Lords of Blumberg
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The Lords of Blumberg (also Blumenberg) were originally service men ( Ministeriale ) of the Zähringer and built - presumably on their behalf - the castle after which (or after a mountain in the area) they then named themselves. Since the Zähringer died out in 1218, they gained relative independence and were able to make the city of Hüfingen their center in the interregnum as partisans of the subsequent King Rudolf von Habsburg . The Blumberger family branched out to numerous castles in the area in the 14th century. After the loss of Hüfingen in 1383 due to an unfavorable inheritance regulation, they withdrew to their ancestral castle in Blumberg. The main line died out in the middle of the 15th century, the Blumegger branch survived them for some time.
Ministeriale der Zähringer
The origin of the Blumbergers, who will have had a long family history, can only be determined from documents in the Freiburger Urkundenbuch (FUB). Eduard Heyck identified two mentions. It can be seen there: The place Blumberg existed next to the villages belonging to it today when the last Zähringer, Berthold V, died in 1218; It was a castle and its owners were probably the Zähringer ministerials, possibly also temporarily owned by the Counts of Urach .
Heyck's restriction that the place could also be "acquired differently from the Zähringian rule" does not change the fact that Blumberg is named . Possibly the castle was under their rule after the end of the Zähringer, from which the Urach benefited, but they lost their positions with the end of the Staufer around 1250 and ended "around 1261" with the death of Berthold the Younger.
During this period, two named "Blumbergers" appear for the first time in two documents (1260): In addition to brother Hans von Blumberg (probably a member of the monastery) then Johannes von Blumberg ("Iohannes de Blobinberch"), who subsequently appeared in numerous other documents is mentioned.
Gain the nobility
The construction of the castle
The castle Blumberg "was built on the hill directly above the Wutachtal rises on the southwest exit of the valley. [...] Towards the southwest, the hill was protected by the steep slopes of the Wutach valley. From the north and east, the boggy high valley, later blocked by ponds, barred unhindered access away from an easily guarded road. The function of the castle went beyond that of a pure local castle from the start. It was obviously intended to cover the important Schaffhausen-Hüfingen road and thus joins the fortification system that the dukes of Zähringen began and the Fürstenbergs extended with their vassals. "
It goes without saying that a medieval castle had a courtyard which, as an economic addition, “ensured food in times of peace and war. [...] The village of Blumberg emerged from this building and castle courtyard . "
Since in the Middle Ages, when the castle was beginning to be built, a family did not give the castle their name, but named themselves after the location of the castle, so it can be assumed that the hill (or the nearby mountain) was previously popularly called Blumberg (Blumenberg), and The castle builders called themselves "Lords of Blumberg". Other explanations in the literature would be unusual and do not appear plausible.
"The owners of this castle were the Lords of Blumberg, who can then be found in the interregnum as ministerials (servants) of the Counts of Freiburg, the Counts of Fürstenberg and especially as confidants of the Count and later King Rudolf von Habsburg ."
Background
The Interregnum (1250–1273) was preceded by an unprecedented conflict between Pope and Emperor, which in the empire also led to a large number of fronts between the Hohenstaufen under Friedrich II and the Church. With the death of the emperor in 1250 there was a power struggle of all against all - bishops, princes and also the bourgeoisie of the newly established cities tried to enlarge territories and areas of influence. The lower nobility was in no way inferior to the great, only its methods were less subtle, the robber baron arose. However, the interregnum can also be viewed as a transitional phase: the old order broke up and created a development in which the sovereigns rose to become the new bearers of the state order, and the cities also emancipated themselves through the wealthy bourgeoisie and thus faced more self-confidently the prince. Numerous leagues were formed and finally the clergy electors, dukes and counts agreed on the election and recognition of a new king: Count Rudolf IV of Habsburg.
Documents from 1260
In a document dated March 1260, “brother Hans von Blůmberg” is the first to be mentioned as a witness in a “document of the knight Volker von Kemnat and his son Marquard”, which was issued “in the Paradies monastery ” (near Konstanz). "Brůder" can refer to him as a member of a religious order. The Paradies monastery was a women's monastery belonging to the Poor Clares .
Johannes von Blumberg
According to Hans von Blumberg, a "Iohannes de Blobinberch" is mentioned in a document that same year, in July 1260, and referred to as "milites".
“In another document, among the 26 named witnesses, including the later King Rudolf von Habsburg and Count Heinrich von Fürstenberg and Friedrich von Zollern , the name Iohannes de Blobinberch belonged to the milites . (UB [document book] Zurich 3, no. 1108, p. 206 f.) "
Johannes von Blumberg is not only the name of the place, but also the position of the knight ( miles ), who has now been named twelve times in documents within a few years - in a document from 1264 he is also referred to as nobilis vir ... dominus Johannes de Blůmenberch , who is thus listed here under “the 'noble men'. […] One (can) assume that the Blumberger belongs to at least the so-called lower nobility. ”Owning a castle was mandatory. As a knight he is generally named, mostly in the foreground in the documents. And the documents can be used to describe “the field of people in which the Blumberger moved: They are Count Heinrich I von Fürstenberg , the Counts of Freiburg , the Lords of Klingen , Constance clerics, Heinrich von Krenkingen , the Abbot Albrecht von Reichenau , the Lords of Tengen and above all Count Rudolf von Habsburg. "
Johannes was not only involved in the transfer of property, which always meant political decisions - it is documented “that he fought feuds and wars together with Rudolf von Habsburg and the Counts of Freiburg, therefore with his own following, armaments, horses, etc. was equipped. One can also assume that he had a family. "
At a notarization on August 14, 1272, Johannes von Blumberg was not present, but - presumably as a representative - his son Johannesin von Blůminberc the young .
End of the interregnum
It does not appear to be a coincidence that the Lords of Blumberg are increasingly represented from 1273 onwards - on February 20, a Conrad von Blumberg ( domini C. de Blůmmberg, canonici in Constantienis ) is named as Canon in Constance. In the "emperorless time" from 1250 to 1273, circles or leagues of nobles were able to expand their territories and areas of power on their own and often violently due to the lack of central power. The Blumbergers certainly succeeded, because Johannes was part of the inner circle of Rudolf von Habsburg, who was elected the new German king on October 1, 1273. The lords of Blumberg also benefited from the associated abundance of power - on April 9, 1274 (confirmed) King Rudolf held the Monday market to the noble lord Johannes von Blumberg, one of his chosen loyal followers, which he is used to in Hüfingen. This granting of rights means that Hüfingen will become “the center of rule” for the Blumbergers.
In 1275 entries in the "Liber decimationis", Johannes von Blumberg is "referred to as 'senior' and it becomes clear that he is the patron saint in Blumenfeld, Blumberg, Mundelfingen, Riedböhringen, Watterdingen and Deißlingen."
Another document dated July 24, 1280 “was issued in Blumberg. Acta sunt hec aput in Bluomenberg ... Even if it does not mention Blumberger, or it even concerns Blumberger matters, we hear here in a document for the first time about the place Blumberg - probably the castle. "
Expansion of the castle
In a sketch-like representation from 1620 from the “Landtafel der Baar” and more specifically on an oil painting by Martin Meinrad from 1688, the former clearly delineated location of the castle, town and village is shown.
Originally there was only a farm or building yard in front of the castle, to which then residences for craftsmen and finally a mill were attached. Gradually it was expanded to a reinforced city complex.
Family (gender) of the Lords of Blumberg
The confirmation of the newly elected King Rudolf von Habsburg to Johannes von Blumberg in 1274 to the right to the “Whitsun Market in Hüfingen” already indicated a property relationship that must have been established in the following 20 years - the Blumbergers become lords of Hüfingen .
Markets
The markets law , so comparatively insignificant it appears today was different in the Middle Ages the village from the city, d. In other words, due to its convenient location or otherwise suitable for trade (bridge / customs), which also harbored growth potential for residents, a place became a meeting place for the exchange of goods and affiliated businesses. This originally developed independently, but could also be defined and assigned as a right under centralized power relations. This triggered a chain of legal relationships that ultimately constituted the organizational form of the city .
Expansion of Hüfingen
Hüfingen was located at the intersection of two Roman military roads, which remained a traffic junction for a millennium and thus provided the prerequisite for the formation of an 'urban' center, which King Rudolf delegated to a loyal man in order to organize his sphere of influence and also made it possible for the Blumbergers on a smaller scale, to develop a stately territory.
"If Blumberg was the home castle of the family, then at the turn of the 13th to 14th century Hüfingen , which owes its expansion to a town and its town charter to the Blumbergers, became the center of the entire property."
Branching of the family
For the continuation of the tradition to the Blumbergers, a document dated April 1, 1292 is important, which was connected with events in Hüfingen and which shows a multiplication of new families - a process that is connected with a "network of Blumberg castles" .
- Blumberg Castle : Albertus and Johannes
- Blumenfeld Castle : Konrad
- Blumegg Castle : Heinrich
- Donaueschingen Castle : Johannes and Bertold
- Stahlegg Castle (Stallegg Castle): Johannes
- Tannegg Castle : Konrad
The ownership of numerous towns and farms is also mentioned.
“By the end of the 13th century, the Blumbergers had extensive property in the southern Baar, on the western edge of the Hegau and in the Wutach Gorge. The center of this property was Hüfingen until 1383. "
In Donaueschingen, Bertholdus pupillus is mentioned in 1292 , resident in Tůnovweschingen, […] Johannes de Tůnovweschingen : "The Donaueschingen Castle was an ancient ancestral seat of the Blumberg family." The Blumberg rule existed there until 1450 when "Rudolf von der alten Blumberg d. J. zu Donaueschingen, [... who] died without leaving any male heirs. His brother-in-law, the knight Sigmund vom Stein, was able to take possession of the property and fiefdoms without our being informed about the individual events. "
14th Century
“This ownership is confirmed in a document dated January 5, 1356, in which Diethelm von Blumberg's castle, town and village of Hüfingen were sold half to Konrad von Blumberg and the other half to Johannes the younger von Blumberg and his brothers Rudolf and Albrecht. A large part of the Blumberg noble family lived in this castle. [...] In the following, the source references become more and more frequent and an exact genealogical assignment of the individual Blumbergers is often not possible.
In fact, almost every property was a fiefdom of the higher-ranking ruler, in the case of Hüfingen from the Landgrave of Baar to the Blumbergers, who, however, also in 1356 saw themselves compelled to “allow them the special grace to transfer this fiefdom at will and also may bequeath to female heirs. The determination was confirmed again on April 3, 1380 by Count Heinrich von Fürstenberg the Burkhardt von Blumberg. ”This inheritance occurred in April 1382 with the death of Burkhardt: The Hüfinger inheritance received his“ sister Gueten von Blomberg, wife of Bentzen, in a will von Schellenberg, and their legitimate children. ”This led to a dispute with the Blumberg cousins, which went out in Guta's favor. The "knight Berthold von Schellenberg , who comes from a family from Liechtenstein [...] has been called Mr. von Hüfingen since 1383."
“With that, the Blumbergers had lost their headquarters in Hüfingen after more than 100 years and had to re-establish themselves, ie they had to try to develop a new center that had the quality of Hüfingen. And this new center was Blumberg. "
KS Bader describes this reorganization as an "emergency solution".
Withdrawal and end of the Blumbergers
This change is documented soon afterwards: The Blumbergers withdrew from Hüfingen in a short time, as can be seen from a document dated September 20, 1384. There it says: I, Růdolf von Blůmberg, settled down to Blůmberg . After that, until 1393 the Blumbergers are obviously missing in the documents (the historians Bader and Bechthold do not name any), their position was shaken:
“This event meant a heavy, indeed irreplaceable loss for the entire family. The times were long gone when castle ownership alone guaranteed the existence and security of a noble family. The city had taken the place of the narrow castle. "
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The location of Blumberg, however, did not offer any special prerequisites for turning the castle, farmsteads and the village into a city, because “there was no connection to convenient transport routes, and the space on the castle plateau was too small to be able to design a large-scale facility . [... And] it lacked essential urban features such as city law, market law or mayor. "
In addition, there was still a need for protection against Hüfingen, because attempts had been made “to stabilize the western edge of the Blumberg property with another castle or to secure the Hüfingen access to the Wutach.” In the first document after a long time, on April 22, 1393 a new castle is called Blumberg : Eberhard von Blůmberg von der nuwen Blůmberg ... Again a few years passed before two further documents - 1400 and 1401 - indicate activities: The Blumbergers raise money with the Schaffhausen as guarantors in Basel and Stühlingen (with the sale of Eschach near Achdorf).
The reorganization of their headquarters could not have taken place without royal approval - in fact the loss of the Blumbergers was also a disadvantage for the Fürstenbergers , "who had to fear consequences in their territory from the loss of Hüfingen, because the Schellenbergers were not dependent on them like the Blumbergers. In addition, the conflict between the House of Austria and the Swiss Confederation came to light at the beginning of the 15th century. Blumberg was therefore of no small importance as a bastion against the Swiss. "
For example, the support of the Fürstenbergs when a town was founded in connection with the castle was secured for political and military reasons, but these could not replace the lack of economic prospects.
“The city complex was nothing more than a 'outer bailey', an extended castle. [...] From the start, the foundation lacked the goal of becoming an economically significant center. It was not the market but the fortifications that gave the complex its urban character. […] The castle was simply supplemented by a citizenry, which settled in the outer bailey and indulged in everyday farming or craft activities in order to supplement the contingent of defensive men in times of war. The sources say nothing of a granting of the new facility with city rights. "
“One hears for the first time from the city of Blumberg in connection with the Fürstenbergisch-Lupfischen feud. In a verdict ( attempted mediation) of April 15, 1413, Blůmberg stat was one of the witnesses to be summoned to the Rœmschen court . "
The end of the Blumberg family
"Rudolf von der alten Blumberg" died in 1413 and - according to the historian Bechtold - "no more impulses were to be expected from the dying Blumberg family". His first-born Heinrich was sitting with his wife in Diessenhofen , one of the daughters “was married to Sigmund vom Stein, [...] whose family Blumberg finally passed on. [...] Rudolf the younger of the old Blumberg had died before April 30, 1451 and with him the Blumberg main line had died out. The Blumberg sidelines did not last long either. Sigmund vom Stein and his family came to power in Blumberg. "
The buyer may have been a member of the Swabian noble family of the Lords of Stain , who is referred to in a document from 1473 as "Sigmund vom Stain, Knight".
Probation and destruction of the castle
After Sigmund's death in 1477 or 1478, Blumberg was sold by his heirs in 1479 to the lords of Randegg , from whom the castle and town were transferred to Hans von Landau, who systematically acquired all the shares in 1483/84 and rebuilt the "undoubtedly economically dilapidated Blumberg" complex organizes and expands. In 1497 he received "a letter of freedom from King Maximilian ", which already indicates a special role for the former "Lordship of Blumberg" in a future dispute:
The castle was proven in the Swiss or Swabian War , when the town and the town defended themselves against the Swiss army that had been victoriously drawn from Waldshut : “Since 1499, Blumberg had the reputation of being the town that was the first to stop the Swiss train The unprotected village burned down, but "it was rebuilt 'in its own ashes'."
The castle was destroyed in the Thirty Years War on May 4, 1644 by the French who had occupied it before they retreated. The commander La Valette gave the order to blow up, and - as an old chronicle reports - accidentally a spark fell into the powder and "he himself, his soldiers and several farmers were damaged and 10 were blown up and somehow burned."
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After that, the castle was not rebuilt and “when the war-damaged tower was blown up in 1706, one of the last building complexes of the old castle finally disappeared.” The “last parts of the city wall [were] torn down around 1960” and “decided in 1966/67 the municipal council ordered the demolition of the remains of the wall of Blumberg Castle, as falling stones were disturbing hikers. "
Remarks
- ↑ The following is also entered in the directory of places near Heyck: “Aachdorf, BA. Bonndorf. s. Ministerials von Aachdorf “(508), Hondingen (514), Opferdingen (517).
- ↑ Determination of the naming process by H. Maurer: “The builders did not call the castle after its name, but after the name given to the castle.” ( Helmut Maurer : The role of the castle in the high medieval constitutional history of the landscapes between Lake Constance and the Black Forest . Reprinted from The castles in German-speaking countries. (ed .: Hans Patze) in: lectures and researches XIX, 1976.)
- ↑ In German history, the interregnum was the 'emperorless period', in which, due to the lack of central power, political mores became 'wild' ( robber barons ), but which also offered unusual opportunities for advancement and personal development of power. This applied to the Blumbergers.
- ↑ The Roman term milites was based on miles = soldier and in late antiquity also meant civil administrative officials. From this I developed in the Middle Ages: "Minsteriale". From the 12th century, parts of this originally unfree class of 'servants' developed into the class of the lower or 'knightly' nobility - apart from the ability to cope with courtly duties, they had to be able to carry weapons and be economically secure through their own property. Thus, ministerials serving as knights were initially also 'castle men' on their masters' castles, and since the 12th century they have built their own fortified houses or small castles (ministerial castles) as members of knightly families who have become prosperous. For this they required the sovereign permission. The ministerial castles were not necessarily in the vicinity of rural settlements and villages. Their location was primarily dependent on the respective topographical situation and often secured the territory of their masters, to whom they had to "open" their castles on request.
- ↑ In this document Johannes von Blumberg is also mentioned as pastor of Tuselingen (Deislingen near Rottweil) and of Blumenfeld, but there is still no evidence of a chapel or church in Blumberg at this time. (Richard Gertis: Kirchengeschichte. In: J. Sturm: Blumberg. 1995, p. 276).
- ↑ The painting is in the possession of the Princely-Fürstenberg family (and) is the only historical representation for the period before the 19th century. The original is in Heiligenberg Castle . (Bechthold, p. 81).
- ↑ (Bader, p. 13). It was not until 1620 that Hüfingen was sold to the Fürstenberg family. (E. Balzer: The Lords of Schellenberg in the Baar. Baar XI writings, 1904).
- ↑ The term stat (must) be seen in a differentiated manner [-… and] can also mean neutrally locality. (Bechtold, p. 51, quotation p. 54.). Bader cites a source from 1420 on p. 11, but this could mean the same as above.
- ↑ The designation "von der alten Blumberg" is not a (new) name for the family castle: It describes - in a short period of time - the difference to the recently founded castle Neublumberg .
- ↑ Bader determines the last documented mentions in the “neighboring seat in Donaueschingen”, at Karpfen Castle and for the “Neublumberger Line”. The last naming of a Schaffhausen citizen could be determined in 1470. The castles along the Wutach Valley "had long since passed into other hands." The Lords of Blumeneck existed longer, but they were no longer related to the Blumbergers. (Bader, p. 20.)
literature
- Eduard Heyck : History of the dukes of Zähringen. JCB Mohr, Freiburg im Breisgau 1891–92. (Reprint: Aalen 1980, ISBN 3-511-00945-6 ) (digitized version)
- Karl Siegfried Bader : Castle, Village, City and Lordship of Blumberg. Ed .: Stadt Blumberg, undated, probably 1950 'to regain city rights'.
- Joachim Sturm (Ed. On behalf of the city): The history of the city of Blumberg. Dold-Verlag, Vöhrenbach 1995, ISBN 3-927677-06-X . Here are the posts:
- André Bechthold: From the Middle Ages to the transition to the Fürstenberg house. and
- Eveline Dargel: The official city of the Fürstenberger.
- August Vetter : Hüfingen under the Lords of Blumberg. In: Hüfingen: the former Brigobanne, important Alemannic settlement, former mansion, Fürstenberg. Oberamt and Badische Amtsstadt, the artist town in the heart of the Baar. 1984.
Individual evidence
- ↑ FUB = free. UB = document book of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau, ed. v. H. Schreiber. Freiburg i / B., 4 parts in 2 volumes, 1827–1828.
- ↑ Eduard Heyck : History of the dukes of Zähringen. JCB Mohr, Freiburg im Breisgau 1891–92 (new print Aalen 1980), p. 487/507 and 489/509 (pages in the work / in digitized version): digitized version p. 509.
- ↑ Quotations: Karl Siegfried Bader : Burg, Dorf, Stadt und Herrschaft Blumberg. Ed .: Stadt Blumberg, undated, presumably 1950 'to regain city rights', p. 7 ff.
- ^ WUB 5 [Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch], No. 1578; ThurgUB 3 [Thurgau Document Book], No. 421. Quotation and source in Bechthold, 25 ff.
- ↑ Quotations in the section: A. Bechthold: Middle Ages. 1995, p. 30 ff. The certificate with son in: FUBH 1, No. 259.
- ↑ Quotes in the section: Bechthold: Middle Ages. P. 35 f. Sources given there.
- ^ W. Schlesinger: The market as an early form of the German city. In: Pre and early forms of the European city in the Middle Ages. Göttingen 1973.
- ↑ Bechthold, pp. 37-42.
- ↑ Bechthold, p. 42, cites: August Vetter : Hüfingen under the Lords of Blumberg. 1984, pp. 60-86.
- ↑ Bechthold, p. 39, quotation in note 80 in: Kindler von Knobloch: Oberbadisches gender book . Vol. 1, p. 110.
- ^ Karl Bader: Dominion Blumberg. P. 19 f.
- ↑ A. Bechtold: Middle Ages. P. 51.
- ↑ This and other quotations in the chapter: Bechthold, pp. 53–60.
- ↑ Bechtold, p. 60 ff.
- ↑ Quotes in the section: Bechthold: Middle Ages. P. 52 f., 61 ff. And Eveline Dargel: Fürstenbergische Amtsstadt. P. 95 f. Sources given there.