Henrik Krummedike

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Mogenstrup, today Månstorp, the ancestral home of the maternal family and where Henrik Krummedikes died.

Henrik Krummedike (* probably 1463 probably in Akershus or on the Brunla estate (today Larvik ) in Norway; † between March 7 and April 4, 1530 in Mogenstrup, Oxie herred , today Månstorp in Skåne ) was a Danish and Norwegian councilor.

family

His parents were the Reichsrat and Reichshofmeister Hartvig Krummedike and his second wife Karen Andersdatter Hak, daughter of Anders Hak zu Månstorp. In 1493 he married Anne Rud († 1533), daughter of the Danish Imperial Councilor Jørgen Mikkelsen Rud († 1504) and his wife Kirstine Eriksdatter Rosenkrantz († 1509). His only daughter Sophie married Eske Bille (approx. 1480–1552).

Political career

After the death of his father in 1476, he inherited all of his property including the fiefs. He became a knight in the winter of 1484/1485 . In 1485 he is also listed as a servant at the Danish court and received Skien as a fief . In 1487 he received the Viken fief , which the queen widow Dorothea had received as a morning gift. After the death of his father Hartvig, Bishop Karl Sigurdsson Skaktavl of Hamar administered Akershus fortress . Immediately after his death in 1489, Henrik took over the fortress. From 1489 he held Båhus as a fief. He now assumed the same position in Norway as his father, became a member of the Norwegian Imperial Council and inherited its quarrel with the " Tre Rosor " family, with whose member Knut Alvsson his father had already been in a bitter dispute. He was just as greedy as his father and bought up many lands in Norway and Denmark.

When the war with Sweden broke out in 1497 , Krummedike was given a prominent position in Båhus. Together with his archenemy Knut Alvson he besieged the fortress Elfsborg near Gothenburg and was then also its commander until 1498. In that year he again received many fiefs, for example Numedal and Mandal . Knut Alvson contrast approached Sweden and received by King Hans commissioned Norway brought under the Swedish crown. From there he undertook an incursion into Viken, but was driven out by Krummedike. But in 1502 he came back and instigated an uprising in Norway. Krummedike was besieged in Båhus, but Prince Christian, who later became King Christian II , came to his aid effectively. So he was even able to strike back and conquer Tønsberg and besiege Akershus fortress, whose captain Knut Alvson was meanwhile. He was forced to board Krummedike's ship with the assurance of safe conduct. Apparently the dispute escalated here, and Knut and his companions were slain on August 18, 1502. A verdict stated that Knut Alvson himself had broken the conditions of escort, but no one believed this version, and Krummedike's honor was damaged. The uprising broke out again, instigated by the widow Knuts, and Krummedike found himself in a dangerous position in Båhus. He even lost a hand in defensive battles. Under these circumstances, King Hans brought Krummedike to Denmark, where he received further fiefs, and transferred the fortress of Båhus to Krummedike's brother-in-law Otte Rud . Henrik has not lived in Norway since then, but remained Norway's largest tenant.

In 1510 the king appointed him admiral in the naval war with Lübeck . Shortly afterwards, on August 17 or 18, Krummedike inflicted a serious defeat at Nakskov on the Lübeck fleet . In the following years he stayed mainly in Laholm as a border guard towards Sweden. When war broke out with Sweden in 1517, the Varberg fortress and the northern part of Halland were enfeoffed. But because during a Swedish invasion in 1519 he had not prevented the plundering of the land and the attempt by the local peasants to conclude a separate peace with the enemy and blamed Carl Knutsson, the son of his murdered arch enemy Knut Alvsson, who was responsible for Christian II. held a high position as a military leader, Christian II withdrew the fief of Varberg from him, transferred it to a German officer and then also deprived him of all Norwegian fiefs, which made him the enemy of the king. Because this measure was felt to be completely excessive and disproportionate. There was also hostility by the king against Krummedike's son-in-law Eske Bille. In March 1523 - the nobility had already risen against him - Christina II tried to reconcile herself with Krummedike and gave him back all of his Norwegian fiefs in return for a promise of future loyalty. But already on April 7 Krummedike told the king the loyalty and allegiance and joined Frederick I of.

In autumn 1523 Friedrich Krummedike sent a troop contingent to Sønnafjelske Norge with the order to bring this part of the country under the control of the king. At the same time he sent Vincens lungs to Nordenfjeld on the same mission. Krummedike mastered his task in particular by exploiting the internal political tensions and protecting the population from the predatory bailiffs of the feudal lords. But he drew the wrath of the Norwegian Independence Party and thus the majority of the Norwegian Imperial Council. This received decisive support from the royal governor Nordanfjælds Vincens Lunge, who in 1523 married Margrete Nilsdatter from the Krummedike hostile family of Romans , and under the direction of Archbishop Olav Engelbrektssons arbitrarily denied him all Norwegian fiefdoms and expelled him from the country. At the same time, the Norwegian Imperial Council recognized Frederick I's power to govern, seized all fiefs to distribute them among its members and stipulated for the future that Norwegian fiefs could only be given to Norwegians. This process was later interpreted as betrayal of the Danish Empire and served to justify the Norgesparagrafen in Christian III's election surrender . ten years later. Then the Imperial Council, which Christian II had joined in 1532 when he tried to recapture Norway, was dissolved and Norway was de facto (not under international law) a Danish province.

But King Friedrich supported Krummedike, who was able to wash himself clean of all accusations of high treason by means of an oath of twelve on the occasion of the election surrender of Frederick , and promised him to restore his fiefdom. But that only succeeded after Vincen's lungs fell in 1528. During his fight against Søren Norby from 1525 to 1526, who also supported Christian II, Krummedike was commander of the artillery. In 1529 his son-in-law Eske Bille became governor of the Bergenhus fortress after Vincens Lunge's fall in 1528 .

Krummedike's last big task was, together with Prince Christian, to bring order to Norway's out-of-control situation.

capital

Henrik Krummedike was probably the largest landowner in the Middle Ages of Denmark-Norway. In addition to his inherited holdings of around 240 manors, he acquired another 178 estates in Norway, particularly in Båhuslen. In Denmark there were about 300 leasehold farms and four large farms. In order to be able to invest the enormous income in the trade profitably, he also bought property in the cities of Roskilde , Bergen , Oslo , Ny- Lödöse ( Gothenburg ), Tønsberg , Halmstad and Malmö . He had inherited a plot of land in Copenhagen from his father . He carried out foreign trade with his own ships and operated the first known mine in Sandsvær. He probably introduced the water-powered saw in Norway, and he set up a brick factory in Månstorp that could burn over 18,000 bricks at once.

literature

Individual evidence

The article is essentially based on Bagge in Dansk biografisk leksikon . Other information is listed separately.

  1. ↑ Bagge writes "around 1465". But since he was knighted in the winter of 1484/1485 and the minimum age was 21 years, the year of birth 1463 is calculated from this.
  2. ^ Bagge in Dansk biografisk leksikon . Beneditow states April 1st in the Norsk biografisk leksikon .
  3. ↑ The office of Reichshofmeister came into being around 1430 and was the highest state office in the Danish Empire. He was a kind of prime minister and representative of the king. In addition to his prominent constitutional position, he had a number of important tasks, even if his duties were not clearly defined. In the 16th century he headed the financial administration and was in charge of the rent chamber and customs.
  4. ↑ A. Heise: Eske Bille . In: Carl Frederik Bricka (Ed.): Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Tillige omfattende Norge for Tidsrummet 1537-1814. 1st edition. tape 2 : Beccau – Brandis . Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, Copenhagen 1888, p. 225 (Danish, runeberg.org ).
  5. ↑ a b c d Benedictow in NBL.
  6. ↑ Diplomatarium Norvegicum, Vol. 8, No. 460 .
  7. ↑ Diplomatarium Norvegicum Volume 8 No. 463 .
  8. ↑ a b Heise p. 550.
  9. ↑ The administrative division of Norway into "Sønnafjelske Norge" and "Nordafjelske Norge" has been known since the Middle Ages and lasted until the end of the 18th century. In the time of absolutism "Sønnafjelske Norge" consisted of the area south of Dovre and east of Langfjell. The southern border to the "Nordafjellske Norge" is not exactly known. Around 1500 Lindesnes was mostly mentioned as a border area, later Åna-Sira .
  10. ↑ As "Nordafjellske Norge" one considers today essentially the area of ​​Agder (today divided into Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder )
  11. ↑ Heise p. 551; Diplomatarium Norvegicum Vol. 8 No. 514 .
personal data
SURNAME Krummedike, Henrik
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Krummedigel, Henrich; Krummedike, Henrik Hartvigssøn
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Danish and Norwegian Imperial Councils and Norwegian landowners
DATE OF BIRTH around 1461
PLACE OF BIRTH Akershus Fortress or Hofgut Brunla
DATE OF DEATH around 1530
Place of death Månstorp