Herman Schaaffhausen

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Herman Schaaffhausen
Herman Schaaffhausen
Villa Schaaffhausen Bad Honnef seen from Kratzgasse
(Richard Huhnen 1923)

Hermann Schaaffhausen ( July 19, 1816 in KoblenzJanuary 26, 1893 in Bonn ) was a German anthropologist and scientist.

Life

Studies and early career

Hermann Schaaffhausen - son of the businessman Hubert Josef Schaaffhausen and Anna Maria Wachendorf from Koblenz - studied medicine in Berlin and Bonn before he habilitated in 1844 and accepted a professorship at the University of Bonn in the same year . He taught the subjects of physiology and anthropology .

Schaaffhausen devoted himself in particular to questions of cultural geography (or human geography ), i.e. the problem of the relationship between man and space, which in the understanding of the time also included racial theories . An early essay entitled "Nature and the culture of peoples", which appeared in 1850, was also dedicated to the topic of the relationship between natural space and culture. On September 24, 1857, at the 33rd meeting of German doctors and natural scientists held in Bonn, Schaaffhausen gave a lecture on "the development of the human race and the educational ability of its races". An observer of the meeting wrote in the Leipziger Illustrirten Zeitung : "The lecture given at this meeting by Prof. Schaaffhausen from Bonn on the importance of culture in human history was very interesting, with the speaker particularly emphasizing the equal rights of all races to culture; in indeed an important topic of our time!" The brief note in the official report on the Three and Thirtieth Meeting of German Natural Scientists and Physicians in Bonn on the Schaaffhausen Lecture read: "Professor Schaaffhausen spoke about the development of the human race, which he regarded as an all-in-one equally appropriate provision, while at the same time trying to refute the widespread view of an essential and unchangeable difference between the races. According to the information in the official report , Schaaffhausen did not speak in detail at this meeting about his examinations of the Neanderthal skull discovered in 1856 earlier in the same year; his own finding ("To the Knowledge of the Oldest Race Skulls") did not appear in print until 1858.

Schaaffhausen and the Neanderthals

In 1857, Schaaffhausen, together with the anatomist Franz Josef Karl Mayer , examined the bones of the holotype of the Neanderthal ( Homo neanderthalensis ), later called Neandertal 1 , and reported on it for the first time on February 4, 1857 at a meeting of the Lower Rhine Society for Natural History and Medicine in Bonn. There he showed a plaster cast of the skullcap found by Johann Carl Fuhlrott in the Neandertal near Mettmann . In the winter of 1857, Fuhlrott traveled to Bonn himself to hand over his fossils there in person. It was probably Mayer who found branched metal deposits, so-called dendrites , on the bones. From his point of view, these indicated old age. Due to illness, Mayer was no longer able to look after the finds and left the further analysis to Schaaffhausen. He compared them with various Neolithic finds from Mecklenburg , together with which he ascribed them "with probability ... to a crude primitive people" , "...which inhabited northern Europe before the Germans , ... had a wide spread ... and with the indigenous population of Britain , Ireland and Scandinavia … was related” . In contrast to Fuhlrott, however, Schaaffhausen was not willing to concede an Ice Age age to the find.

However, Rudolf Virchow in particular denied that the find was a fossil human, an early human, and believed that the special shape of the bone was caused by a rachitic disease . It is thanks to Hermann Schaaffhausen that the skeleton was not sold to England, but is still in the possession of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum today.

Co-founder of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum

Schaaffhausen can be seen as an important co-founder of modern physical anthropology. This applies to special sub-areas of the subject, such as e.g. B. the paleoanthropology , as well as the institutionalization of this science in societies. He was co-founder of the German Society for Anthropology and co-editor of the journal Archiv für Anthropologie .

The defense of the Neanderthal as a special human form cost him his academic career: Despite numerous petitions to the ministry, he remained an associate professor until his 50th doctoral jubilee , i. H. without a seat and vote in the faculty.

Roman spring

Schaaffhausen was a co-founder of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum . He lived in a spacious villa near Honnef , which still exists today and was bequeathed to the Archdiocese of Cologne by his daughter after Schaaffhausen's death (→ Villa Schaaffhausen ). Prince Wilhelm of Prussia was a frequent guest there during his student days in Bonn and lived there at times. In 1876 he himself planted the "Imperial Oak" in the garden of the villa. The Annatal in the Siebengebirge was named after Schaaffhausen's wife Anna, where he had the so-called Roman spring built to irrigate his villa.

In 1893 Hermann Schaaffhausen died in Bonn and was buried on January 29th. His grave is in the Old Cemetery .

honors

Hermann Schaaffhausen was a member of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians . In 1873 he was elected a member of the Leopoldina . In 1889 he became an honorary member of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory .

In the spring of 1864 Schaaffhausen had been appointed "Foreign Secretary" by the Anthropological Society (London) and "Foreign Member" by the Société d'anthropologie (Paris).

publications

essays and lectures

  • "On the progress of the natural sciences, especially physiology". Habilitation lecture at the University of Bonn, November 19, 1844, first printed in Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 20-35 digital copy ZB MED
  • "Progress of Human Formation". In: German Quarterly Writing , Issue 1 (Stuttgart-Tübingen 1848), pp. 1-18. Digitized ANNO . Reprinted under the title "The progress of human education" in the Anthropological Studies (1885), pp. 36-51 digitized ZB MED
  • "The Nature and Civilization of Peoples". In: German Quarterly Writing , Issue 1 (Stuttgart-Tübingen 1850), pp. 179-228 digitized ANNO . Reprint in the Anthropological Studies (1885), pp. 52-100 digital copy ZB MED
  • "On the Persistence and Transformation of Species". In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland , Volume 10 (1853), pp. 420-451 ( zobodat.at [PDF]), reprint in the Anthropological Studies (1885), pp. 134-164 digital copy ZB MED
  • "On the Distribution of Organic Life on Earth". In: German Quarterly Writing , Issue 1 (1854), pp. 188-221 digitized ANNO . Reprinted under the title "The Spread of Organic Life on Earth" in the Anthropological Studies (1885), pp. 101-133 digitized ZB MED
  • "The skin color of the Negro and the approximation of the human form to the animal form" (a lecture given at the meeting of physicians and natural scientists in Göttingen on September 2, 1854). Printed in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 165-183 digital copy ZB MED
  • "The relationships of nature to the fine arts, a lecture held with regard to Cologne Cathedral", Morgenblatt , No. 52 (1855), col. 1225–1232; Kölner Domblatt , No. 120. Reprint in the Anthropological Studies (1885), pp. 205-221 digital copy ZB MED
  • "On the development of the human race and the educational ability of its races: Lecture by Professor Dr. Hermann Schaaffhausen in Bonn". Offprint from: Official report on the 33rd meeting of German natural scientists and doctors in Bonn 1857 Google / Digitalisat ULB Bonn / Still published in Deutsches Museum (ed. R. Prutz), No. 5 (January 28, 1858), p. 161- –172 Google . Reprinted under the title "The development of the human race and the educational ability of its races" in the Anthropological Studies (1885), pp. 222-235 digitized ZB MED
  • "To the knowledge of the oldest racial skulls". In: Archive for anatomy, physiology and scientific medicine (= Müller's archive ), Berlin 1858, pp. 453-478 digitized BDL
  • "On the connection between the phenomena of nature and life". In: Official report on the Fourth and Thirtieth Meeting of German Natural Scientists and Doctors in Carlsruhe in September 1858 , Karlsruhe: Chr. Fr. Müller 1859, pp. 31-37 Google (complete volume). Reprint in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 236-252 digital copy ZB MED
  • "About Death" (a lecture given in Bonn on March 9, 1859). First printed in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 253-273 digitized ZB MED
  • "On the art of living healthily" (a lecture given in Bonn on January 4, 1860). First printed in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 274-293 digitized ZB MED
  • Man's struggle with nature. A lecture held in Düsseldorf on February 1, 1865 , separately printed Düsseldorf 1865 digitized ULB Bonn . Reprint in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 327-354 digital copy ZB MED . Published in English translation under the title "The Struggle of Man with Nature" in The Anthropological Review , Volume V (London 1867), pp. 276-294 Google (complete volume)
  • "Nature and Life". In: Deutsches Museum (ed. R. Prutz), No. 8 (February 23, 1865), pp. 241-255 Google
  • "On the state of the savage peoples". In: Archive for Anthropology , Volume I (Brunswick 1866), pp. 161–190 Google (complete volume). Reprint in the Anthropological Studies (1885), pp. 355-401 digital copy ZB MED
  • "The Doctrine of Darwin and Anthropology". In: Archive for Anthropology , Volume 3 (Brunswick 1868), pp. 259–266. Reprint in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 455-465 digital copy ZB MED
  • About Germanic burial sites on the Rhine , offprint from the yearbooks of the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland (1868), Bonn 1868 digitized ZB MED
  • "On the Archetype of the Human Skull". In: The Royal Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary on August 3, 1868 , Bonn: Adolph Marcus 1868, pp. 59-84 Google . Still published as a special print, Bonn 1869
  • "On the anthropological questions of the present". In: Archives of Anthropology 1868. Offprint of the 1867 Lecture Google . Reprint in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 411-432 digitized ZB MED
  • "About what is purposeful in nature" (a lecture given in Frankfurt am Main on March 6, 1868). In: Archives of Anthropology , Volume III (Brunswick 1868), pp. 87–100 Google . Reprint in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 433-454 digital copy ZB MED
  • "On the Spiritual Being of Man" (a lecture given in Cologne on December 27). First printed in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 466-492 digitized ZB MED
  • "The cannibalism and human sacrifice". In: Archive for Anthropology , Volume IV (Brunswick 1870), pp. 245–286 Google (complete volume). Reprint in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 515-581 digital copy ZB MED
  • "On the Method of Prehistoric Research" (A lecture delivered at the Anthropological Congress in Copenhagen, August 31, 1869). In: Archive for Anthropology , Volume V (Brunswick 1872), pp. 113–128 Google (complete volume)
  • "On Shakespeare's Death Mask". In: Yearbook of the German Shakespeare Society (ed. Karl Elze), vol. X (Weimar 1875), pp. 26-49 Google (complete volume)
  • "About the human jaw from the Shipka Cave near Stramberg in Moravia". In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland , Volume 40 (1883), pp. 279-309 ( zobodat.at [PDF]), offprint from the negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia 40, Bonn 1883 digitized ZB MED
  • "The Skulls from the Loess of Podbaba and Winaric in Bohemia". In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland , Volume 41 (1884), pp. 364–379 ( zobodat.at [PDF]).
  • Schiller's skull . Offprint from the Archives of Anthropology , Vol. 15, Suppl. (1885) Digitized ZB MED
  • "About the human teeth" In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland , Volume 43 (1886), pp. 75–93 ( zobodat.at [PDF]).
  • "Vegetarianism. A lecture given in the Horticultural Society in Bonn on June 30, 1886". In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland , Volume 43 (1886), pp. 67–74 ( zobodat.at [PDF]).
  • "Foreword". In: The Roman camp in Bonn. With two plans. Festschrift for Winckelmann's birthdays on December 9, 1888. Published by the board of directors of the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland , Bonn: Adolph Marcus 1888, p. V-XVII digitized ULB Bonn

monographs

  • De vitae viribus . Inaugural dissertation. Berlin: Nietack 1839 digitized ULB Bonn . In German translation ("About the life force") appeared in the Anthropologische Studien (1885), pp. 1-19 digitized ZB MED
  • The Prehistoric Man. Origin and development of the human race. For educated people of all levels. Started by Wilhelm Baer. After his death and the participation of Professor Dr. H. Schaaffhausen completed and edited by Friedrich von Hellwald . Leipzig 1874 Google
  • The anthropological collections of Germany. List of anthropological material available in Germany. Braunschweig 1877 Google / digital copy ZB MED
  • The anthropological collection of the Grand Ducal Natural History Cabinet in the Old Palace, recorded by H. Schaaffhausen in June 1878 and June 1879 , n.O. 1883 digitized ZB MED
  • The anthropological collection of the Museum of the Senckenberg Natural Research Society and the Senckenberg Anatomical Institute, compiled by H. Schaaffhausen , oO 1883 digitized ZB MED
  • The skull of Raphael. For Raphael Santi's 400th birthday party. Bonn: Max Cohen & Son 1883 Archives
  • Anthropological Studies . Bonn: Adolph Marcus, 1885 digital copy ZB MED
  • The Neanderthal find . Bonn: Adolph Marcus, 1888 digital copy ZB MED

literature

  • Short biographies written by Schaaffhausen himself and handwritten in the Nachlass ULB Bonn (S 2620), partly numbered.
  • Johannes RankeSchaaffhausen, Hermann . In: General German Biography (ADB). Volume 35, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1893, pp. 748-751.
  • Johannes Ranke: "Professor Dr. Hermann Schaaffhausen. Secret Medicinalrat in Bonn". In: Yearbooks of the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland , Issue 94 (Bonn 1893), pp. 1-42 (with a detailed index of publications that lists no fewer than 356 publications).
  • Hermann Hüffer: "Obituary Hermann Schaaffhausen". In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland , Volume 50 (1893), pp. 53–58 ( zobodat.at [PDF]).
  • Johannes Ranke: Dr. Hermann Schaaffhausen (necrology). In: Archives of Anthropology , XXII. Bd., Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig 1894, pp. I-VII.
  • Catalog of the library of Privy Councilor Professor Dr. Schaaffhausen, Bonn, and the book collection of a Dutch bibliophile . Bonn: Buchhandlung Limpertz (1925) (= Math. Lempertz'sche books auction 290) digitized ZB MED
  • Ursula Zängl-Kumpf: Hermann Schaaffhausen (1816-1893). The development of a new physical anthropology in the 19th century. RG Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1990, ISBN 3-89406-115-4 (also dissertation at the University of Frankfurt am Main 1989). Digitized ZB MED
  • Ian Tattersall : Neanderthals. The dispute about our ancestors. From the American by Hans-Peter Krull. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1999, ISBN 3-7643-6051-8 , pp. 74–78, 84.
  • Uwe Hoßfeld: History of biological anthropology in Germany. From the beginnings to the post-war period . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner 2005 (scientific culture around 1900, volume 2), p. 162 f.
  • Digitized works by Schaafhausen and those related to him at the ZB MED

web links

Commons : Hermann Schaaffhausen  - Collection of images

itemizations

  1. "The 33rd Meeting of German Natural Scientists and Physicians in Bonn" . In: Illustrated Newspaper . tape XXIX , No. 747 . Leipzig October 24, 1857, p. 269 .
  2. "Minutes of the Fourth General Session, September 24, 1857" . In: Journal of the 33rd meeting of German natural scientists and physicians in Bonn in 1857 . No. 7 . Bonn September 25, 1857, p. 49 .
  3. "Report on the XXXIII Meeting of German Natural Scientists and Doctors in Bonn" . In: Vienna Medical Weekly . tape VIII , No. 13 . Vienna, March 27, 1858, p. 204 .
  4. Negotiation of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia . 16th year, new series, 6th year, Bonn 1859, p, 153
  5. Karl Günter Werber : Honnefer walks . 2nd revised edition, Verlag Buchhandlung Werber, Bad Honnef 2002, ISBN 3-8311-2913-4 , p. 72
  6. Members of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians 1857
  7. Membership entry by Hermann Schaafhausen at the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina , retrieved on February 13, 2016.
  8. "Honors" . In: Illustrated Newspaper . tape XLII , No. 1080 . Leipzig March 12, 1864, p. 174 .