Ionizing device
An ionization device is the general name of a technical station with at least one ionizer of various types. These stations usually consist of a housing, an internal high-voltage transformer and at least one ionizer integrated on it with the following objectives:
- the ionization of gases, e.g. B. for the degradation of pollutants, the disinfection and odor neutralization of the air
- the electrostatic discharge of objects
- the electrostatic charging of objects
Ionization devices differ in their design and the ionizer used depending on the area of application.
The ionization device for ionizing gases, i.e. as an air conditioner, is discussed below .
history
Ionization devices for ionizing room air using ionization tubes were first manufactured and installed in Switzerland around 1960 by Conrad John Habicht. In addition to his scientific work at the ETH Zurich , the development of the ionization tube and a matching high-voltage transformer, his merit also lies in the development of simple series devices for different applications and areas of application. So he first developed very simple wall-mounted devices that only consist of a housing with a connection cable for a mains voltage of 220 V / 50 Hz, consisting of a high-voltage transformer with 2.85 kV alternating voltage as operating voltage, with fuse protection and an exchangeable ionization tube. On the basis of this device type, he carried out the first installations in cold stores and horse stables, and documented the design parameters based on the verifiable results. In addition, he made devices available to laboratories, test centers, universities and customers for independent investigations and collected letters of reference, test reports, expert opinions and laboratory reports. This successful action, i.e. the production, the installations, the evaluative documentation and the further confirmation of the desired effect and functionality, led to the development of the first duct installation devices for central ventilation systems in buildings and mobile stand-alone devices for areas without permanent installation. The principle used by Conrad John Habicht, which is referred to as CIP - Continuous Improvement Process, has led to today's ionization devices being much more compact, reliable and already 1/3 lighter. The introduction of the building management system in the 1990s led to the integrated remote monitoring of the duct installation devices. Modern, external or internal control and regulation systems also changed the internal structure of the ionizing devices. Numerous manufacturers of ionizing devices are still based on these basic series and only vary in terms of the designation and the built-in high-voltage transformer with operating voltages of 1.5 to> 7 kV. Often even the external dimensions match and only the colors vary.
technical structure
Ionizing devices usually consist of a metallic, preferably stainless steel housing or aluminum with a powder coating, an integrated high-voltage transformer that enables different input voltages from 12 V to 240 V for direct or alternating voltages, a power connection protected with microfuses using a pre-assembled cable optionally with plug and various Ionization tubes in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, numbers and arrangements. Depending on the design of the base station and the intended area of application, power switches, operating and fault indicators, fans , step switches, filter material, remote device monitoring using potential-free contacts and sockets for electrical activation by external control and regulation systems are integrated in the housing of the base station. Ionization devices with operating voltages of 1.5 kV to 2.85 kV on the ionization tubes ionize the air without ozone formation at a MAK value of less than 0.01 ppm . If the operating voltage of 3 kV is exceeded, increasingly higher ozone concentrations occur, which can have harmful effects on health.
Ionization energy
Ionization energy generated by ionization tubes at max. 2.85 kV direct or alternating voltage is released into the air, charged oxygen is in molecular form. The resulting accumulations of oxygen atoms are also called oxygen clusters and are very reactive or have a great oxidizing effect. These so-called oxygen clusters are colorless, non-toxic and harmless to the human organism, as these clusters have even been detected in the blood. Of course, this protection does not apply to lower microorganisms such as germs, bacteria and spores and they are immediately inactivated. Low-energy organic odor gases and pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) are oxidized by the active oxygen (still burned) and break down into their basic components. Ozone, on the other hand, which is generated and given off by insulator tubes of the same design at operating voltages greater than 3 kV, is a colorless to bluish, increasingly pungent smelling, extremely toxic gas. It is about 1.56 times as heavy as air, the density is 2.14 g / l. Ozone consists of three oxygen atoms (O 3 ) and easily breaks down again into molecular oxygen (O 2 ) at room temperature . The atomic oxygen produced as an intermediate stage is also very reactive. Ozone kills and inactivates bacteria much faster than ionized charged oxygen of the intermediate stage.
Ozone formation
In the earth's atmosphere, ozone occurs only in concentrations of 10 −6 to 10 −5 % by volume (corresponding to 0.1 - 0.01 ppm), with around 90% of it in the stratosphere with a broad maximum of 10 ppm are located at an altitude of about 30 km. Ozone is a powerful breath poison. Due to its intense smell, concentrations of approx. 0.2 ppm or cm³ / m³ or 0.42 g / m³ can be perceived. At higher concentrations, the odor becomes unpleasantly pungent and there is considerable irritation of the respiratory organs and eyes. In addition, the olfactory nerves can become numb, whereby the ozone may no longer be perceived after about five minutes of exposure at this concentration. The natural self-protection is thus excluded. Ozone concentrations above> 0.5 ppm are so irritating to the eyes and respiratory organs that they are always noticed. Dryness in the nose and throat, urge to cough, sneeze, tear and headache occur. Ozone concentrations of up to 2 ppm lead to severe irritation of the respiratory tract, taste disturbances, vomiting and side effects lasting for days after exposure for a few hours. Concentrations of more than 10 ppm lead to unconsciousness, possibly to pulmonary bleeding and death if exposed for a longer period of time. Protection against damage to health applies not only to the area affected, but also to maintenance personnel. This potential risk requires a high level of operational safety and, imperatively, a reliable control and warning system. A strongly oxidizing gas like ozone is chemically aggressive. Even low concentrations can damage not only people but also materials and thus impair the functional and operational safety of the entire system. The maximum MAK value for ozone is 0.1 ppm, corresponding to 0.2 mg / m³. If the set limit value is exceeded at the workplace, each gas warning device emits an optical or acoustic signal and at the same time switches off the relevant ozone generator. Ozone attacks almost all materials, and only a few substances withstand the oxidative power of ozone, such as stainless steels, some plastics, ceramics and glass. PVC can be used, but ozone-carrying lines must be made of thick-walled PVC pipe, i.e. PN 16 row 6. Polyethylene is not ozone-resistant and is therefore out of the question for lines carrying ozone. Only high-quality EPDM can be used as the material for the seals .
Assessment of the air treatment and with applicable regulations
The subjective evaluation method used in the past decades to evaluate indoor air quality, odor nuisance or poor exhaust air quality has now been replaced by modern measurement and analysis methods. The determination of pollutants in the air can be measured very precisely with an FID or alternatively with a test tube . Indeterminate odor emissions indoors, technical installations in buildings, from ventilation systems or in the wind over the open fields are from the TÜV by olfactometry exactly verified much. But also germ contamination in / on products, surfaces, in the indoor air itself or in ventilation systems can be reliably determined by laboratories. This can be done directly by sampling, the so-called contact sample of surfaces or by means of air samplers set up in the room, with subsequent evaluation in the laboratory . Quantitative units of measurement such as CFU / m³ - cm² or odor units / GE / m³ - h - m² can be determined before and after the installation of air cleaning systems, as can the achieved degradation rate. Numerous guidelines and legally defined limit values show every task the safe way to the successful acceptance of the technical installations. Repeat measurements secure the achieved reduction status. The ionization performance of the ionization device used can be determined with an ionometer, as can the number of ions in the interior. Reference values for natural ion concentrations have already been determined and documented comparatively at the various locations. However , the connection between indoor air quality, ventilation system and ion concentrations is also presented in VDI 6022 . These quantitative and qualitative statements ultimately enable an assessment of the effect of an ionizing device in connection with the objective, effort and benefit.
Types of ionizing devices
Plug-in device
Small plug-in devices use free convection in the room and were designed, for example, for the cigarette lighter in the car. Just like some other mini modules, these small devices are dependent on external ventilation of the respective room.
Wall unit
Some manufacturers offer wall-mounted units with an integrated fan and step switch in order to be able to dynamically adapt the ionization effect in the room more specifically to the prevailing air problems. An air quality sensor can also regulate the ionization output. Compact wall-mounted units essentially use free convection in the room concerned, with the aim of neutralizing odor, disinfection and degradation of pollutants. Areas of application are z. B. the disinfection of food stored in a cold store or the odor neutralization of storage rooms in which putrefaction takes place.
Floor unit
Floor-standing units are mostly used for temporary installation in rooms with a higher level of air pollution and, like the wall-mounted units, can also contain a fan and step switch. Additional pre-filters can be available for recirculation mode. Depending on the size of the device, different sizes of ionization tubes are used. Areas of application for these devices are e.g. B. Rooms such as living rooms and bedrooms, office areas, hotel rooms. In addition, manufacturers offer these devices in combination with sterilizing UV-C lamps, electrostatic collectors or activated carbon filters. Areas of application are e.g. Living areas, fire damage restoration, cellar disinfection and restoration of crime scenes. With recirculation mode, the room air is sucked in and the air is passed through a pre-filter that separates the solids. Then the air is passed over the ionization tubes and blown ionized into the room.
Compact ionizing units in central ventilation systems
Compact ionization devices with standing or lying ionization tubes for the permanent ionization of the air moved by air conditioning systems in enclosed rooms or buildings, ionize approx. 21% of the oxygen present in the air in the outside air. Since the natural energy content of the oxygen in the outside air and later, inside the ventilation system, loses its charge due to the electrolytic voltage series of all built-in parts and materials, built-in ionization devices cause the natural potential to increase and renaturalize before entering the room. The air treatment, such. B. disinfection , odor neutralization or pollutant degradation , in the sense of bioclimatics, causes an improvement of the room air, the degradation of volatile organic compounds and counteracts the sick building syndrome . As already specified in VDI 6022 for air conditioning systems, it is the task of all technicians, in connection with the planning, construction, continuous operation and maintenance of the same, to produce the room air permanently so that this at least corresponds to outside air quality. Only natural ionization by ionization devices enables the conditioned supply air to neutralize the odors (VOC) occurring in the room, to disinfect the air and all surfaces around which the supply air flows, and to break down pollutants in the materials installed in the room itself. Structural loads are systematically minimized. Pollutants brought in (germs, fungi, bacteria, spores), for example from stored goods in the cold store or by people in the room, are permanently minimized. Decentralized ionization units in the form of permanent wall units can also be used, for example. Contribute to the permanent degradation of pollutants in stables, animal husbandry or kitchen areas, such as the installation of ionizing devices in central supply air systems that affect these areas. The advantage of wall-mounted units in these time-dependent ventilated areas is the permanent exposure, even when the air conditioning system is switched off. Supply air systems with compact ionization devices for underground tunnels, pipes and closed canal systems, serve to neutralize odors and reduce pollutants in the permanently displaced air, e.g. above the changing water level. B. in the sewage system of a sewage treatment plant or a city. Underground tank systems such as B. grease traps , cisterns or large retention basins / storage chambers are also atmospherically open systems that can be odor neutralized on the exhaust air side by specifically supplied ionized air.
Ionizing devices in exhaust air systems
Compact ionization devices in exhaust air systems ionize the remaining oxygen in the air and effect the disinfection of the exhaust air, the odor neutralization and the degradation of pollutants before they are released into the open air. Exhaust air treatment of each individual system is necessary, especially in conurbations, inner cities or commercial areas with a large system density - because the exhaust air of one ultimately also represents the outside air of the other. Odor pollution from large kitchens in one building is often a nuisance Residents in the adjacent building or passers-by directly on the street. The largest number of exhaust air systems without prescribed exhaust air treatment are still in toilets, kitchen hoods with exhaust air connection, garbage rooms, underground garages, every house with a riser pipe and underground waste water connection, every sewer or manhole cover, many laboratories and built-in digestories , grease trap rooms in restaurants, canteens, Snack bars and of course any kind of operational exhaust air. All of these exhaust air systems blow their pollutant loads unhindered into the open air and use the wind to dilute them. Compact ionization devices, which are used purely for the treatment of exhaust air and thus for the targeted breakdown of pollutants in the exhaust air / exhaust air, are operated with high-performance transformers and operating voltages of 3 to 7 kV direct or alternating voltage. Depending on the installation situation of the devices, the specifically generated ozone breaks down again immediately through the immediate release of energy to the pollutant load in the exhaust air. There is only a risk to the maintenance personnel of these devices.
Ionizing devices in the supply and circulating air system
Ionization devices that have been integrated into the circulating air / supply air system cause oxygen ionization on the way into the building. This targeted use of circulating air offers the possibility of a variable and intelligent mixing ratio of outside and circulating air and can achieve considerable savings in energy costs while improving the air quality in the room. People calmly inhale and exhale 7.5 liters of air per minute. That is 0.45 m³ of air per hour. Of this, 5.25 liters reached at a respiratory rate of 15 / min the alveolar space ( alveoli ), that is, actually only 0.315 m³ air must be available for breathing per hour. The oxygen consumption is at least 0.3 l / minute at rest, that is 18 l per hour. Since the air contains 20.93 percent by volume of oxygen, 0.086 m³ air / h is required for an adequate supply of breathing. Humans excrete at least 0.25 l of CO 2 per minute, ie 0.015 m³ per hour. The outside air already contains 300 ppm of carbon dioxide. The MAK value for CO 2 is 5000 ppm. So that this value is not exceeded, there is an amount of outside air that is necessary for sufficient supply of one person with 5.3 m³ / h per person. The minimum proportion of outside air to comply with the CO 2 MAC limit value of 5000 ppm is thus 60 times higher than the minimum oxygen requirement, ie the necessary oxygen supply for people in the room is ensured sixty times. For reasons of air hygiene (odor pollution and other VOCs, bacteria), previous recommendations for the proportion of outside air were made many times higher. So far, the possibility of supply air treatment has received little attention, and the possible load situations (VOC, microorganisms, odor immissions, humidity) in the outside air have also not been adequately taken into account. This ionization causes air disinfection, odor neutralization and a reduction in air pollution in the building. Comfort systems with moisture and heat recovery through proportional air circulation enable the targeted installation of ionization devices, circulation air treatment at outside air level and thus higher amounts of air circulation in the system, which lead to sustainable savings in energy, humidity, cooling or heating output. The permanent pre-ionization of the room air, and thus the constant lowering of the air pollution in the room, enables the room air itself and a few ionization devices in the exhaust air duct to keep acyclically higher pollutant load in the exhaust air constantly low.
Ionizing units in combination with other systems
Ionizing devices with and without ozone formation at operating voltages of 1.5 to 7 kV on the isolator tubes, the ionizing / strongly oxidizing effect can also be combined with other air cleaning systems and thus complement each other. The decisive factors here are the concentration of the pollutant load in the air flow, the degree of purification to be achieved, the costs of the next higher technical system and the weak point of the other system in order to possibly implement it technically alone. Synergy effects and cost savings complement each other and promote the use of various combinations.
Electrostatic precipitator
Electrostatic air cleaners clean with pollutants polluted outdoor air, exhaust air, circulating air or supply air in air conditioning systems by ionization at 6 kV / 12 kV by means of sawtooth-ionizers and the deposition of the charged pollutants ( particle charging ) of separating plates, so-called panels. The ionization performance of these sawtooth ionizers for cleaning and the downstream compact ionization devices with ionization tubes at approx. 2.85 kV return the natural energy content of oxygen to the treated air.
UV technology
The disinfecting effect of ultraviolet radiation has been known in the food industry for decades. In this market segment it is even considered state of the art . Photo-oxidation by UV radiation has also found numerous tasks and areas of application in water and air treatment for many decades. The combination of UV technology with ionization technology has been used in ventilation technology since the end of the 1990s for exhaust air and room air treatment. The activated oxygen in combination with the photo-oxidation damages the cell structure of viruses , mold spores or bacteria so permanently that they become inactive. The activated air acts as a natural cleaning agent in the room air. Depending on the objective of this system combination, the UV-C lamp used forms a certain amount of ozone at 184 nm in the air flow that is passed by and immediately oxidizes the airborne pollutants. At a wavelength of 254 nm, the same UV-C lamp irradiates the germs transported in the air stream and destroys them with a 99.99% probability. The immediately downstream ionization device or, with small amounts of air, an ionization module with just one ionization tube, prepares the air and causes the constant transport of the ionized oxygen in the air flow to the room used by the ventilation technology. The effect of the ionization corresponds to the supply air variant already described. For safety reasons and if the installation situation is unclear, this system combination could be followed by a catalyst or an activated carbon cell to safely break down the residual ozone.
Biofilter
Compact ionization units can be combined with a downstream biofilter in ventilation systems . The ionization tubes are subjected to 2.85 to 4 kV. Depending on the installation situation, ionizing devices are installed in the supply air or self-sufficient air circulation system to reduce the load in the room or work area. Furthermore, ionization devices with voltages of up to 4 kV are integrated in the exhaust air flow to minimize pollutants before entering the biofilter. The ozone generated reacts immediately with the pollutant in the polluted exhaust air. Depending on the installation situation and safety regulations, the ionizing units are integrated directly or in the bypass to the exhaust air flow. The downstream biofilter continuously processes the reduced or selected pollutant concentration. Occurring pollutants that cannot be reduced by oxidation thus selectively lead to the formation of organisms in the biofilter and technical orientation. A 100% regenerative treatment of the biomass in the biofilter is not possible. Only the effective range of ionization and microorganism in the biofilter is redefined. This selective division reduces the size of the biofilter. This improves the service life, economy and technical efficiency. The main saving potential of this combination is in the saved space required for the biofilter itself in a much lower air volume flow through the direct load minimization in the room or at the source, in the saved fan energy, and less water in the biofilter and in the upstream bioscrubber . This results in much lower maintenance costs for both systems as a whole. Profitability calculations for this combination justify the installation, in relation to the next higher exhaust air treatment system.
Activated carbon
Compact ionization devices can be combined in ventilation systems with downstream activated carbon to minimize pollutants in exhaust air flows from technical systems. The voltage of the ionization tube is subjected to <3 kV and the ozone generated reacts directly with the polluted exhaust air. Depending on the installation situation and safety regulations, the ionizing units are integrated directly into the exhaust air flow or in the bypass to the exhaust air flow. The downstream activated carbon filter continuously stores the pollutants and can also absorb very high concentrations, which in turn are broken down directly in the activated carbon in low-load operation due to the unused excess ozone. However, 100% processing of the activated carbon is not possible here. Only the service life is significantly extended as a result.
Air washers and humidifiers
Compact ionization devices can also be combined in ventilation systems with a downstream air washer to minimize the temperature and pollutants of exhaust air flows from technical systems. The ionization tube is subjected to a high voltage of 3 to 7 kV and the maximum ozone generated reacts directly with the pollutant in the polluted air before it enters the air washer. Depending on the installation situation and safety regulations, the ionizing units are integrated directly or in the bypass to the exhaust air flow. As with the activated carbon before, it behaves simultaneously with the preparation and the service life. Air washers also bring solid and liquid pollutants in the exhaust air flow into the water phase and increase the concentration of the washer water up to hazardous waste. Air humidifiers with cold water mist, so-called spray air humidifiers, can be combined in ventilation systems with ionization devices for supply air treatment, as can steam humidifiers. The ionization tubes are subjected to a high voltage of 1.5 to 4 kV and avoid the formation of biofilms in the duct system, which occurs due to the high humidity in the supply air flow and the condensation. In addition, there is a significant improvement in air quality, similar to the ionized air around a waterfall.
Catalysts
Compact ionization devices or individual ionization modules can be combined with a downstream catalyst to minimize pollutants. The isolator tube is subjected to operating voltages of more than 7 kV and the ozone generated reacts directly in the downstream catalytic converter, with the pollutant load in the air stream and with the catalytic converter itself. The catalytic converter is consumed in this oxidative and chemical reaction. In addition to this catalytic reaction through an ozone-forming insulator tube, there are also ozone generators that achieve the same or even better degradation rates at more than 10 kV.
Reaction chamber
Compact ionization devices can also be combined with downstream reaction chambers to minimize pollutant emissions from exhaust air from technical systems. The ionization tube is subjected to a high voltage of 4 to 7 kV and the ozone generated reacts in the reaction chamber directly with the pollutant load of the exhaust air to be treated. Depending on the installation situation and safety regulations, these ionizing units are installed directly or in the bypass to the exhaust air flow or the buffer tank. In the downstream large reaction tank, which continuously lowers the flow rate to <0.2 m / s, high concentrations can be broken down due to the longer reaction time of the ozone with the pollutant load. One or more buffer tanks can be connected to form columns and thus extend the reaction path of the exhaust air flow. The exhaust air volume flow determines the size and number of the buffer tanks. In order to comply with technical and environmentally relevant regulations, various baffles, baffles and lances are also installed in these reaction chambers in order to bring about maximum turbulence and reaction . The electrical control of the ozone devices and the bypass fan takes place depending on the max. Exhaust air concentrations monitored by air sensors.
Ozone water and air treatment
A relatively high amount of energy is required to generate ozone , of which only a small part - a maximum of 5% - can be used for ozone formation. The energy requirement is approx. 18 W / g ozone, i.e. 1.5 kW / 100 g ozone. Including air drying , you can expect 20 W / g of ozone. 95% of the energy requirement is accounted for by heat , light and sound . Therefore the ozone tube has to be cooled with water, because otherwise - as already mentioned - at higher temperatures the ozone breaks down again quickly and the ozone output depends on the temperature in the ozone tube.
Ionizing devices and other applications
Ionization devices, with or without ozone formation, are also used for the disinfection of biological bulk material , minerals or technical gases. The respective operating voltage is based on the permissible MAK value for the permanent work areas of the staff, or max. possible and necessary O 3 concentrations in enclosed, closed areas without regular, unhindered access by personnel. Safety devices, signs and instructed personnel are essential.
Dust build-up
Air ions are able to bind to solid or gaseous substances as well as to dust particles. This makes them heavier than the surrounding air and sinks to the ground. This process is called sedimentation . A second physical effect is the particle charge , which can also be implemented with ionization devices.
Organic waste and sewage treatment plant air
Compact ionization devices can be integrated into ventilation systems for organic waste processing companies for disinfection, minimization of pollutants or odor neutralization . Disinfection performances of 99.99% to below 10,000 CFU / m³ or odor minimization of 95% to below a safe 300 GE / h have already been implemented. In human work areas, the ionization tube is subjected to a high voltage of 1.5 to 3 kV. In storage areas or closed garbage bunkers that are not human work areas, the ionization tube is subjected to a high voltage of 3 to 4 kV, as the ozone generated reacts immediately with the organic pollutant load in the room and is directly degraded. Safety technology for average and maintenance personnel is still required.
silage
Compact ionization units for minimizing harmful substances (VOC) on silage products can be combined with ventilation systems. The ionization tube is subjected to a high voltage of 1.5 to 7 kV, and the ozone that may be generated reacts directly with the organic pollutant load carried by the air and the microorganisms adhering to the silage . The storage of all loaded silage products until further processing is less affected by mold .
Cooling technology
The smallest ionization devices, so-called ionization modules with input voltages of less than 12 V DC or AC voltage, are used in many different ways. Installation in open refrigerated counters or refrigerated shelves , above the evaporator and protected behind the cladding , even makes it possible to dispense with all housing parts.
Further areas of application
Other areas of application of the mini modules with ionization tubes are, for example, integration in standard refrigerators, in gastronomic devices such as ice crusher , convection oven for thermal food preparation, open food counters with cooling function, electric plate warmers, washing machines and tumble dryers with circulating air function, but also as an integral part of air conditioning in cars. Another possibility is the use of solar energy to operate ionizing devices in mobile homes , field kitchens and other mobile applications.
Conformity and norms
- EC Directive 2011/65 / EU (RoHS 2) Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
- EN 55 014 [2000]
- EN 55 104-2 [1987]
- EN 60 335-1 [2000]
- EN 60 335-2-40 + 65 [1995]
- EN 60 555 [1987]
- EN 61 000-3-2 / -3 [2000 + 1995] + A1: 2001
- EMC 99.2.10088.01. + .02 + .03 + .04 + .10 + .11
literature
- Wolfram Franke: Biofilters as part of combined exhaust air treatment processes in wastewater management . 2006 ( PDF; 1.8 MB Uni-Kassel).
- John Jukes, Andrew Jenkins and Julian Laws: The Impact of Improved Air Quality on Productivity and Health in the Workplace . 2006 ( PDF, 58 kB ).
- Dennis Tulenko, REM: OWEA Collections Specialty Workshop 2012 The Conference Center at NorthPointe . 2012 ( PDF, 5.6 MB ).
- Minna Kempe och Yrkeshögskolan Novia: Jonisering av inomhusluft - En interesting air cleaning technique with många frågetecken . 2013 ( PDF; 1.8 MB ).
Web links
- Control systems for ionization http://www.google.com/patents/EP0944941B1?cl=de
- Control system for ionization http://www.google.com/patents/EP1125588A2?cl=de
- Menawater - exhaust air treatment & odor filters http://www.menawater.de/0_p-6od_de.htm
- Indoor air quality - https://www.scribd.com/document/453833774/Neues-Zur-Raumluftqualitat-Nach-Aktuellen-Normen
- Air Ionization Improves Indoor Air Quality - http://www.waterworld.com/articles/print/volume-20/issue-9/product-focus/air-ionization-improves-indoor-air-quality.html
Individual evidence
- ↑ Odor neutralization with ionization ( memento of the original dated August 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , from NETTAG AG, accessed July 31, 2013.
- ↑ Schröter, W., Lautenschläger, K.-H. and Bibrack, H .: Chemie. Facts and laws. (16th edition) Fachbuchverlag Leipzig GmbH, (licensed edition for Verlag Buch und Zeit, Cologne), 1992, ISBN 3-8166-0190-1 , page 226.
- ↑ Indoor pollution and sick building syndrome - ozone (PDF; 1.4 MB) www.uni-saarland.de , accessed on August 21, 2013.
- ↑ Ionizing device used for fire damage restoration ( memento of the original from August 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , D. Seiler AG, accessed July 31, 2013.
- ↑ "ionized air in the interior" (PDF; 1458 kB) Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts - edition 01/2013 , accessed on June 5, 2013.
- ↑ Air hygiene advantages of the targeted use of circulating air by means of ionization (PDF; 89kB) www.blei-institut.de , accessed on August 4, 2013.
- ↑ Indoor smoking cabins - electrostatic precipitator + ionization (PDF; 89kB) expansion-electronic system.de , accessed on August 4, 2013.
- ↑ Ultraviolet radiation for air disinfection. (PDF; 3.03 MB). On: www.howatherm.de. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
- ↑ Air treatment through ionization and photo-oxidation. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 892 kB). On: www.pluggit.com. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
- ↑ Biofilters as part of combined exhaust air treatment processes in wastewater management PDF (5.3 MB), page 43, by Wolfram Franke, University of Kassel, 2011, accessed July 31, 2013.
- ↑ Ionization stage extends the service life of activated carbon PDF (1 MB), from UTL Umwelt Technische Luftreinigung, accessed July 29, 2013.
- ↑ OxyCat Technology ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.6 MB), DELTA Engineering & Chemistry GmbH, accessed August 1, 2013.
- ^ Ozone properties and temperature-dependent half-lives , Ozone Solutions Inc., accessed August 5, 2013
- ↑ Process for the treatment of mechanically, organically and / or biologically contaminated water EP 1349811 A2 patent specification 2001, Luwatec GmbH, accessed on July 29, 2013.
- ↑ Reduction of odor emissions from the brewhouse ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 89kB) Huppmann gea-brewery.com , accessed on August 4, 2013.
- ↑ AIR-BALANCE package ( Memento of the original from August 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from Mercedes Benz, accessed July 29, 2013.
