Herman Boerhaave

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Herman Boerhaave, painting by Cornelis Troost (1697–1750)

Herman Boerhaave ([ ˈɦɛrmɑn ˈbuːrˌɦaːvə ], also: Boerhaven; born December 31, 1668 in Voorhout , † September 23, 1738 in Leiden ) was a Dutch physician , chemist and botanist . Its botanical author abbreviation is “ Boerh. ".

Live and act

origin

The house where Herman Boerhaave was born

Herman Boerhaave was born as the son of the Calvinist village pastor Jacob Boerhaave (born November 16, 1625 in Leiden; † November 12, 1683 ibid) and his wife Hagar Daalder (also: Daelder, died April 22, 1635 in Amsterdam; † March 21, 1673 in Voorhout) not far from the city of Leiden. The father had married the daughter of the Amsterdam merchant and compass maker Hermann Daalder and his wife Magdalena du Bois on June 15, 1663 in Leiden. Herman was baptized in his birthplace on New Year's Day 1669; Sara Daalder and Jan Hendrik Brandhout acted as baptismal witnesses. His grandfather Jacob Boerhaave (* 1592 in Leiden; † December 17, 1670 in Voorhout) and his great-grandfather Carel Boerhaave (* ± 1570 in Hontschoten; † September 10, 1633 in Leiden) obtained citizenship in Leiden and earned their livelihood as merchants . Thus Boerhaave had family roots in the middle class in the Netherlands.

Herman's father was married three times. His first marriage was on December 12, 1652 with Hester Baille. Herman's step-siblings Justus (died October 12, 1653 in Leiden), Maria I (* 1656) and Margaretha (died August 17, 1657 in Leiden) come from that marriage. From the second marriage with Herman's mother come the siblings Maria II (born November 15, 1665 in Voorhout), Magdalena Boerhaven (born April 21, 1667 in Voorhout, † June 11, 1720 in Leiden), Margariet Boerhaven (born 14. September 1670) and Maria III Boerhaave (died February 28, 1672 in Voorhout; † December 18, 1738 in Hamburg), with two daughters dying young. As was customary at the time, he acquired his first knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages ​​as well as classical literature and history from his father. In addition, Herman had to take part in the daily gardening work, where he was trained physically and he was taught the first botanical connections.

After the death of his mother, his father remarried on June 12, 1674 in Leiden, a woman named Eva du Bois (* 1640 in De Rijp, † 1702 in Leiden), the daughter of the pastor in Leiden Jacob (Jacques) du Bois and his Mrs. Elandine Geldorp, who took on the job of a caring stepmother. The three daughters Eva Boerhaave, Sara Boerhaave (born May 12, 1675 in Voorhout) and Jacoba Boerhaave, as well as Herman's two stepbrothers Jacob Boerhaave (November 19, 1676 in Leiden; † January 28, 1752 ibid) and Marcus Borhaave come from that marriage (* March 13, 1678 in Leiden; † January 31, 1719 in Breda) who later took up the profession of pastor. Herman, too, was originally intended to be a pastor. In 1682, his father took him to the Latin school in Leiden, where he was taught under the direction of the rector Wigard van Winschoten (born July 29, 1639 in Amsterdam, † 1685) so that this could proceed in the planned ways.

education

On July 10, 1682 Boerhaave enrolled at the University of Leiden , where he began to study theological sciences in 1684 under the direction of Jacobus Trigland the Younger , Friedrich Spanheim and Johannes a Marck . After the death of his father, the mayor of Leiden, Daniel van Alphen, personally sponsored him and enabled him to complete his studies. At the Leiden University he perfected his knowledge of rhetoric with Wolferdus Senguerdius , learned Latin and Greek with Johann Friedrich Gronovius , history and geography with Theodorus Rijcke and with Karl Schaaf (1646–1729) and Trigland Hebrew. Boerhaave particularly developed a fondness for the philosophical sciences at that time, and he found a stimulating teacher in Burchard de Volder . In this context, his answer to a prize question seems to have arisen, which appeared under the title Oratio academica qua probatur, bene intellectam a Cicerone et confutatam esse sententiam Epicuri de summo bono in 1689 in Leiden and for which he received a gold medal.

After he had obtained his master's degree in philosophy on December 21, 1690 with the work De distinctione mentis a corpore (Leiden 1690), Boerhaave was commissioned by the curator secretary of the Leiden University Johan van den Bergh to catalog the library of Isaac Vossius . During this work, stimulated in many ways, he decided to study medical science. So he initially dealt autodidactically with the writings of Hippocrates of Kos , Andreas Vesalius up to those of Thomas Sydenham . He also felt sympathy for the writings of Spinoza , Boyle , Descartes and later Newton . His practical teacher at that time was de Volder, in chemistry Jacobus le Mort , Charles Drelincourt the Younger and the anatomist Anton Nuck . On July 12, 1693 Boerhaave enrolled at the University of Harderwijk , where he studied the excrement of sick people the following day with Theodor van Graeff, under the Latin title Exposuit casum morbi de apoplexia et Hipp. Aphor. 61 sect 5, disputavit de utilitate explorandum in aegris excrementorum ut signorum omnia exacte et solid , was awarded a doctorate in medicine.

Working in suffering

Boerhaave during a lecture at Leiden University

Boerhaave returned to Leiden, where he initially worked as a general practitioner. During this time he devoted himself to chemical research and made a living as a math teacher. On May 18, 1701 he received a teaching position for theoretical medicine at the medical faculty as a lecturer and repetitionist , which he began on June 8 of that year with the introductory speech Oratio de commendando studio hippocratico (Leiden 1701), which dealt with the importance of studies of Hippocrates. For this he received an annual salary of 400 guilders, which he topped up with private lessons. Two years later, when he refused an appointment to the chair of medicine at the University of Groningen , his employment was extended and his salary increased to 600 guilders, with the prospect of a chair in Leiden. In this context, his acceptance speech De usu ratiocinii mechanici in medicina (Leiden 1703) appeared in the same year , in which he expressed himself on the usefulness of mechanical terms for the medical sciences. In the meantime, in addition to his lectures on theoretical medicine, he had also given private courses on botany, chemistry and practical medicine, which were very well received. In 1706, for example, he dealt with the construction of greenhouses in the Leiden plant garden and determined the angle at which the glass roofs must be inclined towards the horizon at every degree of latitude in order to catch as many rays of sunlight as possible.

After the death of Peter Hotton , Boerhaave was appointed professor of botany on February 18, 1709. His inaugural address of March 20, 1709 was entitled Oratio, qua repurgatae medicinae facile asseritur simplicitas . This included a financial gratuity of 1000 guilders for the professorship and 300 guilders for the work at the Hortus Botanicus Leiden . In 1710 a directory ( Index plantarum, quae in Horto academico Lugduno-Batavo reperiuntur ) of all plants of the Hortus Botanicus appeared under his care . Ten years later he expanded the index by more than 2000 species, added the history of the botanical garden and added some graphic representations. The text, which now comprises 5846 plant species, was published under the title Index alter plantarum, quae in horto Academico Lugdono-Batavo coluntur .

Boerhaave with his wife and daughter

In 1710 Boerhaave had found a partner in the twenty-four year old Maria Drolenvaux (* March 6, 1685 in Leiden; † January 19, 1746 ibid), whom he married on September 16 of that year. She was the daughter of the city council and Schöppen in Leiden Abraham Drolenvaux (born November 26, 1648 in Leiden; † December 12, 1718 there) and his wife Maria des Quiens, who was married on June 9, 1683 (died April 10, 1652 in Leiden; † October 20, 1688 ibid). A year and a half later, on May 30, 1714, the couple had a daughter who was baptized Magdalena Jacoba. She was followed by the daughters Magdalena, Magdalena Jacoba and a son who died shortly after birth before baptism. The last-named girls also died at an early age.

During his teaching phase, the medical faculty of the University of Leiden became a magnet for numerous medical students from home and abroad. This may have prompted the curators of the Leiden University to transfer to him the second professorship in practical medicine at the University Hospital Collegium Practicum in 1714 and the professorship in chemistry on June 24, 1718. In 1714 he gave the speech De comparando certo in physicis , which was counted among the most excellent of his lectures, and in 1718 the Oratio de chemia suos errores expurgante (Leiden 1718). After the retirement of Fredericus Deckers (* December 23, 1648 in Hertogenbosch; † November 3, 1720 in Leiden), he also took over the first practical professorship and supervision of the university hospital in 1720. In addition, Boerhaave also took part in the organizational tasks of the Leiden University and was rector of the Alma Mater in 1714/15 and 1730/31 . To this end, he gave corresponding rectorate speeches, in 1714 the De comparando certo in physicis and in 1731 the speech de honore medici, servitute .

As a university lecturer in Leiden, Boerhaave covered a broad spectrum of medical knowledge. He taught methodology, physiology, general pathology, special pathology, surgery, ophthalmology (ophthalmology), drug theory, chemistry and botany. Due to his multifaceted knowledge he gained a great reputation during his time. Even some potentate found their way to his office hours and a large number of students attended his lectures. His work was also recognized in other European countries. In 1730 Boerhaave had received a call as personal physician from the Russian tsarina, but he refused. In 1715 he was elected a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris, and in 1730 he became a unanimous member of the Royal Society in London.

Due to the great recognition that Boerhaave had in the scientific world of Europe, he had a large audience. Everyone who attended his lectures had to pay royalties. In addition, the publication of his writings and his participation in the wool trade added some income. In this way Boerhaave created a not inconsiderable fortune, especially since he lived relatively undemanding throughout his life, although the resulting uncomfortable appearance earned him many scorn and avarice from his contemporaries. However, this outward perception was not based on a very durable foundation. Boerhaave saw the societal undesirable developments and became involved in poor relief without wanting to derive any personal benefit from it. Nevertheless, he and his family were able to acquire the Oud Poelgeest estate and castle in 1724 , where he created his own botanical garden, which became the second most important botanical garden in the area after the Hortus Botanicus.

The constant strain on Boerhaave was accompanied by increasing health problems. As early as 1712 Boerhaave had symptoms of gout, from which he suffered increasingly. Further relapses in 1727 and 1729 forced him to renounce his chemistry and botanical professorships on February 8, 1729. But he retained the professorship in practical medicine. In his last speech at the Rector's Office, Boerhaave emphasized that it was the highest honor of a doctor to be a servant of nature. He stayed that way until he finally died of complications from a heart condition at the age of almost seventy.

meaning

Because of his extraordinary services to the medical sciences he was famous throughout Europe; There were people seeking advice from many countries. Boerhaave tried with a large scientific overview to utilize all the results of the natural sciences for the best of medicine, attached great importance to the mechanical discoveries and found in the fiber the general organ component, which causes most diseases through its tension and slackening.

The most important of his writings are the Institutiones medicae in usum annuae exercitationis (Leiden 1708, last Vienna 1775), translated into most of the living languages ​​of Europe, and the Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis (Leiden 1709 and more often). The first of these works is a systematic outline of the theoretical doctrines in medicine, in the aphorisms, which were highly regarded and important as a medical compendium in the 18th century (and were also used by Goethe, for example ), Boerhaave describes the basics of practical medicine , whereby he starts from a very well thought-out classification of diseases. These two works are followed by his Elementa chemiae (Paris 1724 and more often, 2 volumes), which are characterized by the accuracy of the experiments.

The Boerhaave syndrome , which was named after him, refers to the rupture of the esophagus when there is severe choking, coughing or vomiting. Boerhaave is said to have liked to take part in extravagant dinner parties. When a friend's esophagus was ruptured and he subsequently died, he was autopsied by Boerhaave shortly after his death . He recognized the cause of death and gave it his name.

The copper oxide ammonia was introduced by him as a medicine under the name volatile copper oxide tincture ( Tinctura veneris volatilis ). This tincture is no longer in use today.

In 1727 Boerhaave discovered urea .

Known students

Boerhaave had some excellent students, such as Albrecht von Haller and Gerard van Swieten . The latter acted as an interpreter of the institutions and the aphorismi . Julien Offray de La Mettrie translated numerous works by Boerhaave into French, provided them with comments and thereby contributed to the dissemination of his teachings in Europe. The well-known British balneologist Richard Russell also perfected his medical knowledge with him in the early 1720s. Two of his students, van Swieten and Anton de Haen , founded the so-called Vienna Medical School , whose student was Franz Anton Mesmer . With his student Albrecht von Haller, Hermann Boerhaave combined mechanics, chemistry and immediate clinical observation and thus laid the foundation for modern physiology .

In addition, the list of his students reads like a who is who of the European medical education elite of its time. In this context, John Rutherford (medical practitioner) , John Pringle , Robert Whytt , Alexander Monro I. (representative of the Edinburgh School), Théodore Tronchin , John Huxham , Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn , Bernhard Siegfried Albinus , Augustin Buddeus , Hieronymus David Gaub , John Rutty , António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches , Johann Deodat Blumentrost , Laurentius Blumentrost the Younger , Johann Bernhard von Fischer (1685–1772), Johann Theodor Eller , Jean Baptiste Bassand , Herman Kaau-Boerhaave , Abraham Kaau-Boerhaave , Johannes de Gorter , Johann Christoph Bohl , Georg Gottlob Richter , George Cheyne , Karl August von Bergen , Matthew Maty , Caspar Neumann , Louis de Jaucourt , Johannes Burman , Nicolaus Samuelis Cruquius , Adriaan van Royen , Johann Philipp Breyne , William Houstoun (physician) , Johann Adam Kulmus , Christian Stephan Scheffel , Johann Zacharias Platner , Frederik Bernard Albinus , Jakob Hendrik Croeser , Henry Pemberton , Gottfried Sellius , Richard Russell (physicians) , Laurenz Zellweger and William Brownrigg .

Honors

Carl von Linné named the genus Boerhavia from the family of miraculous flowers (Nyctaginaceae) in his honor .

In 1864 the Boerhaavegasse in Vienna-Landstrasse (3rd district) was named after him.

The city of Leiden has erected a monument to him in St. Peter's Church (design: philosopher Frans Hemsterhuis), on which the dedication inscription Salutifero Boerhaavii genio sacrum is written and one reads his favorite saying : Simplex sigillum veri (The simple is the seal of the true).

His bust was placed in the Walhalla in his honor .

The Dutch Society for the Advancement of Medicine decided in June 1867 to create a statue of Herman Boerhaave for the city of Leiden, to commemorate his 200th birthday. The artist Johann Theodor Stracke (1817-1891) was commissioned with the work, which was unveiled on June 26, 1872 in the Leidener Steenstraat (Steinstrasse). On the initiative of the medical faculty, the statue was moved to Oegstgeester Straße on September 22, 1931, which was renamed Boerhaavelaan (Boerhaaveallee) the following day and stands at the intersection with Rijnsburgerweg. At the Linnaeustoren (Linnaeus tower) in the Academiestraat (Akademiestraße) in Harderwijk, a relief was made in 1938 by Hendricus J. Etienne (1895–1968). There is a bust of Boerhaave in the tower.

In 1928 the Dutch Post issued a special postage stamp with a surcharge for children with his portrait, which was designed by the artist Jan Sluyters and had a postage value of 5 cents. In 1937 this was followed by a stamp with a face value of 12.5 cents and a surcharge for welfare, which Wouter Hagens had designed for a set with portraits of famous people. De Nederlandsche Bank issued a 20 guilder note with his portrait in 1955. This banknote, designed by JF Doeve, was in circulation until 1961.

From 1872 to 1888, a valuable gold Boerhaave Medal was awarded every four years to honor important scientists of the previous 20 years from five fields of "rather organic science". It was awarded alternately with the Huygens Medal . Since 2012, the winners of the Boerhaave Biography Prijs have been awarded a bronze modified version of the Boerhaave Medal.

  • Monument in St. Peter's Church in Leiden

  • Statue of Leiden

  • Relief Linnaeus Tower Harderwijk

  • Bust of the Linnaeus tower Harderwijk

  • Children's stamp 1928

  • Postage stamp 1937

Fonts (selection)

Print from 1797
Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis , 1728
  • Oratio academica qua probatur bene intellectam a Cicerone et confutatam esse sententiam Epicuri de summo bono. Suffering 1688.
  • Dissertatio inauguralis de distinctione mentis a corpore. Leiden 1689.
  • Disputatio de utilitate explorandorum in aegris excrementorum ut signorum. Harderwijk 1693; Print edition Leiden 1742
  • Oratio de commendando studio Hippocratico, habita 1701 cum publicum institutiones medicas praelegendi munus in Academia Lugduno-Batava inchoaret. Suffering 1701.
  • De usu ratiocinii mechanici in medicina, oratio hab. 24 Sep 1703. Leiden 1703.
  • Institutiones medicae, in usus annuae exercitationis domesticos digestae. Leiden 1708 ( books.google.de ).
  • Oratio qua repurgatae medicinae facilis asseritur simplicitas, hab. 20 mrt. 1709, quum medicinae et botanicis professionem susciperet. Suffering 1709.
  • Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis in usum doctrinae domesticae digesti. Leiden 1709 (and 1727); German: Dr. Hermann Boerhaave's short doctrinal sentences on recognizing and curing diseases. Translated from the Latin. 4 volumes. Gotha and Erfurt, Hennings'sche Buchhandlung 1828/1829 ( digitized ).
  • Index plantarum quae in horto Lugduno-Batavo reperiuntur. Leiden 1710 ( bibdigital.rjb.csic.es ). increased under index alter plantarum. Leiden 1720 ( gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de ). 2nd Edition. Leiden 1727 ( part 1 , part 2 ).
  • Sermo academicus de comparando certo in physicis, quem habuit 8 Febr. In Academia Lugd. Bat. cum rectoratum academiae deposited. Leiden 1715 ( books.google.de ).
  • Sermo acad. de chemia suos errores expurgante, quem habuit quum chemiae professionem in Academia Lugd. Bat. auspicaretur, Sept. 21, 1718. Leiden 1718.
  • Libellus de materia medica et remediorum formulis, quae serviunt Aphorismis de cognoscendis et curandis morbis. Leiden 1719.
  • Oratio academica de vita et obitu viri clarissimi Bernhardi Albini. have. 22 Sept. 1721. Leiden 1721 ( books.google.de ).
  • Epistola ad Ruyschium pro sententia Malpighiana de fabrica glandutorum. Amsterdam 1722.
  • Atrocis nec descripti prius, morbi historia secundum medicae artis leges conscripta. Leiden 1724.
  • Atrocis rarissimique morbi historia altera. Leiden 1728.
  • Aphrodisiacus sive de luë venerea in duos tomos bipartitus, continens omnia quaecumque hactenus de hac re sunt from omnibus medicis conscripta etc. A. Luisino. Praef. H. Boerhaave. Leiden 1728.
  • Sermo acad., Quem habuit, quum, honesta missione impetrata, botanicam et chemicam professionem publice poneret 28 Apr. 1729. Leiden 1729.
  • Sermo acad. de honore medici, servitute, quem habuit 8 Febr. 1731, quum iterum poneret rectoratum academiae. Leiden 1731.
  • Elementa chemiae, quae anniversario laboratories docuit in publices privatiaque scholis. Leiden 1732, Leipzig 1732 ( books.google.de ), has been translated into German, English and French
  • De Mercurio experimenta in Philos. Transact. No. 430. London 1733, Nos. 443, 444. London 1736.

Works that were not published by Boerhaave himself

  • Practice medica, s. commentarium in Aphorismos de cognoscendis et curandis morbis, auctore Hermanno Boerhaave Paris 1728.
  • Tractatus de peste sa; Consultationes medicae, sive sylloge epistolarum cum responsis The Hague 1743.
  • Praelectiones publicae de morbis oculorum (lect. 1708). ed.Haller. Goettingen 1746.
  • Introductio in praxin clinicam sive regulae generales in praxi clin. observandae. Leiden 1740.
  • Tractatus de viribus medicamentorum. lect. 1711, 1712, Paris 1722 a. 1742 urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-146518 , Venice 1753 urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-146523 .
  • Elementa chemiae. Paris 1724.
  • Elementa chymicae. Basel 1745.
  • Institutiones et experimenta chemiae lect. 1718-1724, Paris 1724; Part 1 urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-25193 , Part 2 urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-25092 .
  • Methodus discendi medicinam lect. 1710, Amsterdam 1726.
  • Index plantarum quae in horto Leydensi crescunt, cum appendice e caracteribus earum desumptis ex ore clarissimi H. Boerhaave. Leiden 1727.
  • Botanicon parisiense. 1727 ( archive.org ).
  • Commentaria in aphorismos de cognosc. et curand. morbid. Pavia, Amstelod. 1728.
  • Praelectiones de Calculo. lect. 1729, London 1734.
  • Praelectiones acad. de morbis nervorum,…. ex auditorum manuscriptis collectas…. curavit Jac. van Eems. lect. 1730–35, Leiden 1761.
  • Alb. von Haller (ed.): Praelectiones academicae in proprias Institutiones medicae etc. edid. et not. add. Alb. Haller. Göttingen 1739, 1744 ( books.google.de )
  • Herman Boerhaave's Materia medica: Or, a series of Prescriptions adapted to the Sections of his Practical Aphorisms concerning the Knowledge and Cure of Diseases . Translated from the Latin Original of the last genuine Edition of the Author. London 1741 urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-146589 .
  • Institutiones medicae in usus annuae exercitationis domesticos digestae . Paris 1735 ( books.google.de ) .. Editio Leydensis sexta prioribus longe auctior, Verbeek & Haak, Leiden 1746 urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-24545 .
  • Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis: in Usum Doctrinae domesticae digesti . Felsecker, Nuremberg 1755 urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-145755 .
  • Hermanni Boerhaave Libellus de Materia medica et Remediorum Formulis, quae serviunt Aphorismis de cognoscendis et curandis Morbis . Editio nova. Felsecker, Nuremberg 1755 urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-145745 .
  • Johann Peter Eberhard: Hermann Boerhaavs Physiology. Translated and augmented with additions. Regnerische Buchhandlung, Halle, 1754 ( books.google.de ), 2nd edition. 1780 ( books.google.de )
  • Hermann Boerhaven's important treatise on cancer and diseases of the bones, translated into German and provided with many comments. Johann Gottlieb Garbe, Frankfurt am Main, 1765 ( books.google.de ).
  • Gabriel Friedrich Clauder: Hermann Boerhaavens, Weltweisheit und Arzenykunst Doctoris, as well as famous professors who were at the Dutch University in Leyden, short, thorough treatment of eye diseases, and the same curation, using proven, safe means based on personal experience and supplemented recipes; because of their excellence and important content which Medicis and Surgeons for the best, translated into German according to the latest Latin edition. Verlag Wolfgang Schwarzkopf, Nuremberg, 1759 ( books.google.de ), 1771, 4th edition ( books.google.de ).
  • Wilhelm Friedrich Cappel : Hermann Boerhaavens theorems of theoretical medicine with commentaries or excerpts from the previous lectures on these theorems and necessary additions. Carl Gottfried Fleckeisen, Helmstädt, 1790, 2nd part ( books.google.de ).
  • Jan Swammerdam: Bybel der Natuure. History of the insects ... Leiden 1738, 2nd volume ( books.google.de ).
  • J. Delacoste: Boerhaaves Aphorisms: Concerning The Knowledge an Cure of Diseases. only Leiden 1715, London 1715.
  • Gottfried Heinrich Burghart: Hermanni Boerhaave - Academic lectures or medical-practical treatise of the Venus epidemic, brought from Latin into German and explained with a few comments. Publisher Daniel Pietsch, Breslau and Leipzig, 1753 ( books.google.de ).

literature

  • William Burton: An account of the life and writings of Herman Boerhaave. Henry Lintot, London 1743 ( books.google.de ), Part II 1746 ( books.google.de ).
  • Johannes Nusch: Hermann Boerhaaven's letters to Johann Baptist Bassand, Imperial Personal Physician, translated from Latin into German and provided with a few comments. Bookstore Matrin Jacob Bauer, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1781 ( books.google.de ).
  • Albert Schultens: Academic Redevoering, the Gedachtenisse van den Grooten Hermann Boerhaave. Verlag Johannes Luzac, Leiden 1739 ( books.google.de ).
  • General German real encyclopedia for the educated classes. Leipzig, 1827, FA Brockhaus, 7th edition, 2nd vol., Pp. 9-11 ( books.google.de ).
  • Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch : Encyclopedic dictionary of the medical sciences. JW Boike, Berlin, 1831, pp. 121-133 ( books.google.de ).
  • Adrianus Maas: Herman Boerhaave. 1868 ( books.google.de ).
  • Samuel Johnson: Boerhaave. In: Arthur Murphy (Ed.): The Works of Samuel Johnson, LLD George Dearborn, New York 1834, pp. 307-314 ( books.google.de , samueljohnson.com full text), Nayler, Amsterdam 1836 ( books.google. de ).
  • GC Nijhoff: Schets van het leven en de physiologie van Herman Boerhaave. D. Noothoven van Goor, Amsterdam, 1881, ( archive.org ).
  • Wolfram Kaiser, Christine Beierlein (eds.): In memoriam Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738) . Halle on the Saale in 1969.
  • Jacob Lodewijk Kesteloot: Lofrede op Herman Boerhaave . D. du Mortier, Leiden 1825 ( books.google.de ).
  • Evert Cornelis van Leersum: Boerhaave (Herman) . In: Petrus Johannes Blok , Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen (Ed.): Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek . Part 6. N. Israel, Amsterdam 1974, Sp. 127–141 (Dutch, knaw.nl / dbnl.org - first edition: AW Sijthoff, Leiden 1924, reprinted unchanged).
  • BOERHAAVE (Hermannus). In: Abraham Jacob van der Aa : Biographical Woordenboek der Nederlanden. JJ van Brederode, Haarlem, 1862, Volume 2, pp. 726–735 ( knaw.nl , Dutch)
  • Sprengel: Boerhaave (Herm.) In: Johann Samuelansch / Johann Gottfried Gruber : General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts . Verlag Johann Friedrich Gleditzsch, Leipzig 1823 1st section, part 11, pp. 274-277 ( books.google.de ).
  • L. Stieda: Kaau-Boerhaave, Hermann. In: August Hirsch , Ernst Gurlt: Biographical lexicon of outstanding physicians of all times and peoples. Volume 3, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Vienna / Leipzig 1886, p. 486 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  • Rina Knoeff: Herman Boerhaave (1668-1738). Calvinist chemist and physician. Amsterdam 2002, ISBN 90-6984-342-0 .
  • Gerrit Arie Lindeboom: Bibliographia Boerhaaviana. List of Publications Written Or Provided By H. Boerhaave Or Based Upon His Works and Teaching. EJ Brill, Leiden 1959.
  • Gerrit Arie Lindeboom (Ed.): Boerhaave's correspondence. 3 volumes, EJ Brill, Leiden 1962–1979.
  • Gerrit Arie Lindeboom: Herman Boerhaave. The man and his work . Methuen, London 1968.
    • 2nd Edition. With an updated Bibliography and an Improved Edition of Lindeboom's Bibliographia Boerhaaviana by MJ Van Lieburg, Erasmus Publishing, Rotterdam 2007.
  • GA Lindeboom: Boerhaave, Hermann. In: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, Vol. 2, pages 224–228, ( go.galegroup.com encyclopedia.com English)

Web links

Commons : Hermann Boerhaave  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Genealogy tree of the Boerhaven family .
  2. ↑ Baptism and marriage registers erfgoedleiden (Leiden Archive), NH archive no. 0633A, inventory number 1A, folio 3v.
  3. ↑ Jacob Boerhaave was married three times. I. Marriage September 6, 1616 with Sara de Visscher (* July 1590; † September 9, 1620 in Leiden), the three children of this marriage died before their mother; II. Marriage of Maria (Maijcke) Hoymonts (born June 1599 in Leiden; born January 20, 1636 in Leiden), Joannes (died April 28, 1622 in Leiden), Marcus (died December 20, 1623 in Leiden), Jacob (Herman's father), Carel (born March 3, 1628) m. with Wilhelmina Burgundus, from which marriage the son Marcus Boerhaave (died November 18, 1663) pastor in Aerdenburg, the daughter Maria (died July 31, 1667), the daughter Mayken (died May 26, 1630), the son Joris (Born February 26, 1634) and the daughter Sara; III. Marriage May 18, 1638 Lydia Verhelst, the marriage remained childless.
  4. ↑ Carel Boerhaave obtained civil rights in Leiden on June 20, 1594, and married Margaretha Geraerdts in 1591 (* 1571 in Hontschoten; † October 30, 1646). There are four children from the marriage: the aforementioned Jacob, Joris Boerhaave († March 20, 1638 in Leiden), he left a son Jacob; Marcus Boerhaave (* 1599 in Leiden; † July 29, 1644 in Medemblik) studied in Leiden, became a pastor in Leiden in 1613, and in 1621 a pastor in Oosthuizen. with Christina Bochelingen from Delft and was pastor in Medemblik from 1625; Margriet married July 18, 1617 in Leiden with Marcus Balinck.
  5. ↑ Magdalena Boerhaven married on March 21, 1701 Dr. Jacob Cau (Kaau).
  6. ↑ Maria III Boerhaave married the Hamburg merchant Christoph Wrede
  7. ^ Jacob Boerhaave studied in Leiden, became a pastor in Valkenburg and in 1706 in Leiden.
  8. ↑ Marcus Borhaave became a pastor in Breda, married Adolfina Nuys, from the marriage comes the daughter Eva Parina Boerhaave (* Breda; † September 12, 1746 in Nijmegen), married. December 28, 1736 with Gerard Diederik van Altena († September 12, 1775 in Amsterdam).
  9. ^ Album Studiosorum Academiae Lugduno Batavae MDLXXV-MDCCCLXXV, Cudunt nomina Curatorum et Professorum, per Eadem Secula. Martin Nijhoff, The Hague, MDCCCLXXV, Sp. 654.
  10. ^ PC Molhuysen: Album Promotorum Academiae Lugdono Batavae. P. 206.
  11. ↑ * August 25, 1664 in Leiden; † November 11, 1755 there, studied law at the University of Leiden in 1685, 1690–1711 curator secretary of the University of Leiden, 1697–1747 mayor of Leiden, 1720 Council of Holland, 1725–1755 dikemaster in the Rijnland;
    Petrus Johannes Blok: Bergh (Johannes van den) . In: Petrus Johannes Blok , Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen (Ed.): Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek . Part 4. N. Israel, Amsterdam 1974, Sp. 116–117 (Dutch, knaw.nl / dbnl.org - first edition: AW Sijthoff, Leiden 1918, reprint unchanged). Abraham Jacob van der Aa : Bergh (Johannes van den). In: Biographical Woordenboek der Nederlanden. JJ van Brederode, Haarlem, 1854, volume 2, part 1, p. 396 ( knaw.nl ).
  12. ↑ The Vossische Bibliothek was offered by the children of his brother Matthaus, named Gerard Jan Voss and Aafje Voss, to the University of Leiden for an amount of 3000 pounds and bought in October 1690.
    Laurentius Knappert: Legaat library Isaäc Vossius. In: Jaarboekje voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde van Leiden en Rijnland. AW Sijthoffs, Leiden 1916, p. 146 f.
  13. ^ DG van Epen: Album Studiosorum Academiae Gelro-Zutphanicae MDCXLVIII-MDCCCXVIII. Jacobum Hoekstra, The Hague MCMIV, p. 48, Sp. B.
  14. ↑ Also: Greve, Grewe; * in Attendorn as the son of the businessman Franz Grewe, † September 18, 1701 in Harderwijk, 1781/82 Universities of Duisburg, Heidelberg, Cologne, Prof. Duisburg Cartersianer, January 1, 1693 Prof. med. University of Harderwijk and Gelderland personal physician, 1694/95, 1700/01 Rector Harderwijk.
  15. ↑ The Album Promotorum van de Academie te Harderwijk. de Walburg Pers, Zutphen 1980, ISBN 9060113558 , p. 82.
  16. ↑ She married the Imperial Count Frederik de Thoms on September 24, 1741 in Leiden (born October 15, 1696 in Gießen, † September 7, 1746 in Leiden) and died on September 28, 1791 in Leiden.
  17. ↑ * May 7, 1713 in Leiden; † August 23, 1713 ibid.
  18. ↑ * May 30, 1714 in Leiden; † August 15, 1717 ibid.
  19. ↑ * June 9, 1721 in Leiden; † June 11, 1721 ibid.
  20. ↑ Frank Nager: The healing poet. Goethe and medicine. Artemis, Zurich / Munich 1990; 4th edition ibid. 1992, ISBN 3-7608-1043-8 , pp. 171 f.
  21. ↑ Peter Dilg: Urea Synthesis. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 535.
  22. ↑ Lauste LW: Dr. Richard Russell 1687-1759. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. Volume 67, 1974, No. 5, pp. 327-330. PMC 1645547 (free full text)
  23. ^ Carl von Linné : Critica Botanica. Leiden 1737, p. 92.
  24. ↑ vanderkrogt.net accessed December 23, 2014.
  25. ↑ vanderkrogt.net .
  26. ^ Page with the banknote on worldbanknotescoins.com, accessed December 26, 2017.
personal data
SURNAME Boerhaave, Herman
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Boerhaven, Hermann; Boerhave, Hermann; Boerhaave, Hermanus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dutch medic, chemist and botanist
DATE OF BIRTH December 31, 1668
PLACE OF BIRTH Voorhout
DATE OF DEATH September 23, 1738
Place of death Suffer