Dalarna uprisings
The Dalarna uprisings ( Swedish Dalupproren ) were a total of three uprisings that were undertaken in Dalarna by the common people against King Gustav I. Wasa . The first uprising took place from 1524 to 1525, the second from 1527 to 1528 and the third, the so-called Bell Rising , from 1531 to 1533.
background
The attempt made by Union King Christian II to create a Scandinavian hegemony in the Baltic Sea region led to a conflict with the Hanseatic League . Sweden's most important export , copper from the Falun mines, was particularly hard hit by this conflict . The peasants and common people in Dalarna, as well as the citizens of Stockholm, were among the first to support Gustav Wasa when he raised the flag for reform. The increasing power of the Swedish crown, the prevailing recession and the impending Reformation, as well as the confiscation of the Church's property, led to the fact that the population of Dalarna quickly withdrew from the king. Altogether there were three uprisings in Dalarna during this time, but all of them ended in the sand without any major clashes.
First Dalarna Uprising 1524–1525
It had only been a little over a year since King Gustav took the throne when resistance to his government rose in Dalarna . This was only natural, since in the unrest of the previous decades, and especially after the violent events of the War of Liberation, there was a lot going on and Gustav Va's new ordinances on the whole were not yet perfect. Another reason was the high prices for everyday goods and the fact that there was no uniform legal tender, which made the situation even more explosive. The situation was further exacerbated by the fact that the Hanseatic merchants used their trade monopoly to demand payment from the king for their help in taking Stockholm in 1523. Concern about these grievances led to the fact that at the end of 1524 there were more and more complaints about the king. However, it was not until 1525 that these complaints became dangerous.
The people of Dalarna were influenced by people who saw Gustav Wasa as a friend of the Lutheran Reformation. These included the two former church superiors Peder Jakobsson Sunnanväder and Knut Mickelsson . These were hostile to the king, partly for personal reasons. The two who had previously served the imperial administrator Sten Sture had been removed from office by the king. Sunnanvädder bishop ago by Västerås been and Mickelsson was provost in the same city and was on suspicion of involvement in a conspiracy been dismissed from office. Both began to perform in Dalarna at the end of 1524 and spread lies there about how King Gustav Wasa supposedly dealt with the widow and children of Sten Sure. They capitalized on the needs of the Dalarna people and from the ancient love for the Sture race . In this way they secured the support of many people in Upper Dalarna.
In the spring, the people of Dalarna held a meeting in Stora Tuna where they wrote a letter to the king declaring that they would renounce faith and obedience to the king in the future. With this the movement reached its climax. When King Gustav Wasa took Kalmar by storm, the unrest calmed down significantly. During a personal visit by the king in Stora Tuna, the farmers of Dalarna reassured him of their loyalty.
The leaders of the uprising fled to Norway, probably in July 1524. There they received protection from the Archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson in Trondheim and from the governor Vincens Lunge , who for various reasons was not sympathetic to Gustav Wasa. King Gustav Wasa requested the extradition of the two leaders in Norway . This undertaking was also attended by the Danish King Frederick I supported. In July 1526 Knut Mickelsson was extradited to Sweden. He was brought before a clerical and secular court in Stockholm and charged with treason . In September of the same year, Peder Jakobsson Sunnanvädder was also transferred to Sweden. Both were led through the streets of Stockholm in a humiliating parade and subsequently sent to prison. Sunnanvädder was sent to Uppsala a short time later and had to answer there before a court that had a similar composition to the one before which Knut Mickelsson had stood. The spiritual members of this court protested because of a bias of the court, but the secular decision-makers prevailed and sentenced Sunnanvädder to death by wheels . The verdict was immediately implemented. A few days later, Knut Mickelsson suffered the same fate in Stockholm.
Second Dalarna Uprising 1527–1528
The two leaders of the first uprising had not yet been fully punished when it came to the second. There was still a lack of everyday necessities. King Gustav Wasa continued to show a strong inclination to introduce the Lutheran Reformation into the church, which went against the will of the general public. A tax that was supposed to help repay the old debts to the Hanseatic League that arose when Stockholm was taken in 1523 caused further resentment. In January 1527 the king accused the Dalarna people of their harsh and unruly response to the demand for a new tax. At the same time, a person called the Daljunker began performing in Dalarna . He began to stir up people and particularly criticized King Wasa's dealings with Sten Sture's 15-year-old son Nils Stensson Sture . The Leksand , Mora and Orsa parishes were misled by these lies. Stora Tuna , Gagnef and Rättvik , who actually wanted to be neutral at the beginning, also adhered to these . Hedemora , Husby and Skedvy, however, stayed out. The real turmoil actually consisted of a feud between the different communities. The miners Måns Nilsson in Aspeboda and Anders Persson in Rankhyttan were among the leaders of the uprising who stood for King Wasa . The king tried tirelessly to influence the insurgents with letters, and on May 15, 1527 there was a meeting between emissaries from Dalarna and King Gustav Wasa in Uppsala, where the king listened to the complaints of the people and responded to them. Shortly afterwards he was able to get the citizens of Stockholm and the people of Uppland to do what the people in Dalarna asked through two embassies .
Only a few representatives from Dalarna came to the Diet of Västerås in 1527, but they promised to hand over the Daljunker. He initially fled to Norway , but then returned to Dalarna. When this failed, King Gustav Wasa moved with an army to Stora Tuna in February 1528 , where he got the people of Dalarna to agree to a meeting with him under the promise of safe conduct. The community was then surrounded by soldiers and an alderman from the king appeared and gave a sharp admonition. When this did not work, the most stubborn were taken from the crowd and sentenced to death. The sentence was implemented immediately. Those who were left obeyed the king's instructions and asked for mercy. With this act, the Second Dalarna Rising ended.
Third Dalarna Uprising (Bell Rising) 1531–1533
Just as the levying of the tax in 1527 to pay Hansa merchants had led to the outbreak of the second Dalarna uprising, this time it was a bell tax that was introduced in 1531. The bells were to be used for meeting days of the rulers in Örebro and Uppsala. This tax was largely responsible for the third uprising in Dalarna during the reign of Gustav Wasa. The king's envoys were received by the Landsting in Stora Tuna. There it was decided to give a bell from every church in the parish. But when the bells were actually fetched, the mood turned. The farmers of Leksand abused the king's messengers and the residents of Ål and Gagnef refused to deliver their church bells. The farmers from Stora Tuna withdrew and the people from Dalarna sided with the rebels. As in the second uprising, the main ringleaders of the uprising were again Måns Nilsson in Aspeboda, Anders Persson on Rankhyttan and additionally Nils in Söderby from Ål. Instead of following the king's invitation, the people of Dalarna turned to the Diet of Arboga . As none of their actions had any consequence, to their surprise, the people of Dalarna were left to their own devices and were not punished. In August 1531 they offered the king to pay 2,000 marks for their bells . This accepted the offer and in the same breath pardoned the rebels. With that, the Dalarna people believed it was over, but it was a fallacy.
When Gustav Wasa had agreed to accept the proposal of the Dalarna people, he already knew that the former Swedish ruler Christian II had managed to assemble an army in order to regain control of his old empire. And he also knew that his fleet had already sailed from the Netherlands . Under these conditions, King Wasa was only right if there was no unrest in his own country. Christian II's attempt failed. Less than six months later, the king found time to retrospectively settle accounts with the peasantry of Dalarna. So he looked for an excuse to do this, also to punish the events of 1531 retrospectively. There was a possibility that some people from Dalarna had made common cause with Christian II and the Swedish gentlemen who followed him. In January 1533 he ordered the people of Dalarna to meet. He appeared there with many soldiers and gave the peasants a very harsh punishment speech. The most serious troublemakers were sent to prison and the rest were given permission to return home. The bells and the 2,000 marks that had been withheld up to that point now had to be delivered. Some of those captured were immediately sentenced and executed. The rest of them, including the leaders Måns Nilsson , Anders Persson and Ingel Hansson , were taken to Stockholm and thrown into prison there. At the beginning of 1534 they were brought before a court that consisted of the Imperial Council , various barons and Stockholm mayor. There they were sentenced to death. With this process all uprisings in Dalarna, during the reign of Gustav Wasa, ended.
result
There was no fighting in the Dalarna uprising. The only victims were those who were executed. The uprisings lacked good leaders. Because of this, they were never really a threat to Gustav Wasa.
After the uprisings, Dalarna was divided into two bailiwicks . The bailiffs did not come from the area and were delegated from the upper classes of the country. The king had an interest in enhancing what happened. For this he used the chronicler Peder Swart . He described the troubles of the king in the first decade of his power. This chronicle was a major source for historians in the 20th century. The writing of history and this text, too, are shaped by Gustav Va's propaganda.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Dalarna uprisings . In: Bernhard Meijer, Theodor Westrin (ed.): Nordisk familjebok konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Cestius-Degas . Nordisk familjeboks förlag, Stockholm 1906, Sp. 1196 (Swedish, runeberg.org ).
- ↑ a b c faderhist / 0139. Retrieved July 18, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Tacitus.nu. Retrieved July 18, 2013 (Swedish).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Swedish Imperial Archives. Retrieved July 18, 2013 (Swedish).
- ↑ a b c d e f University of Uppsala. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 13, 2019 ; Retrieved July 18, 2013 (Swedish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Mans Nilsson. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 7, 2015 ; Retrieved July 18, 2013 (Swedish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Klockupproret. Retrieved July 18, 2013 (Swedish).
- ↑ a b c Svenskuppslagbok. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 18, 2013 (Swedish). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
