Miracle flowers

Miracle flowers
	Multi-flowered wonder flower ( Mirabilis multiflora )
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family :	Wonderflower family (Nyctaginaceae)
Genre :	Miracle flowers
Scientific name
	Mirabilis
	L.

Wonder flowers ( Mirabilis ) are a genus of plants within the family of the wonder flower plants (Nyctaginaceae). The approximately 60 species are mainly found in the New World .

description

Illustration from Flore médicale des Antilles, ou, Traité des plantes usuelles , Plate 139 of the miracle flower ( Mirabilis jalapa )

Leaves and flower of the magic flower ( Mirabilis jalapa )

"Anthocarp" over the five overgrown, durable sepals of the miracle flower ( Mirabilis jalapa )

Vegetative characteristics

The miracle flowers usually grow as perennial , rarely annual , herbaceous plants or often as subshrubs . They have a taproot that thin can be bulbous to rope-shaped or until thickened.

The aboveground parts of the plant are bare or hairy, often sticky. The shoot axes are upright to prostrate and unreinforced. The internodes have no sticky bands.

The leaves are stalked or sessile, each pair is approximately the same. The simple leaf blade is thin to thick-fleshy and the blade base is more or less symmetrical. There are no stipules .

Generative characteristics

The terminal or lateral, mostly zymous inflorescences contain 1 to 16 flowers. Each flower stands over a stalked involucrum . The long-lasting involucrum consists of five herbaceous to membranous bracts that are fused together .

The hermaphrodite flowers are fivefold. The five sepals are fused and petal-like. There are no petals. The flowers are chasmogamous and / or kleistogamous . In the case of cleistogamous flowers, the flower envelope is a small dome. In the case of chasmogams, the inflorescence is radially symmetrical to slightly zygomorphic , bell-shaped to funnel-shaped, with the corolla tube expanding gradually or abruptly. The three to six stamens rise above the bracts. The styles extend beyond the stamens, their stigmas are head-shaped.

Usually an “ anthocarp ” is formed. The anthocarp is radial symmetry and usually has five round to angular ribs. The shape of the anthocarp is obovate, ellipsoidal to almost spherical. The surface can be smooth, leathery, bald or hairy.

The basic chromosome numbers are usually x = 9.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Mirabilis was established in Species Plantarum , 1, page 177 in 1753 . The type species is Mirabilis jalapa L. The genus name Mirabilis comes from the Latin word mirabilis for wonderful.

The genus Mirabilis belongs to the tribe Nyctagineae within the family of the Nyctaginaceae .

Anton Heimerl divided the genus Mirabilis into six sections in 1934 :

Section Mirabilis : It contains about ten species from the southwestern United States through Mexico to northern Central America .
Section Mirabilopsis Heimerl : There is only one species from the southwestern United States to northern Mexico.
Section Oxybaphoides A.Gray : It contains about 17 species from the southwestern United States to northern Mexico, South America, and South Asia .
Section Oxybaphus (L'Heritier ex Willdenow) Heimerl : It contains about 25 species from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America to South America.
Section Paramirabilis Heimerl
Quamoclidion (Choisy) A.Gray Section : Contains about six species from the southwestern United States to northern Mexico.

The taxonomy of species is often difficult because forms that differ greatly from one another morphologically and ecologically have no distinguishable reproductive characteristics. This problem is particularly evident in the Oxybaphus section due to autogamy , xenogamy and high chromosome numbers .

Flowers in detail of Mirabilis albida

Detail of an inflorescence with a flower of Mirabilis coccinea

Habit of Mirabilis laevis

Habit and flowers of Mirabilis longiflora

Branch with opposite leaves and flower of Mirabilis oxybaphoides

The genus Mirabilis thrives in temperate to tropical areas, especially in North and South America. At least one species is also native to South Asia. The miracle flower ( Mirabilis jalapa ) was spread worldwide by humans.

With around 60 species, Mirabilis is the most species-rich genus of the Nyctaginaceae family (selection):

Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl : It iswidespreadin North America from Canada to the USA and Mexico .
Mirabilis alipes ( S. Watson) mushroom : It thrives at altitudes of 1200 to 2000 meters in the western US states of California , Colorado , Nevada and Utah .

Mirabilis austrotexana B.L.Turner : It thrives in altitudes from 0 to 300 meters in Texas and perhaps also in the neighboring Mexican state of Tamaulipas .

Mirabilis coccinea (Torr.) Benth. & Hook. f. : It thrives at altitudes of 1200 to 2000 meters in the US states of California, Arizona as well as New Mexico and the Mexican state of Sonora .

Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl. : It occurs from Venezuela and Bolivia via Peru to Chile .

Mirabilis gigantea (Standley) Shinners : It thrives at altitudes of 200 to 300 meters in the US states of Oklahoma and Texas .

Mirabilis glabra (S. Watson) Standley : It thrives at altitudes of 500 to 2100 meters in the US states of Arizona, Colorado Kansas , Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas as well as Utah and the Mexican state of Chihuahua .

Mirabilis greenei S. Watson : It only thrives in California at altitudes of 400 to 1000 meters.

Mirabilis himalaica (Edgew.) Heimerl : The two subspecies occur in India , Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Shaanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan .

Wunderblume ( Mirabilis jalapa L. , syn .: Mirabilis ambigua Trautv. , Mirabilis dichotoma L. , Mirabilis divaricata Lowe , Mirabilis jalapa subsp. Ciliata Standl. , Mirabilis jalapa subsp. Lindheimeri Standl. , Mirabilis jalapa subsp. Volcanica Standl. , Mirabilis odorata L. , Mirabilis planiflora Trautv. , Mirabilis procera Bertol. , Nyctago jalapa (L.) DC. , Nyctago mirabilis St.-Hil. ): It is widespread in the Neotropis and a neophyte almost worldwide .

Mirabilis laevis (Benth.) Curran : The four varieties are distributed from the western USA to northwestern Mexico.

Mirabilis latifolia (A.Gray) Diggs, Lipscomb & O'Kennon : This endemic thrives only in Texas at altitudes of 300 to 600 meters.

Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl : The three varieties are distributed from Canada via the USA to northern Mexico.

Mirabilis longiflora L .: It thrives at altitudes of 800 to 2300 meters, rarely up to 2700 meters in the US states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, in Mexico and in Guatemala in Huehuetenango . She is a neophyte in Europe.

Mirabilis macfarlanei Constance & Rollins : This endangered species only thrives on exposed slopes in canyons at altitudes of 400 to 500 meters in the US states of Idaho and Oregon .

Mirabilis melanotricha (Standley) Spellenberg : It thrives at altitudes of 1900 to 3000 meters in the US states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico as well as Texas and Mexico.

Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A.Gray : The three varieties are distributed from the western USA to Mexico.

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. : They are widespread in Canada and the United States. She is Mexico and Europe a neophyte.

Mirabilis oxybaphoides (A.Gray) A.Gray : It thrives at altitudes of 1400 to 2600 meters in the US states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada , Oklahoma, Utah, New Mexico and Texas and in the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila and Nuevo León .

Mirabilis pudica Barneby : It thrives at altitudes of 1000 to 1500 meters in Nevada.

Mirabilis rotundifolia (Greene) Standl. : This endangered species thrives at altitudes of 1,600 to 1,700 meters in Colorado.

Mirabilis tenuiloba S.Watson : It thrives at altitudes from 0 to 400 meters, rarely up to 900 meters in the western US states of Arizona and California and in the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur .

Mirabilis texensis (JMCoulter) BLTurner : It occurs from Texas to the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila and Durango .

Mirabilis viscosa Cav. : It occurs in Mexico and Peru.

use

Some species are used as dye suppliers, for cosmetic products, food and as medicinal plants .

Varieties of Mirabilis jalapa are widely used as ornamental plants .

swell

literature

Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : In: Mirabilis. , P. 40 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus. , P. 40 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .
↑ Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 19, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Mirabilis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
^ Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Mirabilis. , P. 42 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .
^ Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Mirabilopsis Heimerl. , P. 49 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .
^ Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Oxybaphoides A. Gray. , P. 46 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .
^ Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Oxybaphus (L'Heritier ex Willdenow) Heimerl. , P. 50 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .
^ Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Quamoclidion (Choisy) A. Gray. , P. 44 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .

Web links

Commons : Wonder flowers ( Mirabilis ) - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Missouri . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. In: 66 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Dequan Lu, Michael G. Gilbert: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis. , P. 432 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X .
Illustrations in the Flora of North America North of Mexico. from: Mirabilis longiflora as well as Mirabilis alipes and Mirabilis laevis var. crassifolia and Mirabilis coccinea .

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoNA-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus. , P. 40 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .

[Tropicos-2] Mirabilis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 19, 2017.

[GRIN-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Mirabilis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 19, 2017.

[FoNAsectMirabilis-4] Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Mirabilis. , P. 42 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .

[FoNAsectMirabilopsis-5] Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Mirabilopsis Heimerl. , P. 49 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .

[FoNAsectOxybaphoides-6] Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Oxybaphoides A. Gray. , P. 46 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .

[FoNAsectOxybaphus-7] Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Oxybaphus (L'Heritier ex Willdenow) Heimerl. , P. 50 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .

[FoNAsectQuamoclidion-8] Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Mirabilis Linnaeus sect. Quamoclidion (Choisy) A. Gray. , P. 44 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .