Hadleigh Castle

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Aerial view of Hadleigh Castle from the north facing the Thames estuary

Hadleigh Castle is a ruined castle on the hillside above the estuary of the River Thames south of the city Hadleigh in the English county of Essex . Hubert de Burgh left the castle in the reign of Henry III. build after 1215. The fortress, surrounded by a deer park, played an important economic and military role. King Edward III Hadleigh Castle expanded and rebuilt significantly so that they could repel a possible French attack and offer the king a comfortable and befitting stay near London . The castle was built on a geologically unstable hill made of London clay and was therefore often subject to settlement . This fact, together with the sale of building blocks in the 16th century, ensured that the castle is now in ruins. Her remains are preserved by English Heritage , which has listed her as a Grade I Historic Building. It is also considered a Scheduled Monument .

history

13th Century

Hadleigh Castle was built on the orders of Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent , one of Johann Ohneland's main supporters . De Burgh received the Honor of Rayleigh from King John Ohneland in 1215 as a reward for his services, but decided not to expand the existing Caput Rayleigh Castle , but to have a new fortress built south of the city of Hadleigh. The exact time of construction is not known, but it is believed today that the work was carried out quite early in the time of de Burgh's loan. However, a royal permit to fortify the building (English: "License to Crenellate"), which Heinrich III. Issued in 1230.

As a construction site, de Burgh chose the ridge of a local range of hills above the Thames estuary, which consists of geologically unstable London clay. In the 13th century, marshland stretched south of the castle, so the tide sometimes reached the base of the hill. In addition, the area was more forested than it is today. From 1235 there was the Hadleigh deer park around the castle; it contained open forest, a fish pond, stables and a park lodge. The castle was also associated with more distant lands, such as Rayleigh , Thundersley, and Eastwood Parks .

The first castle on the site probably had an octagonal floor plan; the enclosing walls ran along the edge of the hill and contained towers with a square and semicircular floor plan. A barbican protected the entrance from the east. It was thought to be similar to White Castle , which de Burgh had rebuilt at the same time, or Bolingbroke Castle and Beeston Castle , both built in the 1220s. The castle was built from Kentish Ragstone . The building blocks were bonded with mortar containing many mussels, particularly cockles from the mussel beds on neighboring Canvey Island . A valuable tide- powered water mill had been built in 1249; it was urgently needed for bread-making in the castle. Recent excavations suggest that it was on a quay wall that extends into the estuary just a little southeast of the castle. Terraced gardens were built along the south side of the castle; they probably even contained vineyards .

De Burgh finally fell to Henry III. in disgrace; he was imprisoned and in 1239 Hadleigh Castle was taken from him. For the remainder of the 13th century, Hadleigh Castle remained a royal castle along with 57 acres of agricultural land, the deer park and castle mill. The castle was neglected until the 1250s and, although Queen Eleanor invested some money in 1273, it remained in relatively poor condition. Only the mill, which was important for the operation of the surrounding lands, was kept in good condition. Around 1290 the castle received a new 17 meter × 9 meter large knight's hall and an adjoining solar (dining room for the lord's family). Both buildings collapsed a little later due to the settlement. In 1299, Queen Margaret received the castle, complained about the condition of the buildings and insisted on repairs. Her husband, King Edward I , visited the castle twice and used it as a hunting lodge.

14th Century

Hadleigh Castle floor plan in the late 14th century, based on the excavations of 1862: A - Barbican entrance; B - royal apartments; C - back door

King Edward II was far more interested in Hadleigh Castle and took care of its renewal and renovation during his reign, as did his son, Edward III. in his reign. Edward II first stayed at the castle in 1311, and renovations were carried out prior to his arrival, including the building of new royal apartments and the repair of some sections of the wall that had fallen victim to the settlement. At that time the castle had a knight's hall, a pantry, kitchens, a cellar, a nave, a prison, “old chambers” and an armory. In times of crisis, the castle was garrisoned by 24 soldiers. King Edward stayed there frequently during his reign until 1324; he occasionally traveled from London in his royal barge to Hadleigh Castle, which berthed at the quay south of the castle.

Edward III. Hadleigh Castle received in 1330 when he recaptured the castle from his mother, Isabella of France , who had taken it from Edward II when she deposed him in 1326. Initially, Edward III. Little interest in the castle but he made greater use of the property in the 1360s, ordering extensive renovations worth over £ 2,200. Between 1361 and 1363 the inner buildings were renovated and new royal apartments were built along the south wall. Then the east side of the castle was completely rebuilt with two round towers in a new piece of curtain wall . In 1365 the work was completed. The north side of the castle was rebuilt with a portcullis and drawbridge secured by a barbican and a large round tower called the “High Tower”. This work was completed in 1370. The work was presumably overseen by William von Wykeham .

Historians originally believed that Edward's decision to have the castle largely rebuilt was his response to growing tensions with the Kingdom of France . In this version of events, Hadleigh Castle would have been an important coastal fortress on the Thames estuary that would have protected the country from French attacks. But the current belief of historians downplays this motivation and suggests that at the time of the renovation work on Hadleigh Castle, relations between England and France were exceptionally good. Instead, it is believed that the aging King Edward wanted Hadleigh Castle as his personal retreat near London, where he could live in seclusion and respectable comfort. While the gate remained relatively simple on the land side, the construction work created a more impressive sight from the river side. Any visitor to London - English or French - had to pass Queenborough Castle on the south bank and Hadleigh Castle on the north bank, two castles that gave such a strong impression of royal power.

15th to 19th century

The towers, the royal apartments and the then still preserved walls from the south (engraving from 1783, after Francis Grose )

Edward III's grandson, King Richard II , made little use of Hadleigh Castle. For this purpose, Aubrey de Vere was allowed to use the castle until his death in 1400. In the 15th century the castle passed through the hands of a number of high-ranking personalities, but the crown made little use of it. Edmund of Langley and his son Edward of Norwich , both Dukes of York , used the castle for the first few years, but then gave it to Humphrey of Lancaster , the Duke of Gloucester . Richard Plantagenet was the next occupant of the castle before it fell to Edmund Tudor in the mid-15th century . The tradition that Hadleigh Castle part of the estate was the queen, was then allowed to revive and gave the castle to Elizabeth Woodville , wife of King Edward IV. From Henry VIII. Is not known that he would have used even the castle but she formed part of the Wittum of three of his wives - Katharina von Aragon , Anna von Kleve and Catherine Parr . The castle's deer park served the navy as a source of wood.

After 1544 the division of the property began. First the deer park was sold, then in 1551 Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich , bought the castle himself from King Edward VI. for £ 700. Rich had the castle largely demolished between 1551 and 1575 and sold the blocks. After that, the now completely ruined castle was passed on to his family.

The English painter John Constable visited Hadleigh in 1814 and made a drawing of the castle ruins in preparation for ten oil sketches and a single painting. He painted the oil painting `` Hadleigh Castle '' in 1829 and in the same year it was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts . One of the oil sketches is on display at the Tate Gallery in London, while the painting is now on display at the Yale Center for British Art in New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Constable's painting, according to the historians Tammis Groft and Mary Mackay "one of his most monumental works", shows Hadleigh Castle at the beginning of the 19th century as a decaying human work that succumbs more and more to the power of the natural elements.

William Booth bought Hadleigh Castle and the surrounding area in 1891 for use by the Salvation Army , who established a farm there to guide the poor of England before they were sent to the British colonies . In the years 1898 to 1923 there was extensive subsidence and the edge of the slope slipped in large parts. This caused the southern part of the curtain to collapse.

today

The Salvation Army transferred the castle ruins to the Ministry of Works in 1948 ; it is now administered by English Heritage , which has listed it as a historical building of the first degree. In addition, the area is a Scheduled Monument . The subsidence and landslides continued; the northeast tower collapsed for the most part in the 1950s and other landslides took place in 1969, 1970 and 2002. One of the three-story towers on the east side is still almost at its original height. It has narrow, rectangular windows on the upper floors. The second tower is now only about a third of its original shape. Some sections of the curtain wall have been preserved to this day, as well as the foundations of the knight's hall, solar and kitchens.

The 19th century farm of the Salvation Army still surrounds the castle ruins today. This is where Hadleigh Country Park , owned and administered by the Essex County Council, extends . The park is a Site of Special Scientific Interest with a special focus on invertebrates. 2008 it was announced that the Hadleigh Farm as a venue for the near the castle ruins Mountain - competitions of the 2012 Summer Olympics should serve.

and display information about the image
Looking south from Hadleigh Castle; the southeast tower can be seen on the left.

Individual references and comments

  1. ^ A b c d e Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 9. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on April 19, 2016.
  2. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 3. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  3. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 3, 9. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on April 19, 2016.
  4. ↑ Oliver Hamilton Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 191.
  5. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 29. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  6. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993, ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 , pp. 149 (English, excerpts from GoogleBooks [accessed February 17, 2020]).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 11. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on April 19, 2016.
  8. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993, ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 , pp. 150 (English, excerpts from GoogleBooks [accessed February 17, 2020]).
  9. ^ HW King: (1863). Hadleigh Castle in Essex Archaeological Society Transactions. No. 2. p. 84. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  10. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 26. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  11. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. Pp. 56-57. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  12. ^ A b c d Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 13. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on April 19, 2016.
  13. ^ A b Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 14. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  14. ↑ It is well known that comparing medieval sums of money with today's sums of money is difficult. As a comparison, however, it may be used that £ 2200 was about eleven times the annual income of the average baron during this period.
  15. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993, ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 , pp. 147 (English, excerpts from GoogleBooks [accessed February 17, 2020]).
  16. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. Pp. 14-15. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  17. ^ A b Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 15. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  18. ↑ John R. Kenyon: Medieval Fortifications . Continuum International Publishing Group, London 2005. ISBN 0-8264-7886-7. Pp. 75, 82, 92. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  19. ^ A b Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. S. 16. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  20. ^ A b Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 17. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  21. ↑ John R. Kenyon: Medieval Fortifications . Continuum International Publishing Group, London 2005. ISBN 0-8264-7886-7. P. 82. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  22. ^ A b c d Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 18. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on April 19, 2016.
  23. ^ A b c d Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 19. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on April 19, 2016.
  24. ↑ It is difficult to compare 16th century prices and incomes with modern prices and incomes. Depending on the conversion factor used, £ 700 of 1,563 can correspond to £ 150,000 (using the price index) or £ 2.67 million (using the income index). As a comparison, a well-to-do member of the gentry at the time had an annual income of at least £ 500.
  25. ^ Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present . Measuring Worth . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  26. ↑ Jeffrey L. Singman: Daily life in Elizabethan England . Greenwood Press, Westport 1995. ISBN 978-0-313-29335-1. P. 36. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  27. ^ Hubert Hall: Society in the Elizabethan Age . Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish 2003. ISBN 978-0-7661-3974-9. P. 10. ( Memento of the original from November 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 19, 2016.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / books.google.co.uk
  28. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 20. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  29. ↑ Natasha Duff: Constable's Sketch for Hadleigh Castle: A Technical Examination . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  30. ↑ Tammis Kane Groft, Mary Alice Mackay: Albany Institute of History & Art: 200 years of collecting . Hudson Hills Press, New York 1998. ISBN 978-1-55595-101-6. P. 86. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  31. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. P. 52. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on April 19, 2016.
  32. ^ Hadleigh Castle . Gatehouse Gazetteer . Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  33. ^ Magnus Alexander, Susan Westlake: Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report . Research Department Report 32/2009. English Heritage, London 2009. ISSN 1749-8775. S. 6, 52. ( Memento of November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  34. ↑ James Bettley, Nikolaus Pevsner: The Buildings of England . Chapter: Essex . Yale University Press, New Haven 2007. ISBN 978-0-300-11614-4. P. 438. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  35. ↑ Welcome to Hadleigh Country Park . Hadleigh Country Park. ( Memento of the original from June 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 21, 2016.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hadleighcountrypark.co.uk
  36. ^ Essex venue to host 2012 biking . BBC Sports. Retrieved April 21, 2016.

Web links

Commons : Hadleigh Castle  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 51 ° 32 ′ 38 "  N , 0 ° 36 ′ 31.7"  E