Vincen's lungs

Vincens Lunge (* 1483 in Denmark; † January 3, 1536 in Trondheim ) was a member of the Norwegian and Danish Imperial Councils. In Scandinavian historiography, he is portrayed as a ruthless soldier of fortune of international stature who played the main role in the loss of Norwegian independence at the beginning of the 16th century.

Family and early years

His parents were: Vincens Iversen Dyre zu Tirsbæk († after 1496) and his wife Kirsten Tygesdatter Lunge († after 1528). She was the fourth daughter of Tyve Lunge, who also belonged to the Dyre family. In 1523 he married in Bergen Margrete Nilsdatter, daughter of the imperial court master Nils Henriksson zu Austrått (around 1455–1523) and his wife Ingerd Ottesdatter from the Rømer family . (c. 1475-1555).

Lunge had studied in Germany, France and at the University of Leuven. When he returned to Denmark in 1518, he had a doctorate in philosophy, Roman law, and canon law. In 1521 he became a professor at the law school and rector of the University of Copenhagen .

Political career

Under Christian II.

He won Christian II for himself and was appointed castle captain of Borgen slott (later Kronborg Castle ) by him in 1522 . When the Jutian nobility rose up against Christian II and appointed Friedrich I , Lunge turned away from Christian.

Under Friedrich I.

After Frederick took power in 1522, Lunge was appointed to the Danish Imperial Council and knighted. Then he was sent to Norway in 1523. There he was supposed to negotiate with the Nordafielske regions about the recognition of the new king. At the same time, Henrik Krummedike , an enemy of the lung sex, was also sent to Norway to negotiate with the sønnafielske regions. The fact that Lunge received this contract is also due to the fact that he planned to marry Margrete Nilsdatter, who belonged to one of the leading noble families in Nordafjelske Norge. He had met her as a lady-in-waiting to Christian II. In 1524 he became governor in Norway. Lunge began difficult negotiations in Bergen because the Germans took advantage of the domestic political situation in Denmark and fought competition in the city. The occupation of the fortress Bergenhus left the castle and the fortress to the Norwegian Imperial Council, who transferred these Vincens lungs and accepted him into the Norwegian Imperial Council. In August 1524 Frederick was elected king in Bergen after the new Archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson returned from Rome. In the letter of homage, the Reichsrat emphasized that Norway was under an electoral monarchy and thus strengthened its position. In addition, the Imperial Council imposed the condition that lung Bergenhus should keep the Norwegian brothers Olav and Gaute bile from the old and mighty family of bile each Akershus and Bahus should be given as a fief. At the same time, the Reichsrat pushed Lunge Henrik Krummedike out of the Reichsrat and withdrew all fiefs from him. He was an enemy not only to the Lunges family but also to his wife's family. Lunge even sent him a feud letter in January. Lunge drove to the King in Copenhagen with this version of the election surrender. This she signed with the exception of the withdrawal of fief for Krummedike. On the contrary, he refused the Akershus fief to Olav Galle because he was considered a pro-Sweden separatist at court. Lunge managed to get Akershus at least to the harmless brother Gaute. When he returned to Norway, he transferred Akershus to Olav Galle, contrary to the king's instructions.

By the time he was elected to the Reichsrat around 1525, Vincens Lunge had already procured most of Vestlandet and Nord-Norge as fiefs for himself, his mother-in-law Ingerd and his brother-in-law Erik Ugerup . He also appropriated controversial inheritances on behalf of his mother-in-law before a court decision had been made, in one case even before the testator died. He drove his colleague in the Imperial Council from his headquarters in Sogn, and he stole church jewels from the Apostle Church and the Dominican Church in Bergen. In this way he made worldly and ecclesiastical enemies. The bishops of Bergen and Stavanger felt that their ecclesiastical power was impaired. Archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson also had to learn that Lutheran tendencies were making themselves felt in Lunge's residence city of Bergen.

In 1527 Friedrich I. deposed Olav Galle from the post of captain of the castle in Akershus and sent Lunge's brother Ove to Norway to prepare for a coronation in Norway. During this time the relationship between Norway and Sweden was tense. Many nobles had fallen out of favor with Gustav Vasa and had sought refuge in Norway since 1525. Under severe pressure, Olav Engelbrektsson had to hand over two refugees to Sweden, where they were executed in 1527.

One day a man called " Daljunker " came to Trøndelag and pretended to be the son of Sten Sture the Elder. J. Nils from. He had started a riot in Dalarna that had been put down. Vincens Lunge and his family believed the story, but the archbishop doubted it. His identity has not yet been clarified. It was decided to marry Eline, one of Ingerd's daughters. In return, Lunge was promised benefits if the Dalsjunker became King of Sweden. The two moved to Jämtland , a fief of Lunge, to support the Daljunker's return to Dalarna. But the Daljunker fled again across the border to Norway. Under heavy pressure from Gustav Vasas and Frederick I, he had to send the Daljunker to Denmark, from where he fled to Rostock , where he was arrested and executed under Swedish pressure.

As a condition for further support of Frederick against Christian II, Gustav Vasa demanded that Frederick also punish the Daljunker's helpers in Norway. Friedrich summoned Lunge to Flensburg in 1528 and asked him to give up Bergenhus, but left him with Sogn, Jämtland and Vardøhus and gave him the Nonneseter monastery in Bergen with the goods belonging to it. Lunge converted the monastery into Lungegården fortress. So he tied lungs to himself. At the same time he gave Bergenhus to Eske Bille , Henrik Krummedike's son-in-law. He also discredited Lunge from Archbishop Olaf Engelbrektsson by allowing Lunge to attack a monastery. At the same time he took the Archbishop's fiefs in Trøndelag and transferred them to two Holstein nobles in his service. When the archbishop found out about this, he suspected that Lunge had agitated against him with the king, which was correct. In spring 1529 the archbishop announced the feud against Lunge and Ingegerd. His military strength enabled him to seize Lunge's fiefs and estates, capture his ships and paralyze his trade. The archbishop ruled Norway north of Stadlandet and Dovre and refused to surrender the fiefs in Trøndelag. In 1530, Niels Lykke , who had become Lunge's brother-in-law by marrying Eline, who should have married the Daljunker beforehand , succeeded in making a comparison between Lunge, Ingegerd and the archbishop.

Lunge stayed in Denmark in 1530, where he had a network of friends. Meanwhile, the Archbishop condemned Friedrich's breach of the election surrender because he had confiscated many Norwegian monasteries. Lunge tried this for himself with the Utstein monastery, but was prevented from doing so by Höskuld Höskuldsson , Bishop of Stavanger . When Christian II tried to retake Norway in 1532, the archbishop paid homage to him on the condition that Christian confirm the old privileges of the Church, and began a new feud against Lunge and his family. Lunge tried to seize Bergenhus 'Eske Billes' absence by pretending to have a corresponding letter from the king, which provoked the king's displeasure. When Christian II's campaign failed, the king nevertheless sent him with Niels Lykke to negotiate with Olav Engelbrektsson about paying homage to the king. In 1532, Lunge extorted a large sum from the archbishop as compensation for himself, and the Danish government commission then demanded another heavy fine from the king.

Time of the count's feud

After Frederick I died in 1533, Lunge took part in an imperial assembly convened by Olav Engelbrektsson in Bud in Romsdal. The members of the Danish and Norwegian imperial councils agreed on a joint Danish-Norwegian royal election in Copenhagen in the summer of 1534. But then the feud of the counts broke out. Lunge went to Jutland , and contrary to the agreement in Bud, he joined the later King Christian III. on. He drove back to Norway with a letter from the Jutish members of the Danish Imperial Council, in which they asked the Norwegian Imperial Council to elect Christian as king. At the same time, he continued his efforts to regain Bergenhus. Eske Bille had been captured by the Lübeckers. His efforts in the autumn of 1534 were nevertheless unsuccessful. Thereupon he took over the fortress Akershus, when the castle captain Erik Gyldenstjerne had set out with a fleet to Denmark against the Lübeckers. From there he thwarted all of Olav Engelbrektsson's political steps in connection with the question of succession to the throne. He forced the councilors in Østlandet, Christian III. to pay homage as the Norwegian King. For the end of May 1535, the archbishop called an imperial assembly in Trondheim. Østlandet boycotted the meeting. There Lunge continued to agitate against the archbishop and began his letter to Christian III. in which he promised this homage. Then he brought the archbishop into dire straits when he wanted to pardon Niels Lykke, who had committed an incest with his sister-in-law under church law at the time, and agree to a marriage. He and the councilors from Eastland who followed him demanded execution and accused the archbishop of tolerating even the grossest crimes against divine laws. Under this pressure, the archbishop had to consent to the execution.

In December 1535, Lunge and the other councilors from Ostland were forced to travel to Trondheim with royal ambassador Claus Bille to prepare the homage there. Christian III not only wanted to get the homage of the entire Norwegian Imperial Council, he also wanted to have higher taxes written out, with which he wanted to pay his war debts from the count's feud. In the meantime, based on a correspondence with Emperor Charles V, the Archbishop was hoping that Count Palatine Friedrich , who was married to a daughter of Christian II, could become King of Norway.

The end

On January 3, 1536 Archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson held a meeting with officials, clergy, citizens and big farmers from Trøndelag, at which the Danish-born councilors from Sønnafjelske Norge and especially Lunge because of their support for Christian III. were charged with treason. Lunge was sentenced to death in absentia. The archbishop's men then went to his inn and killed him. Claus Bille and Bishop Hans Rev of Oslo were imprisoned.

literature

• Vilborg Auður Ísleifsdóttir: The introduction of the Reformation in Iceland . Frankfurt 1996, ISBN 3-631-50001-7 (especially the chapter “The background in Denmark”).
• Øytein Rian: Vincens Lungs . In: Norsk biografisk leksikon ; Retrieved April 29, 2012.

Remarks

The article is essentially taken from the Norsk biografisk leksikon . Other information is shown separately.

1. ↑ CC Lyschander, Holger Frederik Rørdam: Billeslægtens Rimkrønike . Copenhagen 1888. p. 82 (PDF) She gave Vinzens the name Lunge and thus established the younger Lung sex. P. 88 (PDF)
2. ^ In Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Volume 18, No. 229, it was published in 1518 as “Dr. Vincents "titled.
3. ^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Volume 12, No. 294.
4. ^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Volume 7, No. 593.
5. ^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Volume 7, No. 580.
6. ^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Volume 9, No. 539.
7. ^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Volume 7, No. 579.
8. ↑ Dalsjunkern. In: Store Norske Leksikon. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
9. ↑ A. Heise: Erik Gyldenstjerne . In: Carl Frederik Bricka (Ed.): Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Tillige omfattende Norge for Tidsrummet 1537-1814. 1st edition. tape 6 : Gerson-H. Hansen . Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, Copenhagen 1892, p. 370-371 (Danish, runeberg.org ).