Hetalia: Axis Powers

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Hetalia: Axis Powers
Original title Axis Powers ヘ タ リ ア
transcription Axis Powers Hetaria
genre Comedy , history
Web manga
author Hidekazu Himaruya
publishing company Self-published
First publication July 2006 - ...
Manga
country JapanJapan Japan
author Hidekazu Himaruya
publishing company Gentosha
First publication March 17, 2008 - ...
expenditure 6th
Web anime
title Hetalia: Axis Powers
Hetalia: World Series
Hetalia: The Beautiful World
Hetalia: The World Twinkle
Original title ヘ タ リ ア Axis Powers
ヘ タ リ ア World Series
ヘ タ リ ア The Beautiful World
ヘ タ リ ア The World Twinkle
Country of production JapanJapan Japan
original language Japanese
Year (s) 2009-2015
Studio Studio Deen
length 5 minutes
Episodes 138 in 6 seasons
Director Bob Shirohata (Axis Powers / World Series) , Hiroshi Watanabe (Beautiful World / World Twinkle)
music Conical
First broadcast January 24, 2009 on Mobile Animate (Axis Powers / World Series) , Animate TV (Beautiful World) , Docomo Anime Store (World Twinkle)
synchronization

Hetalia: Axis Powers ( Japanese Axis Powers ヘ タ リ ア , Axis Powers Hetaria ) is a web manga by Hidekazu Himaruya that has been published since 2006 and has also been adapted as a web anime . The name Hetalia is a suitcase word from hetare ( へ タ レ ), Japanese for “cowardly / useless” and Italia ( イ タ リ ア ) - Italy . It is a history parody with nations personified , with an emphasis on the Axis Powers and the Allies as well as other historical events that are told as social interactions of the cute , almost always male characters. The characteristics of the more than 40 states in human form are mostly based on clichés .

content

In episodic excerpts, Hetalia tells the story, politics, economy and tourism of various countries, mostly exaggerated or satirically exaggerated. The states serving as protagonists in human form fulfill the role of the whole country in political affairs, a soldier or worker from the respective country who receives instructions from mostly nameless and faceless superiors, a tourist on a trip abroad or a tourist guide or even as required only a model citizen. It can happen that the protagonists fight in one episode in Africa during the Second World War, in the next episode they show a tourist their country and in the third episode they again attend a conference of the United Nations as delegates . Another storyline is Chibitalia , set during the childhood of European countries in the Middle Ages, and it is about the love of the Holy Roman Empire for Italy.

For the most part, violence is not shown in Hetalia. Wars are only dealt with in the context of political or amusing events, which mostly relate to the fighting strength of the Italians during the world wars. Likewise, any rogue states are renounced and inconveniences or disputes with the character traits of those involved are glorified.

Characters

The characters were named within the official works after the countries whose characters they are supposed to represent. In fan works, however, personal names are often used that Himaruya himself suggested on his website. Including Feliciano Vargas for Italy, Ludwig for Germany and Kiku Honda for Japan.

Axis powers

Cosplayer than Germany
Italy ( イ タ リ ア , Itaria )
(Northern) Italy is the great-grandson of Roma Antiqua , the most powerful country that ever existed, but at some point disappeared without a trace. He is quite naive, cowardly and lazy and waving the white flag or running away at the slightest sign of danger . His favorite dishes are pizza and pasta. As a child (Chibitalia) he grew up in Austria. His older brother is Italia Romano (southern Italy), who grew up in Spain. His trademarks are his left lock of hair and his always closed eyes. When Italy is happy, he usually calls out "Vee ~".
Germany ( ド イ ツ , Doitsu )
Germany is a serious and capable man who attaches great importance to order and rules. Despite his strictness, he is relatively close to Italy and forgives him for constantly having to bail him out. He has combed back blond hair and blue eyes and is the greatest of the Axis powers. Often he suffers from the pressure that everyone is relying on him. He prefers to eat sausage and potatoes and drink beer. His older brother is Prussia , who is far more combative and has a strong tendency to self-aggrandizement; he also shares a common history with Austria , an eccentric artist and musician. Often in Prussia or Austria you can also find Hungary , a wild but constantly worried fighter.
Japan ( 日本 , Nihon )
Japan is a shy and polite young man who is easily overwhelmed with his allies. He wants to keep his traditions and not adapt to Italy and Germany. Although Japan looks very young, it is the oldest under the Axis powers at over 1000 years. His favorite pastime is looking at the different flowers of the season, he is a big animal lover and often carries a katana with him. In the course of the series he befriends more and more nations such as America, Greece or England. His prefectures, including Osaka , often serve him like employees.

Allies

America ( ア メ リ カ , America )
As a very young nation, America is full of energy and always wants to be the leader. England raised him, but they haven't been particularly close since America gained independence. He loves heroes, justice, freedom and his favorite food: hamburgers . His favorite pastimes are playing, making movies, and watching horror films, even though they scare him as hell. America is very self-centered and often gets its brother Canada into trouble. His biggest problem is the lack of planning, as he always storms his head through the wall without thinking, causing more problems than it solves. He has an alien named "Tony" as a pet. Its characteristic is a standing bell.
United Kingdom / England ( イ ギ リ ス , Igirisu )
Even if he keeps arguing with France and used to be a pirate, England is now a gentleman. America grew up with him and learned a lot from him. He cooks badly and often cannot be relied on. What is special about him is that he is probably the only one next to Norway and Romania who can see mythical creatures such as fairies and ghosts and who often deals with magic, for which he is usually considered crazy by the others. As another characteristic, he has fairly large eyebrows. Although he sees himself as a gentleman, he lets himself be driven to white heat in an unpretentious way, especially by America and France. His little brother is Sealand .
France ( フ ラ ン ス , Furansu )
France is a carefree and romantic type with a tendency towards melodrama, especially when thinking of his victories over the centuries. He was enemies with England for a long time, but he wanted an alliance with her in order not to die. He always has a rose with him to underline his own beauty. France has blonde, shoulder-length hair and a stubble. His hobbies include cooking, tourism, striking, drinking wine and flirting - with both women and men. He is said to have a perverse tendency, as he sometimes likes to run around naked, at most dressed in a rose loincloth .
People's Republic of China ( 中国 , Chūgoku )
At 4000 years old, China is one of the oldest nations. He discovered and raised Japan in a bamboo forest, but years later it cheated on him in cold blood and inflicted a wound on his back with his sword. He's a big Hello Kitty fan and likes to carry a panda with him. China usually ends its sentences with the word "aru". His Western comrades often seem strange to him. He wears a typical Chinese robe or uniform and long hair, which he wears in a ponytail. In addition, China is very strong because it has mastered all martial arts and knows how to use wok utensils as weapons. He is also a good cook but also sells mysterious medicine on the side. As a particularly populous country, it also has a large number of more or less loyal subordinates, including Hong Kong and Macau .
Russia ( ロ シ ア , Roshia )
Russia is the greatest of all nations. Although he looks innocent, he has “child cruelty”, which may be due to being bullied as a child. He loves vodka and sunflowers . His two sisters are Belarus and Ukraine . He wears a scarf that he never takes off and lives in a large villa that he used to share with the whole of the USSR. He is afraid of Belarus because she is crazy about him and wants to marry him. He sometimes holds a long tap in his hand as a threatening gesture. When Russia is very angry, he makes the sounds "Kolkolkol". Even if he seems very scary, Russia tries to make friends again and again, but he never really succeeds. His favorite victims and at times vassals are the Baltic brothers Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania .

Conception

Almost all characters and all of the commonly occurring characters are male. The nations are depicted as miniaturized young people or attractively as bishons , and in retrospect also as children in the form of chibi figures. In addition to cuteness, clumsiness or ineptitude is a trait shown by most. The changing stories are not directly related, jump back and forth in world history and deal with historical events as well as modern holidays or events. Historical facts, often explained in the form of footnotes, are woven into the narratives, which are depicted satirically in the implementation as social interaction of the characters.

The stories focus on interactions between European states and America as well as these states with Japan. International conflicts are portrayed as personal or intimate, often childlike, disputes between the characters.

Creation and publication

The manga was created while Hidekazu Himaruya was studying art in New York and has been published by him as a webcomic in the form of Yonkoma and short stories on his homepage since summer 2006 . Many of the stereotypes used come from Himaruya's conversations with other students during his time in New York. Further inspiration came from the Japanese imageboard 2chan about war and the military, especially with regard to Italy's weakness in World War II. From 2008 to October 2013 the Gentosha publishing house published six volumes with collected chapters. For this purpose, material previously published online was revised in order to establish a comprehensible main story and to adapt the images to the changed drawing style of Hidekazu Himaruya. The sequel Hetalia World Stars has been published in the online magazine Shonen Jump + since September 2014, and has been published in four anthologies by the Shueisha publishing house to date. In addition to the series, the art books Hetalia - Arte Stella and their small-format new edition Hetalia - Arte Stella Piccolo were published.

The entire manga was published in German by Tokyopop from March 2012 to July 2014 . In January 2013 the art book Hetalia - Arte Stella was published . Since December 2015, Hetalia World Stars has followed with the same publisher with four volumes so far. The first series also appeared in Spanish, English, Polish, Portuguese, and Chinese. The Chinese publisher Tong Li Publishing is also bringing out the sequel.

Adaptations

Anime

The series, originally consisting of 26 episodes of five minutes each, was produced by Studio Deen in 2009 . Directed by Bob Shirohata and lead author was Takuya Hiramitsu . The character design was created by Masaaki Kannan and Mika Nomura was responsible as producer. The series was initially planned as a television series. Following a petition and official protests from South Korea against the depiction of South Korea in the manga, the series was only released as web anime for mobile phones and on the internet via streaming . An appearance of South Korea was not planned for the anime version. It started on January 24, 2009. In summer 2009, a second season followed with a further 26 episodes. In March 2010, another 48 episodes were published under the title Hetalia: World Series . Later 3 more episodes appeared.

Between the 2nd and 3rd season, a director's cut of an episode was broadcast as a special on March 12, 2010 . This was also included on the Hetalia Fan Disk from May 25, 2010 with two additional extra episodes - one of which was a compilation of Chibi talia scenes from the first season . Another season of Hetalia: The Beautiful World with 20 episodes was streamed on Animate TV from January 25 to June 21, 2013, and its sequel Hetalia: The World Twinkle with 15 episodes from July 3, 2015 on Docomo Anime Store. This web anime was directed by Hiroshi Watanabe .

A German subtitled version of all four seasons was published by the Viewster 2015 platform via streaming . Funimation Entertainment streamed an English version of the series, as well as Chinese, Tagalog, Italian and French versions. It was also World Series translated into several languages, The Beautiful World only into English and Tagalog. To The World Twinkle an English dubbed version was created.

music

The closing song Marukaite Chikyū ( Eng . "Draw a circle, this is the earth") is sung in most of the episodes by Daisuke Namikawa . There are other versions of the song, always sung by a different country. From episode 62, the final song Hatafutte Parade ( Eng . "Flag-Wedel Parade") appears, which is also sung by Italy's spokesman Daisuke Namikawa and is also available in several versions. From episode 100, the final song is Mawaru Chikyuu Rondo . This song is also sung by Italy's voice actors, but there are also several versions of it.

synchronization

role Japanese voice ( seiyū )
Italy (Northern and Southern Italy) Daisuke Namikawa
Germany Hiroki Yasumoto
Japan Hiroki Takahashi
America Katsuyuki Konishi
United Kingdom / England Noriaki Sugiyama
France Masaya Onosaka
Russia Yasuhiro Takato
China, narrator Yuki Kaida
Switzerland Romi Paku
Austria Akira Sasanuma
Hungary Michiko Neya
Liechtenstein Rie Kugimiya
Poland Kazutada Tanaka
Spain Go Inoue
Prussia, Greece, and Estonia Atsushi Kousaka
Sealand Ai Orikasa
Chibitalia Aki Canada
Holy Roman Empire Jun Konno

Radio plays

About Hetalia: Axis Powers , a series of radio plays on CD has been published since August 2008 in nine parts. There are also character CDs with character songs from each nation of the Axis Powers and the Allies, which are sung by the respective voice actor.

Movie

On June 5, 2010, an anime film about the manga was released in cinemas in Japan. The film, titled Ginmaku Hetalia: Axis Powers: Paint it, White (Shiroku Nure!) ( 銀幕 ヘ タ リ ア Axis Powers Paint it, White ( 白 く ぬ れ! )) Was produced by Studio Deen . The film tells a story written especially for this production and revolves around an invasion of the earth by aliens who rob their victims of their identities and turn them into colorless and faceless cartoon characters. After all human weapons have failed, however, the countries manage to inspire the invaders for their cultures and individuality, and thus to avert the end.

Video game

On March 24, 2011, Gakuen Hetalia Portable ( 学園 ヘ タ リ ア Portable ) was a game about Hetalia for the PlayStation Portable . The game is developed by Otomate and published by Idea Factory.

Musicals

In December 2015, a musical adaptation of the manga was performed for the first time. The production in the Zepp Blue Theater Roppongi was directed by Kōtarō Yoshitani and the script was written by Yūsei Naruse. Both were also responsible for the second musical, which was shown in November 2016 at Theater 1010 in Tokyo and the Morinomiya Piloti Hall in Osaka . In July 2017, a third piece followed in the NHK Osaka Hall and in Theater 1010. In March 2018, the fourth and, according to the announcement, last musical was finally presented in the Makuhari Messe, again with Kōtarō Yoshitani as director.

Merchandise

As with many other anime and manga franchises, a number of merchandise items were released for Hetalia . These include figurines, drinks sold at vending machines, Purikura vending machines and trailers.

reception

success

The web manga was quickly a success in Japan and thus sets itself apart from earlier series with personifications of states that, like Afghanistan, were rather moderately successful and controversial. The success on the Internet led to the licensing with the publisher Gentosha in 2008 and the second volume sold over 100,000 copies in Japan in the first week. By 2009 the first two volumes had sold over 700,000 copies. The fourth volume in the sequel Hetalia World Stars sold almost 40,000 copies in the first two weeks of 2017. By 2011 alone, the volumes published up to that point had sold a total of 2 million times.

Fan scene and reactions

The series quickly found a large following , particularly in the Japanese and international Yaoi fan scene. Its fans are mainly teenage girls and young women. From 2010 in particular, thousands of fan products such as dōjinshi (fan manga) and fan fictions were created . Also among cosplayers was Hetalia very popular, so they had to events of anime and manga scene and trendy districts large presence, especially in the Yaoi-trendy district Otome Road in Ikebukuro . At the most important fan fair, the Comic Market in summer 2010, Hetalia was the second most popular series with 1,586 fan circles. Hetalia was the most popular franchise among female fans from 2009 to 2011. The additional events for Hetalia alone had between 1,000 and 10,000 visitors, almost exclusively women. Something similar happened in the international manga scene as early as 2009. On October 24th, 2009 an international "Axis Powers Hetalia Day" took place with 160 events worldwide. This rapid international development of the fan scene was mainly due to the spread of fan translations and scanlations ; the officially published translations did not follow until years later. The fan scene is hardly visible to the outside world, but rather at fan events, which is common in many subcultures, especially in the Yaoi genre, also because of the almost exclusively female following and the predominant, male-homoerotic coloring of the fan works. At fan events related to Japan, on the other hand, Hetalia fans are very noticeable, for example through cosplay and large flags of the personified nations.

The series received little attention from outside the fan scene, but mainly due to the protest from South Korea against the clichéd portrayal of Korea. When a television broadcast of the anime was announced, a petition was initiated by South Koreans with 17,000 signatures against the series. Conversation Party MP Jeong Mi-Kyeong brought the protest to parliament, calling Hetalia a "criminal act", "insulting the Korean people" and calling for diplomatic consequences and a law to deal with the series as an attack on the nation. The main subject of criticism was an episode of the web manga in which Korea is obsessed with touching Japan's breasts, which Japan refuses to allow. The breasts of Japan represent the Liancourt rocks, which are controversial between Japan and South Korea . In addition, the series itself and the fan scene in online media and comments were often criticized for their careless handling of historical events and national symbols, in particular the complete hiding of crimes committed during World War II and the use of symbols from this period by cosplayers. This criticism was also repeated by the cultural scientists working on Hetalia . Although the series has a certain satirical potential, it has no goal of satire other than clichés, since negative parts of the story are left out, and only very simple characters. There is an awareness of this problem in the fan scene. There was an outcry from criticism, especially from the fan scene, when some cosplayers showed the Hitler salute for a photo in 2010. There are rules for fan meetings not to wear symbols of fascism, for example, and to distance oneself from political extremism.

The American critic Jason Thompson calls the characters of Hetalia "good-looking and lovably incompetent", but the jokes are shallow and worn out. For the German magazine AnimaniA , Hetalia is “a manga that you absolutely have to read”. The characters are “sympathetically exaggerated” and endowed with strong personalities, so that when they clash in historical or fictional events, the humor arises by itself: “Literally centuries of controversy and love-hatreds provide plenty of material for the loosely connected gag episodes”. Everyone can have fun at Hetalia , but some things can only be understood with an appropriate knowledge of history and judgment. So the series is also more suitable for older readers. Some jokes are overused or “lose because the Japanese national clichés don't always completely match ours.” The drawings vary widely between “simple strips in which figures defined with just a few lines act against empty backgrounds, to highly complex narrative strands that cover every detail of landscapes, clothing and weather conditions ”. The AnimaniA criticizes the poor paper and the resulting poor print quality of the German edition. The anime implementation is only of mediocre quality.

analysis

The series is seen as an important representative of the Moe concept, a Japanese term for special affection for fictional characters as well as related characteristics of the character. In particular, this concept, which was previously reserved for male target groups, was opened up to a large female audience for the first time with Hetalia . In this way, the Moe concept, taken from the male-dominated part of fan culture, would for the first time meet concepts from the female Yaoi fan scene - only hinted at in Hetalia itself and explicitly in the fan works. Jason Thompson places the series in a series of Moe works that belittle political and military issues, trivialize them and thereby also attract politically motivated criticism. According to Moe's idea, the characters of Hetalia have little connection with the actual stories of the countries. Instead, they are cute and quirky actors in jokes based on history trivia and clichés, and also easy-to-fill projection surfaces for fans. So Hetalia also the subject of critical analysis of Moe, like Patrick W. Galbraith and Hiroki Azuma . Like Joshua Paul Dale, he sees Hetalia as an example of the development away from large narratives with fully developed characters towards simple, easily adaptable "Charas", which are also central to the Moe phenomenon. The characters in Hetalia, which only consist of a few characteristics of their national clichés and their appearance, are such "charas". The fan works are exemplary for dealing with such "Chara" in the Yaoi scene, where the easily adaptable characters are used by creative fans in a number of stories and, above all, placed in romantic and sexual relationships. The reception in this fan scene in particular is promoted by many scenes left open with the almost exclusively male characters, which are not sexually connoted, but can be read as stories of friendship or a sense of duty, but also invite further homoerotic poetry. It is precisely the trivialized narration of historical events that has been freed from all negatives that facilitates this reception.

Joshua Paul Dale also places the series in the tradition of mangas about history, as they developed in the post-war period, but as a departure from the previously serious conveyance of history. In his analysis, Toshio Miyake asks three most important questions about the series: whether Hetalia is anti-Korean and ignores the negative sides of the story; whether Hetalia is an expression of an independent, female fan scene and at the same time part of a post-modern, late capitalist consumer world, an expression of the Japanese way of dealing with transcultural multimedia works and the catchphrase Cool Japan ; And finally, whether Hetalia encourages interest in the culture and history of other countries or is it just simple entertainment for its recipients and the fan works are just a gimmick? He sees each of the perspectives as a legitimate view and concentrates on a consideration against the background of the term Occidentalism . Accordingly, the ideas and exercise of power of colonialism continue as the ideas of opposing, contradicting cultures with “naturally” given properties (such as “progressive” and “traditional”, “ruling” and “dominated”) live on as part of pop culture, among other things. A predominance of Europe and (North) America will be preserved, also through the voluntary subordination of other states. In particular, countries with a “white” population are perceived as particularly important, as studies for Japanese youth also show, while other regions of the world are largely ignored. Miyake also sees this in Hetalia , where almost all stories take place between the states of Europe and the USA and between them and Japan. Besides that, only China and even fewer Korea occur regularly. The popularity of characters known from reader surveys also shows a clear preference for all "white" nations, after Japan in first place. The representation of diverse peoples and nations in a single character concentrates clichés and the ideas of Occidentalism. The USA, Germany and Russia are portrayed as blond, strong, active men, while Japan has a shy, passive and insecure character. Miyake sees the latter as a form of self-orientalization. This Eurocentric perspective of the series could also be an explanation for the rapid worldwide success, since it already serves widespread ideas and is particularly familiar with the European audience.

Fan works can also be viewed against the background of Occidentalism. The pair formation customary in Yaoi from an explicitly active and stronger partner and a passive and weaker partner shows in the evaluation of the frequency at events that Japan always plays the role of the passive partner. Active partners are always representatives of the western nations and generally the pairings that are often represented reproduce the general ideas of the power imbalance between the respective nations. At the same time, the fan culture, charged with homoerotism, is in contrast to the classical ideas of Occidentalism. Together with the belittling of nations that already exist in the work itself and the treatment of conflicts as childish quarrels, the series also offers an ironic reading, be parody itself and in its adaptations in the fan scene and dealing with stereotypes. Since the stories are loosely connected and the protagonists have little characterization beyond clichés, Hetalia invites different interpretations and offers a lot of space for processing in fan works. This can also be seen as a reason for the success of the series. Reader surveys showed that the readers particularly value the cuteness and humor of the series. The motivation is the joy of parody, of telling your own story with the characters and playing with genders and (homo-) sexuality , as can generally be seen in the Yaoi scene. Many fans do not have a comprehensive picture of European history and also rather little interest in working on fan works for Hetalia, but fans research culture and history and some travel to the country that is the subject of a story. In summary, according to Toshio Miyake, the criticism of racist, occidentalist stereotypes in Hetalia cannot be ignored, but it must also be stated that the series and its fan scene are at the same time an expression of a liberated approach to nation, sexuality, gender and subjectivity by women. However, many concepts of Occidentalism were preserved as subtexts. Joshua Paul Dale sees the success of the series not as a refusal to remember crimes, but as a will not always to take history seriously. And the homoerotic charge and sexualization of any relationship between states that is happening in the fan scene virtually perverts the bond between the individual and his nation, advertised by nationalists.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Miyake, 2013, note 19.
  2. ↑ a b Miyake, 2013, [1.7], [2.1].
  3. ↑ a b c AnimaniA 06-07 / 2012, p. 78f.
  4. ↑ a b Helen McCarthy: A Brief History of Manga . ilex, Lewes 2014, ISBN 978-1-78157-098-2 , pp. 80 .
  5. ↑ a b c d AnimaniA 04–05 / 2012, p. 30f.
  6. ↑ a b c d Miyake, 2013, [2.2], [2.3], [2.4], [3.1], [3.2].
  7. ↑ a b Miyake, 2013, [4.7].
  8. ^ Miyake, 2013, [5.8].
  9. ↑ Hetalia Axis Powers Web Manga Gets TV Anime. Anime News Network , accessed July 10, 2009 .
  10. ↑ a b c Miyake, 2013, [3.2], [3.3].
  11. ^ A b c Jason Thompson: Militant Cute and Sexy Politics in Japanese Moe Comics [NSFW]. In: Gizmodo. November 13, 2009, accessed January 3, 2019 .
  12. ↑ Hetalia Fan Disk to Include Unstreamed Episode. In: Anime News Network. February 23, 2010, accessed July 8, 2011 .
  13. ↑ AnimaniA 5/2015, p. 9.
  14. ^ Official website for the Hetalia Axis Powers anime. Retrieved August 19, 2009 .
  15. ^ Hetalia Franchise Gets Musical Adaptation in Tokyo in December . In: Anime News Network . ( animenewsnetwork.com [accessed October 31, 2018]).
  16. ^ Hetalia Gets 2nd Stage Musical, Adds Takeshi James Yamada as Spain . In: Anime News Network . ( animenewsnetwork.com [accessed October 31, 2018]).
  17. ^ Hetalia Gets 3rd Stage Musical in July . In: Anime News Network . ( animenewsnetwork.com [accessed October 31, 2018]).
  18. ^ 'Final' Hetalia Musical Announced for March . In: Anime News Network . ( animenewsnetwork.com [accessed October 31, 2018]).
  19. ↑ Japanese Comic Ranking, December 9-15. Anime News Network , accessed July 10, 2009 .
  20. ↑ Hetalia Anime's Second Season Green-Lit (Updated). Anime News Network , accessed August 19, 2009 .
  21. ↑ Japanese Comic Ranking, June 5-11. In: Anime News Network. June 14, 2017, accessed October 25, 2018 .
  22. ↑ a b c d e Joshua Paul Dale: Axis Powers: Hetalia Cosplay — Another End to History? Ed .: Tokyo Gakugei University. 2012 (Essay on “Deep Drawings: Socio-Political Themes in Animé and Manga”, 2012 Modern Language Association annual convention in Seattle, Washington).
  23. ↑ AnimaniA 08-09 / 2010, pp. 54f.
  24. ↑ a b Miyake, 2013, [5.5] - [5.14].
  25. ^ Patrick W. Galbraith: The Moé Manifesto . Tuttle Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-4-8053-1282-7 , pp. 174 f .
  26. ↑ Miyake, 2013, [3.4] - [4.4], [5.1] - [5.4].
  27. ↑ Miyake, 2013, [4.5] - [4.6].
  28. ↑ Miyake, 2013, [6.2] - [6.4].

literature

  • Toshio Miyake: Doing Occidentalism in Contemporary Japan: Nation Anthropomorphism and Sexualized Parody in Axis Powers Hetalia. In: Kazumi Nagaike, Katsuhiko Suganuma (eds.): Transnational Boys' Love Fan Studies; special issue of Transformative Works and Cultures . No. 12 , 2013, doi : 10.3983 / twc.2013.0436 .
  • Kim Hyo Jin: Is 'Cute' History Possible? Through the Case of Nation Anthromorphication Cartoon Hetalia . In: Japanese Studies . No. 28 , 2009, p. 185-208 .
  • Ling Yang: The World of Grand Union: Engendering Trans / nationalism with BL in Chinese Hetalia Fandom . In: presented at Global Polemics of BL [Boys' Love]: Production, Circulation, and Censorship, Oita University, Japan . January 23, 2011.
  • World Conflict / World Conference: Axis Powers Hetalia. In: Sandra Anett: Anime fan communities: Transcultural flows and frictions. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014. ISBN 978-1137480651

Web links

Commons : Hetalia  - collection of images, videos and audio files