täubling likes professional to medium-sized and neutral to slightly acidic soil. They should be fresh and low in nutrients, but may also be summer-dry on the surface if the basic moisture level is appropriate. The Täubling grows on sandy loam, loose brown soils , parabrown soils and terra fusca . The fruiting bodies appear mostly in small groups from June to early October.
distribution
The green edible blubber is a Holarctic species that is distributed almost over the entire northern hemisphere. The Täubling occurs in North Asia (West and East Siberia, Korea and Japan), North America (USA), North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. In Europe, its distribution area extends over three climatic zones, from the meridional to the boreal zone of Scandinavia. In the south the deaf can be found from Spain to Romania. In the west of France over the Netherlands and Great Britain and up to the Hebrides . In the east, its distribution area extends as far as Belarus.
Although it can be found in Germany from the coast to the high-montane areas of the Alps and it occurs in all federal states, it is comparatively rare.
Systematics
Inquiry systematics
The Green Edible Täubling is the type species of the section Heterophyllae , a section of medium-sized to large, robust Täublingen. They have pure white spore powder and a mild taste. Their hats can be colored differently, but they are never pure red. The closest relatives of the Green Speisetäubling are the Fleischrote Speisetäubling and the Wiesel-Täubling , with which it is placed in a separate subsection Heterophyllinae . R-DNA studies show that the fungi are also closely related phylogenetically .
meaning
The mushroom is edible. There is a risk of confusion with the green leaf agaric , which can be similarly colored and occurs in similar locations. Young mushrooms in particular are easy to confuse. The mushroom is also very popular with snails.
literature
- Russula heterophylla In der Engl. Wikipedia. (The article was taken over in parts)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 56 .
- ^ A b Roger Phillips: Mushrooms . Pan MacMillan, 2006, ISBN 0-330-44237-6 .
- ↑ Russula heterophylla - Partial Russula Database. In: cbs.knaw.nl. CBS Fungual Biodiversity Center, 2011, accessed May 14, 2011 .
- ↑ Roger Phillips: Rogers Mushrooms - Russula heterophylla. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, 2011, archived from the original on February 25, 2015 ; accessed on May 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Michael Jordan (Ed.): The encyclopedia of fungi of Britain and Europe . Frances Lincoln, London 2004, ISBN 0-7112-2379-3 .
- ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , pp. 460-462.
- ↑ a b Russula heterophylla in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
- ^ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 15, 2012 .
- ↑ Belgian Species List 2012 - Russula heterophylla. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 293 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo: SY769 Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus . (Finnish lamellar and tube mushrooms: ecology, distribution and threat status). Ed .: Esteri Ohenoja. 2005, ISBN 952-11-1997-7 (Finnish, ymparisto.fi [PDF]).
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula heterophylla. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015 ; Retrieved August 19, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis, E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 4. (PDF; 599 kB) Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 104 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, pp. 39–42 , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
- ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 (English).
- ↑ Gordana Kasom & Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN 0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved September 15, 2012 .
- ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 15, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Spore drawing 1 and spore drawing 2 of Russula heterophylla by H. Romagnesi (1967). In: cbs.knaw.nl. CBS Fungual Biodiversity Center, accessed May 14, 2011.
- Synonyms of Russula heterophylla. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, 2011, accessed May 14, 2011 .
- Russulales News / Photo by Russula heterophylla. In: mtsn.tn.it. Russulales News, 2011, accessed May 14, 2011 .
- Hermann Jahn: Mushroom watercolor - Green Speisetäubling. In: pilzbriefe.de. 2006, accessed May 14, 2011 .
- Russula heterophylla - Funghi in Italia. In: funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on May 14, 2011 (Italian, many very good photos of the green food-Täubling).
