Vienna Medical School

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vienna Medical School , also called Vienna School for short , refers to two significant periods of medical teaching and research as well as clinical medicine practiced at the medical institutions of Vienna and its application starting from Vienna , between the second quarter of the 18th and the second quarter of the 20th century in Central and Southeast Europe.

First Vienna Medical School

It began in 1745 when Archduchess Maria Theresa brought Gerard van Swieten from the Netherlands to the Viennese court as a personal physician. At the suggestion of van Swieten and with financial support from the court, the first “modern” clinic in Vienna was founded in 1754. The doctor Anton de Haen was appointed as its first director ; his successor was Maximilian Stoll . The physicians Leopold von Auenbrugger and Anton Störck came to this clinic as assistants and later continued the medical teaching and research congenially.

Emperor Joseph II had Vienna's First General Hospital founded in 1784 . After initial difficulties, Johann Peter Frank was brought to Vienna, who reorganized it in 1809 and thus opened up new possibilities for medical research. The gynecologist Johann Lukas Boër established obstetrics as an independent subject and in 1812 the ophthalmologist Georg Joseph Beer founded the first chair for ophthalmology at the University of Vienna .

A paradigm shift took place from the natural-philosophical to the natural-scientific method and the beginning of a new epoch.

Second Vienna Medical School

Medical professors college at the University of Vienna, lithograph by August Prinzhofer , 1855

The pathologist Carl von Rokitansky saw himself as a competitor of Rudolf Virchow, but together with Josef von Škoda , Rokitansky was one of the first to follow the theories of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis . The dermatologist Ferdinand von Hebra should also be mentioned here.

The psychiatrist Theodor Meynert , the neurologist Ludwig Türck , the psychiatrist and neurologist Constantin von Economo , the physiologist Johann Nepomuk Czermak u. v. a. taught and researched as lecturers at the university and at the clinics of Vienna.

In 1867 the surgeon Theodor Billroth came to Vienna, who was considered a “student” of Joseph Lister , where the surgical “Billroth School” came into being through his teaching activities. The laryngologist Leopold Schrötter von Kristelli increased the reputation of the Vienna University Hospital with his research. Eduard Jäger von Jaxtthal also worked at this clinic and was able to build on the research of Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke and Hermann von Helmholtz . The ophthalmologists Carl Ferdinand von Arlt , Ernst Fuchs , Carl Stellwag von Carion and Carl Koller carried on the scientific work of their predecessors and also taught them at the university. Johann von Oppolzer founded the holistic diagnosis and therapy. In addition, Joseph Barth , Adam Chenot , the gynecologists Friedrich Schauta and Ernst Wertheim , the internists Hermann Nothnagel and Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch , the pathologist Gustav Gärtner and the psychiatrist Julius Wagner-Jauregg should be mentioned as representatives of many other representatives of this school.

The serologist Karl Landsteiner and the physiologist Róbert Bárány were each awarded a Nobel Prize for their research .

The founder of modern orthopedics Adolf Lorenz , the internist Karel Frederik Wenckebach and the radiologist Guido Holzknecht created the basis for further research as well as z. B. Leopold Freund or the pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet .

caesura

The First World War marked the beginning of a turning point in medical research in Vienna, especially since in the interwar period there was some research and work on starvation wages.

Dental scientist

The dentists Bernhard Gottlieb (1885–1950), Rudolf Kronfeld (1901–1940), Balint Orbán (1889–1974), Joseph Peter Weinmann (1896–1960), Albin Oppenheim (1875–1945) and Harry Safe (1889–1974) . contributed to the reputation of the Vienna School through their basic research. Their names are not known to many in this country, only in America - after they were expelled because of their Jewish descent after the annexation of Austria by the National Socialists - they achieved great fame and their scientific activities were highly valued and honored many times. The careers of Viennese dental scientists have strengthened the scientific foundations of clinical dentistry in the United States , contributed to the development of research and research facilities, and expanded the field to include oral biology.

Persecution of Jewish doctors during the Nazi era

Another serious turning point was the persecution and expulsion of the many Jewish doctors in the course of the " Anschluss of Austria " to Hitler's Germany .

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Karl Holubar, Helmut Wyklicky: Viennese school (s). 2005.
  2. ↑ Ernst Kern : Seeing - Thinking - Acting of a surgeon in the 20th century. ecomed, Landsberg am Lech 2000, ISBN 3-609-20149-5 , p. 42.
  3. ↑ Nellie W. Kremenak, Christopher A. Squier: Pioneers in Oral Biology: The migration of Gottlieb, Kronfeld, Orban, Weinmann, and Safe From Vienna To America. In: Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine. 8, 2016, p. 108, doi : 10.1177 / 10454411970080020101 .
  4. ^ The professors of the medical faculty who were expelled in 1938