Frederick I (Denmark and Norway)

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Frederick I of Denmark and Norway, around 1520
Coat of arms of Friedrich I and his two wives
Cenotaph for Anna of Brandenburg and Frederick I of Denmark and Norway in the Bordesholm monastery church in Bordesholm
Tomb of Frederick I in St. Petri Cathedral in Schleswig

Frederick I , Danish and Norwegian Frederik I , (* October 7, 1471 in Hadersleben ; † April 10, 1533 in Gottorf ) was Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1490 to 1533 , King of Denmark from 1523 to 1533, and from 1524 to 1533 also king of Norway .

Life

Friedrich was the fourth and by far the youngest son of King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden and his wife Dorothea of ​​Brandenburg , the youngest daughter of Margrave Johann von Brandenburg . He was considered his mother's favorite.

As a child, Friedrich became a Canon of Cologne .

Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf

During Christian's lifetime, Queen Dorothea asked her husband to leave the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein alone to her youngest son . Friedrich was therefore also educated in the Bordesholm monastery . But after Christian's death in 1481, Johann I refused to recognize the suffrage of the Schleswig-Holstein nobles, but instead insisted on German inheritance law, which put both brothers on an equal footing. Friedrich therefore initially returned to Denmark to be together with his 16 years older brother, d. H. under his tutelage to rule the duchies. In 1482 both dukes were paid homage to the Levensau on the border between the duchies . The regency for Friedrich was initially taken over by his mother, who held large parts of the duchies as pledges. Friedrich spent most of his youth at Gottorf Castle .

Although the Treaty of Ripen forbade the division of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, Dorothea was able in 1490 to ensure that the duchies were divided among the brothers. It was divided in such a way that the income of the offices, cities and regions of both dukes was equal. There were no contiguous areas, but they were distributed over both duchies. Noble and ecclesiastical lands were under the joint government of the two dukes. Both brothers bore the title "Duke of Schleswig and Holstein" and held joint state parliaments. Lending was made in both names and taxes could only be levied jointly. Both regents were responsible for national defense. According to the principle "The elder shares, the younger chooses", King John gave his brother the first choice. This decided in favor of the part that was named Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf after the residential castle Gottorf . King John refused any further claims by Frederick to parts of Denmark or to the title “Heir of Norway”.

Friedrich ruled his areas of Gottorf relatively sovereign. Thanks to his mother's successful financial policy, which benefited him above all, he was able to repay the debts of his predecessors. In the Tondern office he promoted the acquisition of new kings . His most important employees included Schleswig-Holstein nobles such as Johann and Melchior Rantzau .

In the disputes over Dithmarschen, King Johann and Duke Friedrich were defeated by the Dithmarsch farmers on February 17, 1500 in the battle of Hemmingstedt . One of the ducal castles, the Tielenburg , the administrative seat of the Stapelholm region , was destroyed.

In 1502 he married Anna von Brandenburg , his mother's niece, with a papal dispensation . At the same time, his niece Elisabeth married Anna's brother Joachim von Brandenburg . The duke couple donated the choir stalls to the abbey church of Bordesholm in 1509 and the Brüggemann altar in 1514 . As a widow's residence for Anna, Friedrich had Kiel Castle rebuilt in 1512. The three-story brick building has not been preserved. But Anna died in 1514 at the age of 26 and was buried in Bordesholm. The late Gothic cenotaph with a double image of the duke couple that Friedrich had erected for them shows that he originally wanted to be buried there. Friedrich's second wife became Sophia in 1518 , the daughter of Bogislaw X. von Pomerania .

Frederick largely stayed out of the disputes between his brother and, after his death in 1513, his nephew Christian II with the imperial administrators of Sweden and with Lübeck and the Hanseatic League , who held on to trade with Sweden. In 1503 he managed to broker a peace with Lübeck. But then he was forced by his brother to pay for the ships that had lost the Lübeckers. When the conflicts flared up again in 1508 and 1522, Friedrich, together with the Schleswig-Holstein knighthood , enforced the neutrality of the duchies.

Initially, he was also neutral towards his nephew. When Christian II had his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles V , grant him the sole feudal right over Holstein after the Stockholm bloodbath , Frederick resisted. Having come under pressure from the Swedish War of Liberation , Christian had to renounce his claims in the Bordesholmer settlement in 1522. At the beginning of 1523 Friedrich joined the revolt of the Jutian nobility and the Danish bishops against Christian II. His troops entered Denmark and forced Christian to flee.

King of Denmark and Norway

After the deposition and expulsion of his nephew, Friedrich was elected king by the Danish estates in 1523. In the royal parts of Schleswig and Holstein, Friedrich was recognized as a duke, but in the same year he handed over part of the northern duchy with Hadersleben to his son Christian . In 1524 Frederick also became King of Norway.

Even as King of Denmark-Norway , he kept his residence at Gottorf Castle. He was the only Danish king who ruled from Schleswig-Holstein. With the west wing of Gottorf Castle, he built the first Renaissance building north of the Elbe.

1524 Friedrich gave the Schleswig-Holstein nobility in return for his support in the Great Landesmatrikel the Patrimonialgerichtsamkeit on their goods and thus exacerbated the serfdom of the peasants.

In the first few years Christian II and his followers around Søren Norby resisted for some time. There were repeated uprisings in Jutland and Skåne . By a united Danish, Lübeck and Swedish fleet, Norby was finally defeated on August 24, 1526 at Blekinge . In return, the people of Lübeck received the island of Bornholm and the income from the island of Gotland for five years as a pledge.

In 1526, Friedrich agreed with the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Lübeck to continue the construction of the Alster-Beste canal and to finance it together.

His position on the Reformation appears ambivalent. He had promised the Catholic Church protection in the hand-held celebration of his election. In fact, he did not secularize church property, but at the same time tolerated Lutheran preachers and did nothing against the expulsion of beggar monks from the cities. In 1526 he married his eldest daughter to Albrecht von Prussia , who introduced the Reformation in the former Teutonic Order in 1523 . Also in 1526 he appointed Hans Tausen, threatened because of his Reformed sermon, to be his private chaplain. In 1527 he assured the Lutherans of tolerance at the Diet in Odense . In the same year Melchior Hofmann came to Kiel as a preacher at Friedrich's invitation . In a dispute with Nikolaus von Amsdorf , Hofmann later appealed to royal protection. He dedicated one of his writings to Friedrich's second wife, Sophia. But his theology was unsustainable. After the Flensburg disputation convened by the king on April 8, 1529 in the barefoot monastery of the city of Flensburg under the chairmanship of the Crown Prince, Duke Christian, it was decided to introduce the Reformation in Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein. Hoffmann soon had to leave the country. The new king Christian III. implemented the introduction of the Reformation a short time later. Denmark had already joined the Schmalkaldic League in 1532 .

In 1531 Frederick's deposed nephew Christian II tried to recapture Norway. With Lübeck's help, Friedrich forced him to return to Copenhagen to negotiate with his uncle. However, he was arrested and imprisoned in Sønderborg Castle .

Friedrich died on April 10, 1533 and was buried in St. Petri Cathedral in Schleswig . His cenotaph is in the north choir nave. It was created in 1552 by the Flemish sculptor Cornelis Floris . The last resting place of Frederick I in the Schleswig Cathedral cannot be precisely determined. Besides Erik VII, Frederick I is the only Danish king who is buried outside what is now Denmark.

After his death, a dispute broke out about his successor. Since the Danish nobility preferred the younger son Johann to the older Christian, there was a power vacuum, which supporters of Christian II tried to exploit (see: Count feud ).

ancestry

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Christian V (Oldenburg) (~ 1342– ~ 1399)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dietrich von Oldenburg (1390–1440)
Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Agnes von Hohnstein-Heringen (1360–1404)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Christian I (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) (1426–1481)
King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gerhard VI. (Holstein-Rendsburg) (1367–1404)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heilwig von Holstein (1400–1436)
Countess of Oldenburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elisabeth of Braunschweig (Holstein-Rendsburg)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Frederick I (Denmark and Norway) (1471–1533)
King of Denmark and Norway
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Friedrich I of Brandenburg (1371–1440)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johann (Brandenburg-Kulmbach) (1406–1464)
Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elisabeth of Bavaria (1383–1442)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dorothea of ​​Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1430–1495)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rudolf III. (Sachsen-Wittenberg)
Elector of the Holy Roman Empire
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barbara of Saxony-Wittenberg (1405–1465)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barbara von Schlesien-Liegnitz (–1435)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Marriages and offspring

Friedrich married Anna von Brandenburg on April 10, 1502 ; the marriage resulted in two children:

⚭ 1525 Princess Dorothea of ​​Sachsen-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg (1511–1571)
⚭ 1526 Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach (1490–1568), Duke of Prussia

In his second marriage on October 9, 1518, he married Sophia von Pommern (1498–1568), with whom he had six children:

He was also the father of the illegitimate daughters Katharina and Geseke (Margarethe), the mother of Johann Knutzen .

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Frederick I (Denmark and Norway)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ CR Rasmussen, E. Imberger, D. Lohmeier, I. Mommsen: The princes of the country - dukes and counts of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg. Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 2008; P. 80.
  2. ^ Kai Fuhrmann: The knighthood as a political corporation in the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein from 1460 to 1721 , p. 80.
  3. ^ J. Greve: Geography and History of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein , p. 211.
  4. ↑ CR Rasmussen, E. Imberger, D. Lohmeier, I. Mommsen: The princes of the country - dukes and counts of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg. Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 2008; P. 80.
  5. ↑ Hubertus Neuschäffer: Schleswig-Holstein's castles and mansions , p. 9
  6. ^ Andreas Oeding, Broder Schwensen, Michael Sturm: Flexikon. 725 aha experiences from Flensburg! , Flensburg 2009, article: Lutherpark
  7. ^ Andreas Oeding, Broder Schwensen, Michael Sturm: Flexikon. 725 aha experiences from Flensburg! , Flensburg 2009, article: Lutherpark
predecessor Office successor
Christian II King of Denmark
1523–1533 		Christian III
Christian II King of Norway
1524–1533 		Christian III
personal data
SURNAME Friedrich I.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
DATE OF BIRTH October 7, 1471
PLACE OF BIRTH Hadersleben
DATE OF DEATH April 10, 1533
Place of death Gottorf Castle