Hirsauer form

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The Hirsau form is a certificate from King Heinrich IV for the Hirsau monastery . Because of its pioneering character and the frequent adoption by other monasteries, research saw something formulaic in it, which earned the document this title of art.

Lore

The certificate is now in the main state archive in Stuttgart under the signature H 51 U 6 in the holdings of the Kaiserselekten. Since the question of authenticity relating to this document has still not been clarified, it cannot be generally assumed that the document handed down today corresponds to the original. Research is now based on a convincingly made replica. There is also a vidimus of the Hirsau form, which is in the main state archive in Stuttgart under the signature A 491 U 1. Its content is identical to the high medieval copy and was copied in the 15th century. In contrast to the Hirsauer form, the Vidimus has no seal.

Content of the certificate

The deed is dated October 9, 1075 and documents the legal separation of the monastery from the founding family of the Counts of Calw . Above all, the appointment of the abbot, his ordination and the bailiff's rights are newly regulated. In addition, the document contains a number of donated goods that Count Adalbert II von Calw had given the monastery shortly before.

The king here guarantees the convent free choice of the abbot. At the same time, it is emphasized that the election had to proceed according to the Benedictine Rule . The brothers are also allowed not only to elect the abbot (eligere), but also to appoint them (constituere). After that, in a solemn act, the new abbot should receive the abbot's staff from the dean or the prior. There is no question of a subsequent liturgical consecration by the diocesan bishop , as required by church law. The bailiwick right remains with the Counts of Calw, who receive this right from the king by means of a ban loan . The count family receives this right as a right of inheritance, with the restriction that the abbot can choose his own candidate in the event of misconduct. The bailiff is supposed to hold court for the monastery three times a year.

In addition to these legal provisions, the document contains a detailed narrative of the monastery history, which in part differs from other representations. It states that the monastery once at the time of Louis the Pious by a Senator Erlafrid and his son, Bishop Noting of Vercelli , in honor of St. Aurelius and St. Peter was founded. The document thus deviates from the founding narratives described in Codex Hirsaugiensis in that it introduces a peculiar double patronage that is not documented for the period around 1075 and by converting the alleged founding year 830 into a period.

The certificate is concluded with a list of goods that were given to the monastery in the course of the Count's traditio , the solemn handover of the monastery. A large part of this property is located in the northern Black Forest in the vicinity of the monastery. There is also a list of people who testified to this act, which took place on Aurelius Day (September 14th) of the same year. Among the witnesses is Count Liutold von Achalm , whose family donated the Zwiefalten monastery .

Research discussion and question of authenticity

The scientific treatment of the Hirsauer form began as early as the 19th century. After the first overall representations of the Hirsau Monastery, the Hirsau King's Charter first came into focus when Friedrich Thudichum (1893) was considered . Thudichum first called the document a forgery. Due to methodological inadequacies in the reasoning, his judgment was rejected in its radicalism. In the first half of the 20th century in particular, some legal and constitutional historical works made use of monastic documents, such as the Hirsau form. As a result, these documents moved for the first time into the focus of a historical research area that was not interested in the monasteries themselves, but in the structures of a premodern state. Researchers such as Hans Hirsch (1913) also linked these documents with the so-called investiture controversy in order to document a change in mentality in the relationship between secular and spiritual violence.

The assessment of the editor of Heinrich IV's documents, Dietrich von Gladiss , who declared the Hirsau form with the death cross as a forgery, had consequences. His assessment was based on research by Albert Brackmann (1926) and Adolf Mettler (1934), who had also expressed doubts about the authenticity of the document. A change in this assessment can be seen from the post-war period, when criticism of the authenticity of the document was rare. Theodor Mayer's research in the 1950s played a decisive role in this assessment of the Hirsauer form . His research on constitutional history primarily served to substantiate the idea of ​​the person association state as a delimitation to traditional ideas from the 1930s. The bailiwick rights from monastic documents served him for this purpose. Mayer compared elements of the Hirsau form with monastic habits from Farfa , Fruttuaria and Cluny and came to the conclusion that Hirsau had compiled from existing and, above all, contemporary material. In addition, Mayer explained the special features of the content based on the historical circumstances. For him, the Hirsauer form was therefore considered to be genuine in terms of content, a judgment that some research still shares today.

In the following years, too, numerous researchers followed Theodor Mayer's view and tried for their part to connect the document with the developments of the investiture controversy and the person of Abbot Wilhelm . Abbot Wilhelm was always considered the initiator of this document, as the outdated, progressive content best suited a reform Abbot like Wilhelm. However, the problem with this judgment was always that the document itself testifies that it was drawn up at the instigation of the Count of Calw. So if research stuck to Wilhelm's authorship, it was mainly because the Vita Abbot Wilhelm explained exactly this. In 1975 Alfred Gawlik examined the document from the diplomatic side and tried to look at Mayer's judgment from an auxiliary scientific point of view. He compared the writing on the certificate and the seal used. He came to the conclusion that it was an imitation of the writing of the clerk Adalbero A and that it was a real seal of Henry IV, which, however, probably does not belong to the year 1075. Since Gawlik's judgment, the Hirsau form has been considered a deceptively authentic replica of a real royal document that was made unchanged only a few years later. Since that time, both judgments have largely prevailed, both Theodor Mayer's authenticity in terms of content and Alfred Gawlik's formal authenticity of the document, even if it was no longer considered an original in the form handed down today, but a copy of the original. Only recently have there been doubts about the authenticity of the document. Taking up Adolf Mettler's approach, it was discussed whether the Hirsau form was not a falsification of an originally genuine royal charter, which at the beginning of the 12th century in the course of disputes about the legal status and the future direction of the convention corresponded to one's own wishes and ideals was changed accordingly.

Despite all the arguments expressed, the question of authenticity remains open. This is momentous for historical research, since the Hirsauer form is a kind of model argument in numerous discussions. If it turns out to be a forgery or a significantly later falsification, numerous other theses outside of Hirsau research would have to be subjected to a critical examination to determine whether they are still tenable.

The relationship to the document of Pope Gregory VII.

In addition to the Hirsauer form, a document from Pope Gregory VII is also valid . (JL 5279) as the second authoritative document for the legal development of the Hirsau Monastery. The document confirms that Hirsau is under the protection of the Roman Church. The monastery had thus secured the protection of two central protectors. It is noticeable, however, that the Pope makes these concessions without Hirsau seeking formal exemption. Even after the papal charter, Hirsau remained officially subject to the jurisdiction of the Speyer bishop.

The research problem was that the document was handed down without a date line and today only exists as a copy. Since the contemporary chroniclers as well as Abbot Wilhelm's vita claimed that Abbot Wilhelm traveled to Rome after the Hirsau form had been issued to have the privilege confirmed by the Pope, it was initially assumed that it was made in the winter of 1075/76. Contradictions in terms of content also turned out to be problematic when it came to dating. The two documents apparently quote each other, which in fact could not be possible. More recent research now tends to date the papal charter to autumn 1074. The royal charter mentioned therein could be seen in a deperditum of Henry IV that the publisher of the royal charter dated to 1071. Research also considers it unlikely that Pope Gregory ever confirmed a document like the Hirsauer form, since it clearly violated current church law. This fact also favors the changed chronology of the two documents.

Influence of the Hirsauer form on other monastic documents

The term “Hirsauer form” is based on the assumption that the deed soon became a model for other monasteries, how they could regulate their relationship with the founders, the bishop or typical protectors such as king or pope, very individually. Against this background, research has long tried to document these takeovers on a textual level. Both ideational references and verbatim quotations were registered in the following decades, which seemed to confirm this view.

The first takeovers were the documents for Hasungen Monastery (1081) and Komburg Monastery (1090). While in the first case only echoes of the abbot electoral passage can be seen, in Komburg's case verbatim adoptions can be found for the first time, which is why the year 1090 was declared the term ante quem for the tracing of the Hirsau form. The problem with this view, however, is that the authenticity of the Hasung certificate has long been disputed and is therefore no longer relevant as evidence. In the case of Komburg, it is noticeable that the text appears shortened in terms of content at the appropriate places, even if the central dispositions are the same. Therefore, a reverse direction of the text transfer must also be considered. In this case, the Komburg deed would represent the basic text, which in Hirsau was extended by insertions in some places, according to our own ideas.

Further adoptions of complete passages of the Hirsauer form can only be found again in the first third of the 12th century. Here, at the time of Emperor Heinrich V , there is a quantitatively high density of documents, the content of which was closely based on the Hirsau template. The documents for Eisenhofen-Scheyern (1107), St. Georgen (1108) and Gottesaue (1110) should be mentioned here. What is noticeable about this finding, however, is that such a pattern for monastic endeavors for freedom was only received accordingly around 30 years after its creation.

In addition to the direct, content-related takeovers, the Hirsauer form also brought further ideas into circulation. For example, only there is spoken of a sub- bailiff (subadvocatus) , a term that was still alien to the royal chancellery at the time of Henry IV. At that time this notion was used almost exclusively in private documents west of the Rhine. The sub-bailiff found its way into the formulas of the royal chancellery during the reign of Henry V and in Hirsau-independent documents only in the 1130s. From this point of view, too, the question should be asked whether the Hirsau form is also a pioneer on a conceptual level or whether it is a falsification at a time when such terms were more common than in the 1070s.

swell

  • Dietrich von Gladiss, Alfred Gawlik (ed.): The documents of the German kings and emperors (= MGH Diplomata regum et imperatorum Germaniae, Volume 6). Hannover 1941, pp. 357-362.
  • Luitpold Wallach, Erich König, Karl Otto Müller (eds.): The Zwiefalter Chronicles Ortlieb and Berthold (= Swabian Chronicles of the Staufer Period, Volume 2). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1978.
  • Manfred Stimming (Hrsg.): Mainzer Urkundenbuch . Volume 1: The documents up to the death of Archbishop Adalbert I (1137). Darmstadt 1932, pp. 253-254 and 277.
  • Leo Santifaller (Ed.): Sources and research on documents and chancellery of Pope Gregory VII (= Studi e testi, Volume 190). Vatican 1957, pp. 71-73.
  • Wilhelm Wattenbach (Ed.): Vita Willihelmi Abbatis Hirsaugiensis (= MGH Schriptores in folio, Volume 12). Hannover 1856, pp. 210-225.

literature

  • Albert Brackmann : The beginnings of Hirsau . In: Albert Brackmann (Ed.): Papacy and Empire. Research on the political history and intellectual culture of the Middle Ages . Munich 1926, pp. 215-232.
  • Heinrich Büttner : Abbot Wilhelm von Hirsau and the development of the legal status of the reform monasteries in the 11th century . In: Journal for Württemberg State History . Volume 25, 1966, pp. 321-338.
  • Martin Clauss : Die Untervogtei: Studies on representation in the church bailiwick in the context of the German constitutional history of the 11th and 12th centuries (= Bonn historical research, volume 61). Verlag Franz Schmitt, Siegburg 2002, ISBN 978-3-87710-208-4 .
  • Denis Drumm: The Hirsau historical image in the 12th century: Studies on dealing with the monastic past in a time of upheaval (= writings on Southwest German regional studies, volume 77). Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7995-5277-6 .
  • Pius Engelbert : Wilhelm von Hirsau and Gregor VII . In: Roman quarterly for Christian antiquity and church history . Volume 100, 2005, pp. 145-180.
  • Alfred Gawlik: Analects to the documents of Heinrich IV . In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages . Volume 31, 1975, pp. 370-419.
  • Kassius Hallinger: Gorze-Kluny. Studies on the monastic forms of life and contrasts in the High Middle Ages (= Studia Anselmiana, Vol. 22-25). Rome 1950/51.
  • Walter Heinemeyer : The forgery of the Hasungen Monastery . In: Archives for Diplomatics . Volume 4, 1958, pp. 226-263.
  • Hans Hirsch : The monastery immunity since the investiture dispute. Studies on the constitutional history of the German Empire and the German Church . Weimar 1913.
  • Hans Hirsch: Studies on the privileges of southern German monasteries in the 11th and 12th centuries . In: Communications from the Institute for Austrian Historical Research . Supplementary Volume 7, 1907, pp. 471-612.
  • Hermann Jakobs : The Hirsauer form and its papal document . In: Klaus Schreiner (ed.): Hirsau St. Peter and Paul 1091–1991 . Volume 2, Stuttgart 1991, pp. 85-100.
  • Hermann Jakobs: The Hirsauer. Their expansion and legal status in the age of the investiture controversy (= Cologne historical treatises, volume 4). Böhlau, Cologne 1961.
  • Hermann Jakobs: A certificate and a century. On the meaning of the Hirsauer form . In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine . Volume 140, 1992, pp. 39-60.
  • Theo Kölzer : Studies on the forgery of documents of the St. Maximin monastery in front of Trier (10th – 12th centuries) (= lectures and research, volume 36). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1989, ISBN 978-3-7995-6696-4 .
  • Theodor Mayer : Prince and State. Studies on the constitutional history of the German Middle Ages . Weimar 1950.
  • Adolf Mettler: Research on some sources of the Hirsauer movement . In: Württemberg quarterly for regional history . NF 40, 1934, pp. 147-193 ( Internet Archive ).
  • Karl Schmid : Hirsau monastery and its donors (= research on the history of the Upper Rhine region, volume 9). Freiburg 1959.
  • Klaus Schreiner : Hirsau, Urban II. And Johannes Trithemius. A fake papal privilege as a source for the historical, reform and legal awareness of the Hirsau monastery in the 12th century . In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages . Volume 43, 1987, pp. 469-530.
  • Hansmartin Schwarzmaier : The monastery foundations of Gottesaue and Odenheim and the Hirsauer form . In: Joachim Dahlhaus, Armin Kohnle (Hrsg.): Papstgeschichte und Landesgeschichte (= Archive for Cultural History, Supplement 39). Cologne 1995, pp. 195-225.
  • Josef Semmler : Tradition and protection of the king . In: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History: Canonical Department . Volume 45, 1959, pp. 1-33.
  • Friedrich Thudichum: The forged documents of the monasteries Hirsau and Ellwangen . In: Württemberg quarterly for regional history. Volume 2, 1893, pp. 225-259.
  • Dietrich von Gladiss : The document of King Heinrich IV for Hirsau . In: Journal for Württemberg State History . Volume 3, 1939, pp. 57-62.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Herman Jakobs: A document and a century. On the meaning of the Hirsauer form . In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine . tape 140 , 1992, pp. 39-60 .
  2. ↑ Denis Drumm: The Hirsau historical image in the 12th century: Studies on dealing with the monastic past in a time of upheaval . In: Writings on Southwest German regional studies . tape 77 . Ostfildern 2016, p. 121 .
  3. ^ Hermann Jakobs: The Hirsauer form and his papal document . In: Klaus Schreiner (ed.): Hirsau St. Peter and Paul 1091–1991 . tape 2 . Stuttgart 1991, p. 85-100 .
  4. ↑ The documents of the German kings and emperors . In: Dietrich von Gladiss / Alfred Gawlik (eds.): MGH Diplomata regum et imperatorum Germaniae . tape 6 . Hanover 1941, p. 357-362 .
  5. ↑ Klaus Schreiner: Hirsau, Urban II. And Johannes Trithemius. A fake papal privilege as a source for the historical, reform and legal awareness of the Hirsau monastery in the 12th century . In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages . tape 43 , 1987, pp. 469-530 .
  6. ↑ Denis Drumm: The Hirsau historical image in the 12th century: Studies on dealing with the monastic past in a time of upheaval . In: Writings on Southwest German regional studies . tape 77 . Ostfildern 2016, p. 71-72 .
  7. ↑ The Zwiefalter Chronicles Ortlieb and Berthold . In: Luitpold Wallach / Erich König / Karl Otto Müller (ed.): Swabian Chronicles of the Staufer Period . tape 2 . Sigmaringen 1978, p. 10 .
  8. ↑ Friedrich Thudichum: The forged documents of the monasteries Hirsau and Ellwangen . In: Württemberg quarterly for regional history . tape 2 , 1893, p. 225-259 .
  9. ↑ Hans Hirsch: The monastery immunity since the investiture dispute. Studies on the constitutional history of the German Empire and the German Church . Weimar 1913.
  10. ↑ The documents of the German kings and emperors . In: Dietrich von Gladiss / Alfred Gawlik (eds.): MGH Diplomata regum et imperatorum Germaniae . tape 6 . Hanover 1941, p. 357 .
  11. ↑ Albert Brackmann: The beginnings of Hirsau . In: Albert Brackmann (Ed.): Papacy and Empire. Research on the political history and intellectual culture of the Middle Ages . Munich 1926, p. 215-232 .
  12. ↑ Adolf Mettler: Research on some sources of the Hirsauer movement . In: Württemberg quarterly for regional history . tape 40 , 1934, pp. 147-193 .
  13. ^ Theodor Mayer: Prince and State. Studies on the constitutional history of the German Middle Ages . Weimar 1950.
  14. ^ Hermann Jakobs: A document and a century. On the meaning of the Hirsauer form . In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine . tape 140 , 1992, pp. 43 .
  15. ^ Pius Engelbert: Wilhelm von Hirsau and Gregor VII. In: Roman quarterly for Christian antiquity and church history . tape 100 , 2005, pp. 145-180 .
  16. ↑ Vita Willihelmi Abbatis Hirsaugiensis . In: Wilhelm Wattenbach (Ed.): MGH Scriptores in folio . tape 12 . Hanover 1856, p. 212-213 .
  17. ^ Alfred Gawlik: Analects to the documents of Heinrich IV. In: German archive for research into the Middle Ages . tape 31 , 1975, p. 370-419 .
  18. ^ Hermann Jakobs: A document and a century. On the meaning of the Hirsauer form . In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine . tape 140 , 1992, pp. 44 .
  19. ↑ Denis Drumm: The Hirsau historical image in the 12th century: Studies on dealing with the monastic past in a time of upheaval . In: Writings on Southwest German regional studies . tape 77 . Ostfildern 2016, p. 113-126 .
  20. ↑ Leo Santifaller (Ed.): Sources and research on documents and chancellery of Pope Gregory VII. Vatican 1957, p. 71-73 .
  21. ^ Pius Engelbert: Wilhelm von Hirsau and Gregor VII. In: Roman quarterly for Christian antiquity and church history . tape 100 , 2005, pp. 145-180 .
  22. ^ Hermann Jakobs: The Hirsauer form and his papal document . In: Klaus Schreiner (ed.): Hirsau St. Peter and Paul 1091–1991 . tape 2 . Stuttgart 1991, p. 86 .
  23. ↑ Vita Willihelmi Abbatis Hirsaugiensis . In: Wilhelm Wattenbach (Ed.): MGH Scriptores in folio . tape 12 . Hanover 1856, p. 213 .
  24. ^ Pius Engelbert: Wilhelm von Hirsau and Gregor VII. In: Roman quarterly for Christian antiquity and church history . tape 100 , 2005, pp. 145-180 .
  25. ↑ Denis Drumm: The Hirsau historical image in the 12th century: Studies on dealing with the monastic past in a time of upheaval . In: Writings on Southwest German regional studies . tape 77 . Ostfildern 2016, p. 114-115 .
  26. ↑ Hermann Jakobs: The Hirsauer. Their expansion and legal status in the age of the investiture controversy . In: Cologne historical treatises . tape 4 . Cologne 1961.
  27. ↑ Manfred Stimming (Ed.): Mainzer Urkundenbuch . tape 1 . Darmstadt 1932, p. 253-254 .
  28. ↑ Manfred Stimming (Ed.): Mainzer Urkundenbuch . tape 1 . Darmstadt 1932, p. 277 .
  29. ↑ Adolf Mettler: Research on some sources of the Hirsauer movement . In: Württemberg quarterly for regional history . tape 40 , 1934, pp. 164 .
  30. ^ Walter Heinemeyer: The forgery of documents of the Hasungen monastery . In: Archives for Diplomatics . tape 4 , 1958, pp. 226-263 .
  31. ↑ Denis Drumm: The Hirsau historical image in the 12th century: Studies on dealing with the monastic past in a time of upheaval . In: Writings on Southwest German regional studies . tape 77 . Ostfildern 2016, p. 116-117 .
  32. ^ Hermann Jakobs: A document and a century. On the meaning of the Hirsauer form . In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine . tape 140 , 1992, pp. 58 .
  33. ↑ Martin Clauss: Die Untervogtei: Studies on representation in the church bailiwick in the context of the German constitutional history of the 11th and 12th centuries . Siegburg 2002.
  34. ↑ Denis Drumm: The Hirsau historical image in the 12th century: Studies on dealing with the monastic past in a time of upheaval . In: Writings on Southwest German regional studies . tape 77 . Ostfildern 2016, p. 124-125 .