Heinrich Schickhardt the Elder

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Heinrich Schickhardt (* 1464 in Siegen ; † 23 August 1540 in Herrenberg ) was a German carver and cabinet maker established in Württemberg . He was the founder of a large Württemberg family of artists, the father of the cabinet makers Marx and Lucas , and the painter Hans Schickhardt . He was also u. a. the grandfather of the famous master builder Heinrich Schickhardt and the great-grandfather of the polymath Wilhelm Schickard .

Life

Origin and settlement in Herrenberg

Heinrich Schickhardt was the son of the Siegen woodcarver Henrich (or Hentze) Schickhardt (* before 1440, † after 1490) and his wife Gela nee. Slipway († after 1520 in Herrenberg). Presumably because of the plague that was raging in Siegen at the time and the poor job prospects, the parents and their son left Siegen towards the south at the end of the 15th century (after 1481). You probably stayed in Frankfurt am Main for a while and in the Upper Rhine area for even longer . There, but also on the way, they earned their living with occasional work.

Heinrich Schickhardt came to Herrenberg with his mother around 1500, where he settled down as a carpenter on the Wall Ring in Badgasse . In 1503 he married Margreta Homel (* 1476; † February 15, 1555 in Herrenberg), with whom he had six children. In the same year he also received citizenship and became taxable. Heinrich Schickhardt was quickly recognized as an excellent carpenter and in Herrenberg he had the reputation of a carpenter who was irreplaceable. In 1512 he was able to buy a new house in a much better location on Tübinger Straße : at the place where house number 15 is now. Schickhardt usually employed two farmhands in his workshop, sometimes he also had a journeyman and an apprentice, later two of his sons joined them: Marx and Lucas. Everything that could be made of wood was made there, from carpentry work to carpentry work (furniture and coffins), carpentry work (work on the city guard) to very simple work (covering fountains).

Choir stalls of the Herrenberg collegiate church

As early as 1513 Heinrich Schickhardt received an extensive commission from Johannes Rebmann, the provost of the brothers who lived together , which was to become his main work. He was supposed to build choir stalls for the collegiate church of St. Marien . Johannes Rebmann, who had completed the construction of the church, was in the process of equipping it. The expensive choir stalls were the first part of Rebmann's conception of the choir room furnishings, which was to be followed by the glazing and the altar. The construction of the choir stalls, which were intended for the brotherly lords, was completed on June 22, 1517. The master signature in the last field of the back of the chairs provides information about this. The choir stalls are provided with figures on both the front and the back, depicting the four evangelists , patriarchs , the twelve apostles and scenes such as the baptism of Jesus or the sacrifice of Isaac . On the side walls of the desks of the choir stalls, Rebmann had the brothers and sisters depicted, including himself. Schickhardt worked with journeymen, but the figures can certainly be ascribed to him, as he personally made and delivered a carved picture for the later provost Benedict Farner in 1519/20 . Schickhardt, on the other hand, subcontracted the relief pictures to one or two sculpture workshops. The style features speak for the Upper Rhine, which is also evidence of his earlier contacts with this area. "Heinrich Schickhardt was primarily responsible, the entrepreneur, for the choir stalls, but not in everything and especially not in the more perfect sculpture." Not only Rebmann, but also the Vogt and the judges of the city of Herrenberg, who helped finance the order, were so impressed by Schickhardt's work that in addition to the agreed payment they made him an impressive gift of 10 fl . His servants got a good tip of 1 fl.

Because of the iconoclasm sparked by the Reformation, the choir stalls had to be dismantled in 1537 and deposited in the tower gallery . Heinrich Schickhardt, who took on this task again (together with two helpers, including his son Marx), needed nine and a half days. The only reason that the stalls were not destroyed might be because the now older master was well respected in Herrenberg. In 1548 the choir stalls were put up again under pressure from the Spanish occupation. Since this happened in great haste, without the participation of the sons of the late master, the original concept was changed during the construction.

Herrenberger Altar (1517–1519), built by Heinrich Schickhardt, painted by Jerg Ratgeb

High altar of the Herrenberg collegiate church

Immediately after the choir stalls Heinrich Schickhardt continued to work for the collegiate church, albeit in a subordinate role. He built the high altar on which Jerg Ratgeb was supposed to paint his pictures. It is a winged altar that was built on an older shrine. The New Testament scenes, which were painted on eight panels, are accompanied by the Old Testament quotations on the frame announcing these events. These carved quotations are a visible work of Heinrich Schickhardt. The altar was built in the church between 1517 and 1519 and then dismantled. After Jerg Ratgeb had painted the altarpieces in his workshop, the altar was put up in the church in 1522 - again with Schickhardt's participation. Schickhardt apparently accompanied the entire creation of the work and also served with his advice. That is why there are several entries in the church accounts about Schickhardt's remuneration (under the name "Hainrich Schryner") in connection with the creation of the altar. The altar, like the stalls, had to be dismantled in 1537. Schickhardt's son Marx took part in its renewed installation in 1548.

Vestry cabinet from Herrenberg

Vestry cupboard and smaller work

In 1519 Schickhardt created a stately vestry cabinet. The wide, two-part cabinet had a total of four tall doors. Both the doors and the wide frames around the doors were richly decorated with carved plant ornaments.

In the following years Heinrich Schickhardt only created smaller works, such as several altar shrines, carved picture panels, such as B. 1519/20 a picture commissioned by the provost, 1521 a panel with “Sant Lorentzen” for the collegiate church, 1522/23 panels for the Stuttgart painter Thomas Fridlin.

Choir stalls in Hildrizhausen and later work

It was only after a few years that Heinrich Schickhardt received more important commissions for the church. It was the choir stalls for the St. Nicodemes Church in Hildrizhausen, which was incorporated into the Herrenberger Stiftskirche . The choir stalls, which were completed in 1529, are smaller and somewhat more modest than that of Herrenberg. However, the construction of the canopy and struts shows a striking resemblance to that of the Herrenberg choir stalls. The desk busts on it resemble those of Herrenberg and can certainly be attributed to Schickhardt. In the course of time the stalls had to be repaired in several places (canopy, seats and floor of the stalls), but essentially remained unchanged.

Immediately afterwards Schickhardt made a small altar for the Herrenberg collegiate church on behalf of the Laurentius Guild. Soon afterwards, in 1533, he made a three seat for the celebrants and paneling in the presbytery on the high altar.

Heinrich Schickhardt collected his cracks and plans. His grandson, the master builder Heinrich Schickhardt , who inherited it from his father, kept it in high esteem within his graphic collection, in order to express its equality.

Well-known artistic work

  • 1513–17 choir stalls for the Herrenberg collegiate church
  • 1517–19 Assistance with the altar of Jerg Ratgeb for the Herrenberg collegiate church (sold in 1890; now Württembergische Staatsgalerie Stuttgart )
  • 1519 Sacristy cabinet for the Herrenberg collegiate church (no longer available)
  • 1529 Choir stalls for the St. Nicomedes Church in Hildrizhausen
  • around 1530 small altar for the Herrenberg collegiate church (no longer available)
  • 1533 celebratory sedile (three seats for the provost and priest) for the Herrenberg collegiate church (1890 with a high, neo-Gothic back seat; stands in the apex of the choir, covered by a modern altarpiece)
  • 1533 Paneling in the presbytery on the high altar of the Herrenberg collegiate church
  • 1536/37 choir stalls for the church in Mühlhausen

children

  • Marx (1505–1555)
  • Simon (* 1507)
  • Anna (* 1508)
  • Lucas (1511–1585)
  • John (1512–1585)
  • Agnes (* 1514)

Notes and individual references

  1. Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: The Schnitzer von Herrenberg ... , p. 9 and 23
  2. This assumption, which is based on style analyzes of Heinrich Schickhardt's work, has not yet been substantiated in a document.
  3. Whether his father has arrived in Herrenberg has not yet been clarified.
  4. Since the name Homel was not common in Herrenberg at that time, but in Siegen, it is currently assumed - in contrast to earlier - that she came to Herrenberg with her future husband (H. Schmid-Schickhardt: Die Siegener Familie Schickhardt ... , p. 69).
  5. First mention in the Herrenberg tax book 1504 and thereafter continuously until 1539. In 1540 his widow was liable for tax.
  6. The house was owned by the family until 1621, when it was sold by his grandson, Heinrich Schickhardt. During the great city fire of 1635 it burned down completely (Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: Der Schnitzer von Herrenberg ... , pp. 9-11).
  7. ^ Roman Janssen: How were the choir stalls designed? ; P. 474
  8. Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: The Schnitzer von Herrenberg ... , p. 21
  9. ^ Roman Janssen: Provost Johannes Rebmann ... , p. 113
  10. Hans Rott: Sources and Research ... , S. LI, and 218
  11. ^ Roman Janssen: Provost Johannes Rebmann ... , p. 115
  12. ^ Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: The Schnitzer von Herrenberg ... , pp. 11-13
  13. ^ A b Roman Janssen: How were the choir stalls designed? ; P. 458
  14. Hans Rott: Sources and Research ... , p. 218
  15. ^ Roman Janssen: How were the choir stalls designed? ; P. 475
  16. Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: The Schnitzer von Herrenberg ... , p. 15
  17. a b Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: The Schnitzer von Herrenberg ... , p. 23
  18. The cabinet was sold to the State Collection of Patriotic Antiquities in Stuttgart in 1890/91 (predecessor of the State Gallery and the State Museum ). During the Second World War it was destroyed by fire in an outdoor depot. Probably the only illustration was in a commemorative publication for the 700th anniversary of the Württemberg Oberamtsstadt Herrenberg , p. 34
  19. Hans Rott: Sources and Research ... , S. LI and 219
  20. Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: The Schnitzer von Herrenberg ... , p. 17

literature

  • Horst Schmid-Schickhardt : The Siegener Schickhardt family in the 15th to 17th centuries. Attempt of a partial genealogy , Baden-Baden: Schmid-Schickhardt 2008
  • Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: Heinrich Schickhardt the Elder from Siegen - founder of an important Swabian family of artists and scholars . In: “Siegener Contributions. Yearbook for Regional History ”, Siegen 2004
  • Horst Schmid-Schickhardt: The Herrenberg carver. Heinrich Schickhardt the Elder from Siegen (1464–1540) or 500 years of the Swabian Schickhardt family 1503/2003 , Baden-Baden: Schmid-Schickhardt 2003
  • Robert Kretschmar (ed.): New research on Heinrich Schickhardt , Stuttgart 2002
  • Roman Janssen; Wilfried Setzler: Heinrich Schickhardt (1558–1635) - Württemberg architect . In: Roman Janssen; Oliver Auge (ed.): Herrenberg personalities from eight centuries , Herrenberg 1999, ISBN 3-926809-09-4 (= Herrenberger Historische Schriften, Vol. 6), pp. 163-186
  • Roman Janssen: Provost Johannes Rebmann († 1517) and the unity of the collegiate church choir . In: Roman Janssen; Oliver Auge (ed.): Herrenberg personalities from eight centuries , Herrenberg 1999, ISBN 3-926809-09-4 (= Herrenberger Historische Schriften, Vol. 6), pp. 107–116
  • Roman Janssen: How were the choir stalls designed? Foundation of a reconstruction ; Why was the altar erected twice? In: Roman Janssen; Harald Müller-Baur (ed.): The collegiate church in Herrenberg 1293–1993 , Herrenberg 1993, ISBN 3-926809-06-X (= Herrenberger Historische Schriften, Vol. 5), pp. 455ff
  • Werner Fleischhauer : Renaissance in the Duchy of Württemberg , Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1971
  • Hans Rott : Sources and research on southwest German and Swiss art history in the XV. and XVI. Century. II, Old Swabia and Imperial Cities , Stuttgart: Strecker and Schröder 1934
  • Luise Böhling: The late Gothic sculpture in the Württemberg Neckar region , Reutlingen: Gryphius 1932
  • Festschrift for the 700th anniversary of the Wuerttemberg Oberamtsstadt Herrenberg , Herrenberg: Körner 1929, p. 64f
  • Gustav Ernst: Heinrich Schickhardt from Siegen . In "Siegerland" 1926

Heinrich Schickhardt in fiction

  • Anton Monzer: The trail of the pictures. A biographical novel about the painter Jörg Ratgeb , Bietigheim 1999, pp. 219–252

Web links

Commons : Heinrich Schickhardt the Elder  - Collection of images, videos and audio files