Boerhavia

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Boerhavia
Boerhavia intermedia, details

Boerhavia intermedia , details

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Wonderflower family (Nyctaginaceae)
Genre : Boerhavia
Scientific name
Boerhavia
L.

The Boerhavia are a genus of plants within the family of the wonder flower plants (Nyctaginaceae).

description

Boerhavia diffusa : Illustration by Francisco Manuel Blanco
Boerhavia repens

Vegetative characteristics

Boerhavia species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants . Many species lignify at least at their base. They form long rope-like or spindle-shaped tap roots . The unbranched stem axis , which is very variable between the species, can be creeping, drooping, climbing or upright. In some species, the internodes are sticky.

In the case of the stalked, oppositely arranged leaves , the leaves of a pair are of different sizes. The shape of the blade varies greatly across species and can be very thin or thick and fleshy. The shape is symmetrical or asymmetrical.

Generative characteristics

The terminal or lateral inflorescences are stalked or not clearly, stalked by a continuous diffuse branching. The shape of the inflorescence also varies greatly across the species, it is often broadly cymoid or in the shape of a thyrsus . Terminal inflorescences can zymoid, paniculate , ährig be schirmrispig or capitate. One to three slender, lanceolate and translucent bracts stand under each flower.

The flowers are hermaphroditic. There is only one circle of overgrown bracts . The radially symmetrical or slightly zygomorphic flower envelope is bell-shaped or broadly tubular, and constricted below the ovary . The flower tube widens abruptly into four or five lobes. Each flower contains two to eight stamens that can protrude from the flower. In some species, the stylus is longer than the stamens, so it towers over them. The scar is arched like a shield.

As with the miracle flower plants , the fruits are typically anthocarpi , that is, fruits in which the flower envelope tightly encloses the ovary and thus becomes part of it. They are spindle-shaped and often very variable. They are often three- or five-ribbed or winged.

Locations

Boerhavia species are native to the entire tropics and subtropics, as well as to the warm areas of the temperate zones. Boerhavia species often thrive on sandy soils .

Boerhavia acutifolia
Habit and leaves Boerhavia coccinea
Inflorescence of Boerhavia coccinea
Boerhavia diffusa
Habitus of Boerhavia intermedia

Systematics

The genus Boerhavia was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1st edition, page 3 and 1754 Genera Plantarum 5th edition, Stockholm, page 9. The genus Boerhavia is named after the Dutch physician and botanist Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738), who, however, spells himself with double-a. Many authors, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, corrected the spelling of Linnaeus after Boerhaavia , Boerhaavia Mill. , Orth. Var. However, this spelling has not caught on.

The genus Boerhavia belongs to the tribe Nyctagineae in the family Nyctaginaceae .

The genus Boerhavia is morphologically very variable, making it difficult to differentiate it from related genera. Francis Raymond Fosberg, for example , assigns the genera Anulocaulis , Commicarpus , and Cyphomeris to the Boerhavia , but this view is generally no longer followed.

The individual plants also vary greatly within the species level. Especially the species in the Sonoran Desert and the pantropical Boerhavia diffusa - Boerhavia coccinea complex are often so different that they can hardly be classified.

The genus Boerhavia contains 20 to 40 species. Here is a selection:

  • Boerhavia acutifolia (Choisy) JWMoore (Syn .: Boerhavia diffusa var. Acutifolia Choisy ) :: It is distributed from Indonesia over the Pacific Islands to French Polynesia and Hawaii .
  • Boerhavia anisophylla Torr. : It thrives at altitudes from 1000 to 1300 meters, rarely up to 2300 meters in Texas and in the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Durango , Nuevo León and Zacatecas .
  • Boerhavia ciliata Brandegee (Syn .: Boerhavia mathisiana F.B.Jones ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 100, rarely up to 2000 meters in Texas and in the Mexican states of San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas .
  • Boerhavia coccinea Mill. (Syn .: Boerhavia caribaea Jacq. , Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb. , Boerhavia viscosa Lag. & Rodr. , Boerhavia viscosa Jacq. Non Lag. & Rodr. , Boerhavia hirsuta Jacq. , Boerhavia diffusa Sw. Non L . , Boerhavia decumbens Vahl , Boerhavia bracteata Cooke , Boerhavia laxa Pers. , Boerhavia marlothii Heimerl , Boerhavia coccinea var. Viscosa (Lag. & Rodr.) Moscosa , Boerhavia repens var. Viscosa Choisy , Boerhavia diffusa var. Viscosa . (Lag .) Heimerl , Boerhavia diffusa var. Hirsuta Heimerl , Boerhavia diffusa var. Paniculata Kuntze ): It iswidespreadin Africa , Asia , Australia , on the Caribbean islands and from North to Mexico and from Central to South America . Two finds in Hainan have also been confirmed.
  • Boerhavia cordobensis Kuntze : It is widespread in the southern part of South America, perhaps it originally only occurs in central-western Argentina. It is a neophyte in southern Africa.
  • Boerhavia coulteri (Hook.f.) S.Wats. : The two varieties are found in the southern United States and northern Mexico.
  • Boerhavia deserticola Codd : This endemic occurs only in the regions Erongo , Khomas , Kunene , Otjozondjupa and Oshikoto in Namibia.
  • Boerhavia diandra L .: It occurs in eastern India and Pakistan.
  • Boerhavia diffusa L. (Syn .: Commicarpus africanus (Lour.) Dandy , Boerhavia adscendens Willd. , Boerhavia africana Lour. , Boerhavia paniculata Rich. , Boerhavia repens var. Diffusa (L.) Hook. F. ): It is in Africa , Asia ( Myanmar , Nepal , India , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , Vietnam , China, in southern Taiwan , on the Ryukyu Islands, in Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines ), on the Fiji Islands, Australia, as well as in New Caledonia andwidespreadfrom the southern USA to Mexico to Central America and on the Caribbean islands to South America. It is a neophyte in southern Africa. It is used as a medicinal plant.
  • Boerhavia elegans Choisy (Syn .: Boerhavia rubicunda Steud. Ex Heimerl ): It occurs in Egypt , on the Arabian Peninsula , in eastern tropical Africa, in Iran, in Pakistan and India .
  • Boerhavia erecta L. (Syn .: Boerhavia atomaria . Raf , Boerhavia discolor H.BK , Boerhavia elongata Salisb. , Boerhavia thornberi M.E.Jones , Boerhavia virgata H.BK , Boerhavia paniculata var. Subacuta Choisy ): it is in Africa, Asia, widespread on the Caribbean islands and from North to Mexico and Central to South America. It is a neophyte in southern Africa.
  • Boerhavia gracillima Heimerl (Syn .: Boerhavia organensis Standl. ): It thrives at altitudes of rarely 100 to, mostly 600 to 200 meters from the southern US states in Arizona , New Mexico as well as Texas and Mexico.
  • Boerhavia herbstii Fosberg : It occurs only on the Hawaiian islands of Hawaiʻi , Lisianski , Oʻahu , Lanaʻi , Maui , Kahoʻolawe and the Pearl and Hermes Atoll .
  • Boerhavia hereroensis Heimerl : It occurs in Namibia as well as in South Africa and there especially in the Northern Cape province.
  • Boerhavia hualienense S.H.Chen & MJWu : It was first described in 2007. It thrives in grasslands and on sandy beaches at sea level only in Hualien , Taiwan.
  • Boerhavia intermedia M.E.Jones : It thrives at altitudes from rarely 0 to, usually 100 to 1700 meters from the US states of Arizona, California , Nevada , New Mexico and Texas to the northern Mexican states of Baja California , Baja California Sur , Chihuahua, Coahuila , Durango and Sonora .
  • Boerhavia linearifolia Gray (Syn .: Boerhavia lindheimeri Standl. , Boerhavia tenuifolia A. Gray ex JMCoulter ): It thrives at altitudes of 400 to 1700 meters from the southern US states of Texas and New Mexico to the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila.
  • Boerhavia megaptera Standl. : It thrives on stony ground under desert shrubs and trees at altitudes of 700 to 1300 meters only in Arizona.
  • Boerhavia orbicularifolia Struwig. : It was first described in 2013. This endemic occurs only in the regions of Oshana and Hardap in Namibia.
  • Boerhavia pterocarpa S.Wats. : It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 1200 meters from the US state of Arizona to the Mexican state of Sonora.
  • Boerhavia pulchella Griseb : It is common in the southern part of South America.
  • Boerhavia purpurascens Gray : It thrives at altitudes of rarely 200 to, mostly 1300 to 1800 meters from the southern US states of Arizona and New Mexico to the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora.
  • Boerhavia repens L. (syn .: Boerhavia diffusa var. Gymnocarpa Heimerl , Boerhavia diffusa var. Pseudotetrandra Heimerl , Boerhavia diffusa var. Pubescens (R.Br.) Choisy , Boerhavia diffusa var. Sandwicensis Heimerl , Boerhavia vulvarifolia Poir. , Boerhavia repens var . glabra Choisy ): It occurs in northern, tropical to southern Africa, Asia and on islands in the Pacific.
  • Boerhavia spicata Choisy : It thrives at altitudes of rarely 100 to, mostly 700 to 1800 meters from the southern US states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas to northern Mexico.
  • Boerhavia torreyana (S.Watson) Standl. : It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 1300 meters from the US states of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Utah to the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila. She is a neophyte in Argentina.
  • Boerhavia triquetra S.Wats. : It thrives at altitudes from rarely 0 to, mostly 100 to 300 meters from the US states of Arizona and California to the northern Mexican states of Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sonora.
  • Boerhavia verbenaceae Killip : It occurs in Peru .
  • Boerhavia weberbaueri Heimerl : It occurs in Peru.
  • Boerhavia wrightii Gray : It thrives on sandy soils under desert bushes at altitudes of 400 to 1200 meters from the US states of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Utah to the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora.

No longer belongs to the genus Boerhavia :

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Boerhavia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 24, 2018.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Boerhavia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  3. ^ NA Harriman: Synopsis of New World Commicarpus (Nyctaginaceae) . In: Sida . tape 1 , 1999, p. 678-684 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. : Boerhavia Linnaeus. , Pp. 17-25 - same text online as printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Boerhavia at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. ↑ a b c Boerhavia - data sheet at Flora of the Hawaiian Islands , Version 1.3, April 12, 2012.
  7. ↑ a b c d Boerhavia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h M. Struwig, SJ Siebert: A taxonomic revision of Boerhavia (Nyctaginaceae) in southern Africa. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 86, May 2013, pp. 116-134. doi : 10.1016 / j.sajb.2013.02.172
  9. ↑ a b c d e Dequan Lu, Michael G. Gilbert: Nyctaginaceae. : Boerhavia Linnaeus. , P. 430 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X .
  10. ↑ S.-H. Chen, M.-J. WU: A taxonomical study of the genus Boerhavia (Nyctaginaceae) in Taiwan. In: Taiwania , Volume 52, Issue 4, 2007, pp. 332–342.

Web links

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