Big wine lover
| Big wine lover | ||||||||||||
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Great Wine Hawk ( Hippotion celerio ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Hippotion celerio | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The great wine hawk ( Hippotion celerio ) is a butterfly ( moth ) from the family of hawks (Sphingidae). The species is native to the tropics of the entire Old World and very rarely flies into the temperate zones as a migrant butterfly in summer . The caterpillars feed mainly on grapevines and virgin vines , which has given the species its German name. In the north of Borneo, the moths are often fried and eaten. The species was first described in 1758 by Carl von Linné as Sphinx celerio in his work Systema Naturae , and placed in the genus Hippotion by Jacob Hübner in 1819 .
features
butterfly
The moths reach a wingspan of 59 to 71 millimeters (males) or 69 to 76 millimeters (females), with an average forewing length of 34 to 35 millimeters. The whitish-gray antennae are thickened in the shape of a piston towards the tip. The head and thorax are olive brown and have a light gray band on each side. A broad gray central band runs along the thorax. The epaulettes are also edged gray on both sides, but also have a golden yellow central stripe. The back of the relatively long abdomen is dark and flanked on both sides by a fine, interrupted, light central line. On the side of the abdomen there are light, small, triangular spots.
Hippotion celerio ♂
Hippotion celerio ♂ △
Hippotion celerio ♀
Hippotion celerio ♀ △
The forewings have a finely divided, dark, whitish-gray longitudinal stripe that curves from the wingtip to the inner edge of the wing near the base. This light stripe divides the wings into two different sized areas. The front, larger one is light gray-brown on the wing's leading edge and has a small, black, round discal spot and a series of black and whitish-gray longitudinal wipes, the strongest of which begins at the base. In the rear, smaller wing part there is a dark and a light transverse band, between which there is a dark spot on the inner edge of the wing. The edge of the forewings is gray-white. The hind wings are strikingly pink from the base to the anal angle, with the color becoming paler towards the outside. The hind wings have a wide black median and a narrow, equally colored submarginal band, which are connected by the veins of the wing veins, which are colored in black. This divides the pink middle field into a grid-like black. The fringing of the hind wings is light gray dusted. The undersides of the wings are gray-brown, with the middle area yellowish and the transverse bars brownish. Males and females look very similar to each other, only the antennae are finer and shorter in the latter.
The animals look very similar to the Hippotion osiris , which is widespread in Africa , but differ from this species in their somewhat smaller size and the black wing veins on the hind wings. The big wine hawker is more variable in its color, so there are forms whose basic color is pale terracotta (Forma pallida ), whose wings are tinted red (Forma rosea ) or dark brown (Forma brunnea ), whose black pattern is strongly pronounced and the entire hind wings includes (Forma augustei ), in which the silver pattern is missing (Forma luecki ) or in which the oblique stripes of the forewings are yellowish in color (Forma sieberti ). In addition, the tall wine lover varies significantly in body size.
egg
The eggs are very variable in both size and shape. They are spherical to distinctly oval and have a shiny, translucent, blue-green color that takes on a greenish-yellow shade shortly before hatching.
Caterpillar
The caterpillars reach a body length of 80 to 90 millimeters and come in a brown and a green color variant. After hatching, the four millimeter long caterpillars are pale yellow and have a relatively long, black anal horn . After eating plant material, they turn a shiny green color. In the second caterpillar stage, the eye spots appear for the first time on the sides of the first and second abdominal segment. The long, dark anal horn now has a double point and sways up and down when the body moves. In the third stage, the eye spots have the color that they have retained until development is complete. The larger eye spot on the second abdominal segment is elongated oval. In the green caterpillar form, it is colored yellow with a large, dark green pupil that has five or six round bluish or pale green points. The entire eye spot has a fine black border. The smaller eye spot on the third abdominal segment is half as long and wide as the larger one. It is yellow, outlined in black and has a green pupil.
In the brown form, the larger eye spot is pink instead of yellow-pink and has a black pupil with white dots, the smaller eye spot is orange-yellow. On both sides of the back there is a yellow longitudinal dorsolateral line that runs from the third thoracic segment to the base of the anal horn. In the last caterpillar stage, the animals usually have a medium to dark brown color, only a few remain green. Contrary to what is usual with swarmers, this color hardly changes in the green caterpillars shortly before pupation. The anal horn is blackish with a purple base in the last caterpillar stage. It is medium in length and straight, and tapers from the stout base to the blunt tip. Up to the base it is provided with small tubercles directed away from the body. The thoracic legs of the green form are colored red.
Doll
The pupa is 45 to 51 millimeters long and pale grayish brown with extensive dark brown spots. The keel-shaped proboscis is narrow and faces forward. The dark red-brown kremaster is long, shiny and ends in a sharp point. The pupa has the same shape as that of the Hippotion velox, which is common in Southeast Asia . The proboscis, legs, antennae and wing sheaths have a golden sheen, the wing veins and legs are dotted with black. The head, thorax and abdomen are pale reddish brown, the color of the back of the abdomen being darker, its ventral side being grayish. On the eighth to tenth segment there is a broken black line on the abdomen; a brown strip of fused points runs below the spiracles . The spaces between segments eight to ten are colored brown. The spiracles are black and bordered with a greyish, red-brown dotted area.
Occurrence and habitat
The species is native to tropical Africa, Asia and Australia, but flies north as a migrant butterfly in some years in the west of the Palearctic . They can then be found as far as Ireland, Great Britain and Denmark. At least in warm years, the animals can reproduce successfully in North Africa and also in Southern Europe, which is why the boundary between immigrant and local animals is difficult to define. However, the species is at least sedentary in the Canaries and probably also in the Azores and the Atlantic coast of Morocco, as it is on the Arabian Peninsula, the Levantine region and Egypt. Occasionally the animals are also found in the north of New Zealand. The animals also rarely fly in as migrant butterflies in southern China, Taiwan and southern Japan.
In Central Europe and north of it, the Great Wine Swarms ingress are very rare. In the 20th century, for example, only one specimen has been recorded from Baden-Württemberg , which was caught in Karlsruhe in 1978 . The last entry into Saxony was observed in 1967. In 2005 a butterfly was found in Dalarna ( Sweden ).
The adults are not tied to any specific type of habitat, but occur wherever there are enough flowers. In order to lay their eggs, however, the animals are dependent on habitats in which wild or agriculturally used vines grow.
Way of life
The nocturnal moths rest on stones, walls, tree stumps or in foliage during the day and are well camouflaged due to their color and difficult to spot. From dusk onwards, the animals go in search of tubular, strongly scented flowers to suck up nectar. They only fly for a short time, but because of their powerful and fast flight they can cover great distances. They can be attracted by artificial light sources. The mating takes place a few hours after dusk and takes a relatively short one to three hours for swarmers.
Flight and caterpillar times
The big wine lover occurs all year round in its tropical areas of distribution in up to five well-defined and successive generations. The moths of two to three generations fly to southern Europe between June and October, and individual animals can be observed in Central Europe between August and October. The caterpillars occur in southern Europe from July to September, further north in late summer. They can be found all year round on the coast of Saudi Arabia.
Food of the caterpillars
The caterpillars feed mainly on grapevines ( Vitis ) and virgin vines ( Parthenocissus ). The caterpillars are also found less frequently on bedstraws ( Galium ), fuchsias ( Fuchsia ), willowherb ( Epilobium ), turnips ( Beta ), jumping herbs ( Impatiens ), bindweed ( Convolvulus ), brown spice ( Scrophularia ), mullein ( Verbascum ), lilacs ( Syringa) ), Dock ( Rumex ), begonias ( Begonia ), arum ( Arum ), miracle flowers ( Mirabilis ), Klimmen ( Cissus ), Zantedeschia ( Zantedeschia ) and Kaladien ( Caladium ). In breeding, the animals can be fed with the houseplant Cissus antarctica over the winter .
In the Azores the caterpillars feed mainly on Zantedeschia aethiopica , in India often also on Spermacoce hispida , Boerhavia , dock ( Rumex ) and caladia ( Caladium ). In Malaysia, too, the caterpillars are often found on caladia.
development
The females lay their eggs one by one on the underside and top of the leaves of the food plants near the tip. Only rarely is more than one egg laid per shoot, with preference being given to the lowest shoots of the plants that grow on the ground or along a wall or fence, for example. The caterpillars hatch after five to ten days. Immediately after hatching, the caterpillars first eat the egg shell and then look for a resting place on the underside of a leaf. They only start eating again after a few hours.
The caterpillars rarely eat the entire leaves. Leaves that are eaten to a quarter or half are characteristic of caterpillar feeding. Young caterpillars are often found on the underside of the leaves, fully grown caterpillars usually rest further down on the stem axes of the plants away from the leaves. As can also be observed with other caterpillars with eye spots, the caterpillars of the great wine hawk erect their head and front body when disturbed and thus present the eye spots clearly in order to simulate a significantly larger animal. Pupation takes place in a loosely spun brown cocoon either on the ground in the litter or just below the surface of the earth. The new generation of moths hatch after about four weeks. The pupa does not overwinter. The caterpillar flies Drino atropivora and Drino vicina have been detected as parasitoids in the western range of the species , in the east of the range no parasitoids are known to date.
Economical meaning
The caterpillars occasionally appear as a pest in viticulture . In the north of Borneo , the butterflies are collected frequently and fried and eaten without their heads or wings .
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hippotion celerio. Fauna Europaea, accessed June 15, 2010 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Josef J. de Freina, Thomas J. Witt: Noctuoidea, Sphingoidea, Geometroidea, Bombycoidea . In: The Bombyces and Sphinges of the Western Palaearctic . 1st edition. tape 1 . EFW Edition Research & Science, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-926285-00-1 , p. 434 f .
- ↑ a b Hans-Josef Weidemann, Jochen Köhler: Moths, Spinners and Swarmers . Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-89440-128-1 , p. 60 ff .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic. AR Pittaway, accessed June 3, 2010 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Sphingidae of the Eastern Palaearctic. AR Pittaway, accessed June 3, 2010 .
- ^ Günter Ebert: The butterflies of Baden Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 4 . Moths II Bombycidae, Endromidae, Lasiocampidae, Lemoniidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Drepanidae, Notodontidae, Dilobidae, Lymantriidae, Ctenuchidae, Nolidae . Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3474-8 , pp. 209 .
- ↑ Red list "Schwärmer" (Saxony) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Swedish)
literature
- Günter Ebert: The butterflies of Baden Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 4 . Moths II Bombycidae, Endromidae, Lasiocampidae, Lemoniidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Drepanidae, Notodontidae, Dilobidae, Lymantriidae, Ctenuchidae, Nolidae . Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3474-8 .
- Hans-Josef Weidemann, Jochen Köhler: Moths, Spinners and Swarmers . Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-89440-128-1 .
- Josef J. de Freina, Thomas J. Witt: Noctuoidea, Sphingoidea, Geometroidea, Bombycoidea . In: The Bombyces and Sphinges of the Western Palaearctic . 1st edition. tape 1 . EFW Edition Research & Science, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-926285-00-1 .
- AR Pittaway: The Hawkmoths of the western Palaearctic . Harley Books, 1993, ISBN 0-946589-21-6 .
- Manfred Koch : We determine butterflies. Volume 2: Bears, Spinners, Swarmers and Drills in Germany. 2nd, expanded edition. Neumann, Radebeul / Berlin 1964, DNB 452481929 .
