Heterometrus cyaneus
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Heterometrus cyaneus |
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| ( CL Koch , 1836) |
Heterometrus cyaneus is a scorpion of the family Scorpionidae widespreadin Indonesia , Malaysia and the Indian Nicobar Islands and the Philippines .
description
Heterometrus cyaneus is a 95 to 117 millimeter long scorpion. Adult animals have a black to greenish black basic color, only the telson can have a reddish brown color. The combs of the comb organ have 12 to 16 teeth in both sexes. The femora and patella of the pedipalps show no sexual dimorphism . The chelae are lobed, with a length to width ratio of about 2 to 2.3 to 1. Their upper side is covered with rounded granules that only partially form keels. The carapace has a smooth and shiny surface, only the edges can be granulated. The telson is hairy and spherical, with a poisonous bladder that is longer than the venomous sting .
distribution and habitat
As Terra typica of Heterometrus cyaneus , Java was given in the first description . The fixing of an neotypes was Banyuwangi ( 8 ° 13 ' S , 114 ° 22' O ) to the east of the Indonesian island Java to location type.
For Heterometrus cyaneus , numerous dubious or verifiably incorrect location information has found its way into the literature. These include Nagasaki , Singapore , Vietnam , "Africa" and "Usambara". The numerous false statements can at least partially be explained by the large number of synonyms of Heterometrus cyaneus . In fact, the species is common in Indonesia , the Malaysian part of Borneo Island and the Philippines . A statement from Lesser Nicobar Islands apparently referred to the Indian Nicobar Islands , probably meaning Klein Nicobar . It is a scorpion from the collection of the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen , which was collected in early 1846 as part of the Danish Galathea expedition .
Systematics
Subspecies
- Heterometrus cyaneus insulanus Couzijn , 1981 : this subspecies was described in 1981 by HWC Couzijn after collection copies from Sumatra and one copy with the location of Lesser Nicobar Islands .
- Heterometrus cyaneus sumatrensis Couzijn , 1981 : this subspecies was also described by Couzijn. He had collection copies from the island of Madura at his disposal.
Initial description
The first description was in 1836 by Carl Ludwig Koch in the third volume of his work The Arachnids . A single adult specimen from the collection of the Nuremberg naturalist and copper engraver Jacob Sturm , whose gender is not evident from the first description, served as a template .
Type material
The specimen from the collection that Koch used to describe the species could not be found at the time of the revision of the genus Heterometrus by HWC Couzijn in 1981. Couzijn therefore designated a male scorpion from the Rijksmuseum collection as a neotype . The morphology of the neotype comes close to the first description and comes from Java. It is now in the Dutch Naturalis Museum in Leiden .
For the subspecies Heterometrus cyaneus sumatrensis , an adult male and an adult female specimen from Padang on Sumatra were identified as holotype and allotype. The male holotype and the female allotype of Heterometrus cyaneus insulanus come from the Indonesian island of Madura . The types of both subspecies are also in the Naturalis Museum in Leiden. Kovařík had not investigated the type material of the subspecies for his revision of the genus Heterometrus and could therefore not provide any information on whether these are valid subspecies.
Further type material is the male holotype and a female paratype of the subspecies Heterometrus petersii luzonensis , which Kovařík synonymous with Heterometrus cyaneus in 2002, in the collection of the Senckenberg Museum of Nature in Frankfurt am Main.
etymology
Koch gave no information about the etymology of the species name. In his first description, however, he gave the examined specimen as the color black with a blue coating , so cyaneus is to be understood as a reference to the dark blue color of the present scorpion.
Synonyms (chronological)
As a species of the genus Heterometrus , Heterometrus cyaneus has been assigned to different genera since it was first described. This was the result of different views of the arachnologists about the validity of individual genres and their differentiation from one another. Heterometrus cyaneus was placed in the genera and subgenus Buthus , Palamnaeus , Heterometrus , Heterometrus (Scorpio) and most recently in 1981 by Couzijn in the subgenus Heterometrus (Heterometrus) . The subgenus Heterometrus and all other subgenera described by Couzijn were abolished in 2004 by František Kovařík in his revision of the genus Heterometrus .
The following names have also been used as synonyms in the literature: Scorpio afer Linné , 1758 (partially), Buthus (Heterometrus) afer Sundevall , 1833 , Buthus defensor Koch , 1837 , Buthus heros Koch , 1837 , Buthus reticulatus Koch , 1837 , Buthus setosus Koch , 1841 , Scorpio (Buthus) afer Gervais , 1844 (partially), Pandinus indicus Thorell , 1876 , Scorpio indicus Pocock , 1893 (partially), Scorpio afer Lönnberg , 1897 (partially), Heterometrus (Heterometrus) petersii luzonensis Couzijn , 1981 .
literature
- HWC Couzijn: Revision of the genus Heterometrus. In: Zoologische Verhandelingen 1981, Volume 184, No. 1, pp. 1–196 (also dissertation, University of Leiden 1981), here pp. 126–130, online PDF , 18.6 MB.
- František Kovařík: A review of the genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828, with descriptions of seven new species (Scorpiones, Scorpionidae). In: Euscorpius , 2004, No. 15, pp. 1-60, online PDF , 6.3 MB.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e František Kovařík: A review of the genus Heterometrus, p. 13.
- ↑ a b c Carl Ludwig Koch: The arachnids. Third volume. CH Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nuremberg 1836-1837, pp. 75-78, panel XCVIII (Fig. 225), digitized .
- ^ A b c H. WC Couzijn: Revision of the genus Heterometrus, pp. 126–130.
- ↑ a b c H. WC Couzijn: Revision of the genus Heterometrus, p. 130.
- ↑ a b H. WC Couzijn: Revision of the genus Heterometrus, p. 131.
- ↑ Gérard Dupré: Dictionary of scientific scorpion names. In: Arachnides. Bulletin de Terrariophile et de Recherche 2016, Supplement to No. 78, p. 18, Online PDF , 560 kB.
- ↑ František Kovařík: A review of the genus Heterometrus, p. 11.
- ↑ František Kovařík: A review of the genus Heterometrus, pp. 2-4.