Light blue ant bluebird
| Light blue-colored meadow button ants | ||||||||||||
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Light blue blue ant ( Phengaris teleius ) |
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| Phengaris teleius | ||||||||||||
| ( Bergstrasse , 1779) |
The light blue butterfly ant ( Phengaris teleius , syn .: Maculinea teleius , Glaucopsyche teleius ) is a butterfly ( butterfly ) from the family of the bluebells (Lycaenidae). The species is also known as the Great Moor Blue and is one of the myrmecophilic species.
features
The upper sides of the wings are colored silvery light blue and have a series of delicate black dots. The dirty brown outer edges of the wing are provided with a white border drawing. The undersides of the wings are much lighter than those of Phengaris nausithous and are characterized by two rows of black dots. The inner row of dots is outlined in black and white, while the outer row is small and indistinct. There is a small blue basal pollination on the underside of the hind wing.
Similar species
- Bluebird ( Phengaris alcon )
- Blue gentian ant ( Phengaris rebeli )
- Quendel blue ant ( Phengaris arion )
- Dark blue antblue ( Phengaris nausithous )
Geographical distribution and habitat
The species is very rare and only occurs locally in France ( Gers , Gironde , Dordogne , Charente , Isère , Savoie , Haut-Rhin ), northern Switzerland , northern Italy ( Piedmont , Trieste ), southern Germany, western Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia), Central Germany (southern Leipzig area ), Austria , Hungary , Slovakia , southern Poland , Spain ( Valle de Arán ).
The Helle Wiesenknopf-Ant-Bläuling lives in flowery wet meadows and humid spring meadows in valleys and on mountain slopes as well as on streams and ditches. The occurrence of the species is linked to the presence of the great meadow button ( Sanguisorba officinalis ). The presence of fringing sites that are either not cultivated at all or are only cultivated irregularly plays an important role in the size of the population of the bluefin and its host ant.
Way of life
Development takes one to two years. The moths fly from mid-June to mid-August. They have a narrow spectrum of nectar plants. The most important nectar plant of the moths is the great meadow button . Visits to the flowers of purple loosestrife ( Lythrum spec. ), Medicinal ziest ( Stachys officinalis ), small brown elk ( Prunella vulgaris ) and bird vetch ( Vicia cracca ) were also observed . The female lays the eggs one by one on the not yet blooming heads of the Great Wiesenknopf. The young purple-red colored caterpillars first eat in the flowers of their forage plants and are carried into the ant nests of the dry grass knot ant ( Myrmica scabrinodis ) in autumn, after the third and last moult . They live there predatory on ants' brood. About 98% of the biomass of the pupa (and the later butterfly) comes from the resources of the ants. It has been estimated that about 350 female workers are indirectly needed to feed a Phengaris larva in the predatory Phengaris species ( P. teleius , P. arion and P. nausitous ) . This number is needed to provide the food for the brood of ants that the Phengaris larvae will eat. The myrmecophilic behavior of the Phengaris species is known as social parasitism . Pupation takes place in late spring of the following year or, in the case of caterpillars that remained small in the first year, in spring of the following year.
Parasites
Two of the three central European Phengaris species, which are predators of ants nesting, was known to be of parasitic wasps are parasitized (Ichneumonidae). In Phengaris nausithous it is the kind Neotype pusillus Gregor, 1940 and in Phengaris arion a specifically undetermined kind of neotype . It was only recently that it was also possible to prove that the light blue-colored ant is parasitized by a neotype species, presumably by neotype melanocephalus (Gmelin, 1790).
Hazard and protection
Due to the very local occurrence, limited by the occurrence of the host plant, the light blue-fly ant blue is at great risk.
- IUCN : endangered (vulnerable)
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Red list FRG: 2 (endangered)
- Red List Baden-Württemberg: 2
- Red List Saxony: 1
- Red List North Rhine-Westphalia 2010: 1
- Red List Rhineland-Palatinate 2013: 2
- Red list of Austria: VU = 3 (endangered)
Like the dark blue blue ant, the light blue-colored meadow button is listed in Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is therefore strictly protected at European level. According to Article 3, Paragraph 1 of this guideline, the member states must designate protected areas for the Natura 2000 network for habitats of this type and ensure the continued existence or, if necessary, the restoration of a favorable conservation status.
As in the Rhein-Sieg district, special protection projects are sometimes carried out. In the Rhein-Sieg district, a conservation project of running BUND for scarce large blue and dusky large blue simultaneously own Maculinea Foundation was established.
Web links
- Lepiforum e. V. Taxonomy and Photos
- www.schmetterling-raupe.de
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (English)
- Phengaris teleius in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 2, 2011
- Entry in the specialist information system for FFH species and European bird species
literature
- Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 .
- Hans-Josef Weidemann: Butterflies: observe, determine . Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1995, ISBN 3-89440-115-X .
- Zdenék Fric, Niklas Wahlberg, Pavel Pech and Jan Zrzavý: Phylogeny and classification of the Phengaris – Maculinea clade (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): total evidence and phylogenetic species concepts. Systematic Entomology, 32: 558-567, Oxford 2007 doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.2007.00387.x
- Sabine Geissler-Strobel: Landscape planning -oriented studies on ecology, distribution, endangerment and protection of the meadow button-ants-bluebells Glaucopsyche (Maculinea) nausithous and Glaucopsyche (Maculinea) teleius . Eitschberger, Marktleuthen 1999 (Neue entomologische Nachrichten 44), 105 S.: Ill., Graph. Darst.
- Manfred Koch : We determine butterflies. Volume 1: Butterfly. 4th enlarged edition. Neumann, Radebeul / Berlin 1966, DNB 457244224 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hessen Forst ( Memento of the original dated December 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Andreas C. Lange, Alexander Wenzel: Species report 2011 Federal sample monitoring of Maculinea nausithous and Maculinea teleius in Hesse.
- ↑ a b butterflies. 2. Special part: Satyridae, Libytheidae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae . In: Günter Ebert, Erwin Rennwald (eds.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 2 . Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1991, ISBN 3-8001-3459-4 , pp. 301 .
- ↑ Magdalena Witek, Ewa B. Sliwinska, Piotr Skórka, Piotr Nowicki, Josef Settele and Michal Woyciechowski: Polymorphic growth in larvae of Maculinea butterflies, as an example of biennialism in myrmecophilous insects. Oecologia, 148: 729-733, 2006 doi : 10.1007 / s00442-006-0404-5
- ^ List of host ant species for blue ant species
- ^ JA Thomas, RT Clarke, GW Elmes and ME Hochberg: Population dynamics in the genus Maculinea (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). In: JP Dempster and IFG McLean (Eds.): Insect populations in theory and in practice. 19th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society held at 10-11 September 1997 at the University of Newcastle. Pp. 261–290, Dordrecht (among others), Kluwer Academic Publ., 1998 ISBN 0-412-83260-7 (online at GoogleBooks [1]
- ↑ András Tartally: neotype melanocephalus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): the first record of a parasitoid wasp attacking teleius (Lycaenidae). Nota Lepidopterologica, 28 (1): 65-67, Karlsruhe 2005 ISSN 0342-7536
- ↑ Phengaris teleius in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 1996. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1996. Accessed on 27/03/2017.
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Ed.): Red List of Endangered Animals, Plants and Fungi in Germany. tape 3 : Invertebrates (Part 1). Landwirtschaftsverlag, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-7843-5231-2 .
- ^ Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (Ed.): Red Lists of Endangered Animals Austria. Checklists, risk analyzes, need for action. Part 1: Mammals, birds, grasshoppers, water beetles, netflies, beaked flies, Tagfalter Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-205-77345-4
- ↑ Brigitte Schmalter: Wiesenknopf blue ant in the Rhein-Sieg district of nature in NRW 4/2014, pp. 37–42.
