Immanuel ha-Romi

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Immanuel ben Schlomo ha-Romi , Italian Manouello Romano or Manoello Giudeo (born around 1261 in Rome ; died around 1335), was an Italian writer. He is considered the most famous poet in the Hebrew language from Italy .

Life

Immanuel was born into a noble family in Rome around 1261. In order to earn a living he probably worked as a secretary or administrator of the Jewish community in Rome and as a teacher of poetry. When he was around 35, he lost all of his possessions and began to pull through Italy. Stops on his wanderings were Ancona , Perugia , Camerino and Fermo . In 1321 his father-in-law was murdered, shortly afterwards his parents, his wife and his son died. Immanuel returned to Rome. In 1328 he traveled again to Fermo and began in the house of a local patron with the completion of his maqamen collection , which became known under the title "Machberot Immanuel". Immanuel was in contact with other Jewish poets and scholars, such as Kalonymus ben Kalonymus or his cousins Jehuda and Daniel Romano , as well as contemporary Italian poets such as Bosone da Gubbio and Cino da Pistoia . He died around 1335.

Work (s)

Immanuel wrote works in both Hebrew and Italian, but little of the latter has survived. An essay "On the explanation of the shape of the letters" is known, but it has been lost. His book "Even Bochan" on Hebrew grammar as well as numerous of his commentaries on biblical books, including the book " Mischle (Sprüche) " (printed in Naples 1487), on the Psalms , Ruth , Micha and Esther ( Parma 1879–1884) have been preserved. and excerpts from his commentary on the Song of Songs ( Frankfurt 1908), in which he interprets the lover as a symbol of the active intellect .

Immanuel's Tophet we-Eden ("Hell and Heaven") modestly imitates the comedia of his contemporary Dante, with the guide through the hereafter in Tophet we-Eden in the form of the prophet Daniel. While Dante only mentions Avicenna and Averroes by name in Inferno IV, Immanuel explicitly accuses them of heresies as well as Aristotle, Galen, al-Farabi, Plato and Hippocrates.

The "Machberot Immanuel"

Immanuel's best-known work is his Machberot Immanuel collection (“Hefte Immanuels”). It is a collection of sonnets that are woven into a story. For Immanuel himself, the narrative framework was only an aid to the transmission of his poetry. In his own words, his form was based on Juda al-Charisi , but he actually deviated from this model in numerous points. The strong influence of the Italian environment, the Renaissance and especially Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy are unmistakable . The poetry is full of lust for life, sharp irony and drastic eroticism. Printing was therefore banned as early as the 15th century, and in the Shulchan Aruch Josef Karo spoke out strongly against Immanuel and his poetry. The Machberot Immanuel , however, were by then already twice ( Brescia 1491 and Istanbul was printed in 1535), followed by numerous other issues.

Texts and translations

  • Classic editions of the Machberoth Immanuel are Brescia 1491; Istanbul 1535; Berlin 1796; Lemberg 1870. A first critical edition of the introduction and the first eight Machberoth was provided by H. Brody , Berlin 1926. This was followed by editions by AM Haberman, Mahberot Immanuel be-tseruf mavo, he'arot u-maftehot. , Tel Aviv 1945/46, and D. Jarden, The Cantos of Immanuel of Rome (2 vol.), Jerusalem 1957.
  • The first Machbereth is available in Italian translation:
    • Mahbereth Prima (Il destino). Edited by Stefano Fumagalli / M. Tiziana Mayer. With Hebrew text and a biography of the poet by Guy Shaked. Desio 2002, ISBN 88-87692-08-4
  • The fourteenth Machbereth is available in English translation:
    • The Mahberot. Fourteenth Canto. The inheritance. Translated by Victor Emanuel Reichert. Cincinnati / Ohio 1982.
  • In particular, the 28th Machbereth Hell and Paradise was printed individually and often translated:
    • Prints were made in Prague in 1613; Frankfurt / M. 1713 and more recently:
    • Mahberet ha-Tofet weha-Eden le-Rabbi Immanuel ben Solomon Zifroni / Hell and Paradise based on Dante's Divina Commedia. Edited by Lazarus Goldschmidt. Benjamin Harz, Berlin 1922.
    • A Yiddish translation was printed in Prague around 1660/62.
    • Tofet and Eden or the Divina Commedia: for 600 years. Celebration of Dante Alghieri's in Florence. by Max Emanuel Stern , Vienna: Herzfeld and Bauer 1865. (Rhymed translation)
    • Tophet and Eden (Hell and Paradise). In imitation of Dante's Inferno and Paradiso. From the Hebrew of Immanuel ben Solomon Romi, Dante's contemporary translated into English, with introduction and notes by Hermann Gollancz. London: University of London Press 1921.
    • L'inferno e il paradiso. Introduced and commented by Giorgio Battistoni, foreword by Amos Luzzatto , translation by Emanuele Weiss Levi. Florence 2000, ISBN 88-8057-103-6
  • Immanuel's 38 sonnets were published several times individually:
    • 38 soneṭot: ʻImmanuʼel ha-Romi. Introduced by Jisra'el Smora. (ל"ח סוניטות, הביא לדפוס והקדים מבוא ישראל זמורה) Tel Aviv 1943/44.
    • Dvora Bregman (Ed.): A Bundle of Gold. Hebrew Sonnets from the Renaissance and the Baroque. Jerusalem / Beer Sheva 1997, ISBN 965-235-072-9 (Heb.)
  • The commentary on the Book of Proverbs was first printed in 1487, there is a facsimile print:
    • Sefer Mishle: ʻim perush ʻImanuʼel ha-Romi. Introduced by David Goldstein. Magnes, Jerusalem 1981.

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Gotthard Strohmaier : Avicenna. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-41946-1 , p. 138 f.
  2. ^ Gotthard Strohmaier: Aristotels and his entourage in the Inferno of Immanuel ha-Romi. In: Gotthard Strohmaier: From Democritus to Dante . Preserving ancient heritage in Arab culture. Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 1996 (= Olms Studies. Volume 43), pp. 437–448.
  3. ↑ References for the editions up to 1863 by Julius Fürst : Bibliotheca Judaica II, p. 92f.
  4. ↑ Contains a comprehensive bibliography up to 1956.
personal data
SURNAME Immanuel ha-Romi
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Manuello Romano (Italian); Immanuel ben Schlomo ha-Romi
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian poet in the Hebrew language
DATE OF BIRTH around 1261
PLACE OF BIRTH Rome
DATE OF DEATH around 1335