Yakiv Holovatskyj

Yakiv Holowazkyj (1871)

Cyrillic ( Ukrainian )
	Яків Федорович Головацький
Transl. :	Jakiv Fёdorovyč Holovac`kyj
Transcr. :	Yakiv Fedorovych Holovatskyj
Cyrillic ( Russian )
	Я́ков Фёдорович Голова́цкий
Transl .:	Jakov Fëdorovič Golovackij
Transcr .:	Jakow Fyodorowitsch Golowatski

Jakiw Fedorowytsch Holowazkyj ( Ukrainian Яків Федорович Головацький , Russian Яков Фёдорович Головацкий * 17; ^jul. / 29. October  1814 ^greg. In Tschepeli at Brody , Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , Empire of Austria ; † 1 ^{. Jul} / 13. May  1888 ^{greg .} in Vilnius , Vilnius Governorate , Russian Empire ) was a folklorist and scientist of Galician-Russian folklore and language, poet, historian and professor of Ukrainian language and literature and rector of the University of Lviv . Besides Markijan Schaschkewytsch and Iwan Wahylevytsch he is one of the founders of the literary group "Ruska trijza".

Life

Origin and family

Yakiv Fedorowitsch Holowazkyj was born on October 29, 1814 in the densely forested north-east Galicia in the village of Tschepeli in today 's Lviv Oblast . The Holovatskyj family has its roots in the city of Mykolaiv . His paternal grandfather, Ivan, was mayor of Nikolayev. His father Fedor (* 1782 in Nikolajew) was a priest of the Orthodox-Catholic Church Union . As a child he attended the local elementary school, later went to the secondary school in Lemberg , where he then studied philosophy and theology. Later, Fedor became a strict, but very loving father. Yakiv's mother, Fekla Wasiljewna Jakimowitsch, was the daughter of a priest and a very caring wife. She devoted herself entirely to raising their ten children together, three of whom died in their first years of life. As the second oldest surviving son in the family, Holowazkyj had five brothers and one sister. Nevertheless, the maternal grandparents, who lived in Fekla's hometown Turja , were happy when the grandchildren came to visit. Her grandmother often called her "my Derdasiki ( Russian дердасики ) from Lviv". "Derdasiki" is the name for Germans at the time.

Yakiv Fedorowitsch Holowazkyj founded his own family in 1841 when he married Maria Andreevna Burachinskaya. The couple had six children together who were satisfied with their father for life. They described him as a very polite, calm and balanced man who always tried to avoid conflicts and arguments. For his part, Holowazkyj tried to pass on his life experiences and practical knowledge to his own offspring. Sometimes one of his daughters was even allowed to put her father's finished work on clean paper. Jakiw liked to play chess with his wife Maria.

education

Unlike his brother Nikolaj, who had a Polish nanny, Yakiw Holowazkyj was raised by a Russian-speaking nanny because his mother believed that it would be easier for children to learn Polish, German and other languages ​​than the Russian pronunciation. The mother began teaching her children to read and write at the age of five. In 1820 his father took him to a school in Lviv together with his older brother. There he fell so seriously ill that he had to suspend his schooling and returned to his home village for a year, where his father taught him to read Church Slavonic , but not to write, as he could not do this himself. In 1923 he went back to school in Lemberg, but was transferred back to the second grade on the advice of director Krammer, where he was trained in a class community of 120-150 boys. After German words were written on the blackboard in a substitute lesson for the director and Holowazkyj was the only one able to translate them, he was further promoted by grammar teacher Weiss and one of the best in the subject in the second and third grades, so that he received books as a bonus in both school years . When his brother Nikolaj had to go to the hospital, Ivan and Yakiv were tutored by a private tutor. Furthermore, they dealt so intensively with German spelling that they wrote the dictation correctly in the second year of school. In the exams in the second and third grades, Jakiw came second behind his brother Iwan, which earned him several volumes of German children's books. During this time he began to read a lot and to educate himself, especially in Greek and Roman mythology.

In 1925 he switched to the second grammar school, also known as the Dominican grammar school, where classes were held exclusively in German. His favorite subject was Latin grammar, while he struggled with geography, math, and history. As a result of increased leisure activities, his school grades deteriorated, so that he was only able to show a few very good grades that were no longer sufficient for a bonus.

During and as a result of an auxiliary literary work with the son of his landlord, Ludwig, he became increasingly immersed in books that he obtained from the Lemberg University Library, the Ossolineum in Lemberg and from friends and acquaintances. He taught himself the Russian handwriting, which he took from a table of the German-Russian grammar by Heym . According to his own wording, this was a new revelation for him.

In the higher grades of the grammar school he improved so much in Latin language lessons that he mainly spoke Latin and seldom German. In other subjects, too, he learned more practically and gave less the wording of the teachers, which meant that they rarely gave him full marks. Through the exchange with Masurian high school students about their homeland and language, Holowazkyj got the desire to get to know Slavic dialects and ways of life.

In 1831/32 he graduated from high school and enrolled at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Lviv . He was supported by a grant of 80 guilders a year from the religious fund. At the university he also read books on mainly Russian and Slavic linguistics during the lectures.

When in 1834 Count Jan Tarnowski was looking for students who could speak Church Slavonic and Russian, Holovatskyj and his friend Wagilewitsch were selected to examine and describe Old Slavonic and Old Russian writings. In spring they apologized to the university and carried out ethnographic-linguistic studies on their way through Galicia. Back at university, Holowatskyj found that he had been absent for too long and repeated the academic year, choosing additional optional subjects, e.g. B. Polish language or Polish literature. In the same year he first moved to the Koschitzer Academy, where he completed the first year, and then to the University of Budapest.

In 1835 he returned to Lemberg to the Philosophical Faculty, which he successfully completed in 1841.

death

Holovatskyj was a healthy and powerful man, although he seldom spared himself. At the end of April 1888 he got pneumonia and suffered after a week on July 1st ^. / May 13,  1888 ^greg. sudden death. This event shook the great mass of the population and went parallel to the hearts of his family, friends and admirers. Holowazkyj was buried on July 2nd ^. / May 14,  1888 ^greg. in the Orthodox cemetery in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius .

Create

Since his youth, Holovatskyj collected folk songs, folk beliefs and proverbs in Transcarpathia and examined everyday rural life and the historical past of the Transcarpathian people.

Holowazkyj was one of the first to translate Croatian and Serbian songs into Ukrainian.

As a writer, Holowazkyj was a romantic and a poet. In his works he clearly represented the effect of folk art. The poem Tuha za rodynoju was quickly promoted to a folk song, which was particularly well known in western Ukraine.

Vesna , another poem, expresses the willingness and willpower of young Galician patriots to work for the people.

Holovatskyj wrote not only poetry, but also prose: revisions of folk tales, proverbs, anecdotes and fables, e.g. B. Rak i Vorona , Vovk i babyni Teljata , Dvi Myšky , Džmil 'ta Bdžola etc.

Holowazkyj also worked as a translator. So he transferred z. B. the dramatic ballads Zavyst ' , Smert' mylych , Zaručena z vojevodoju Stepanom , Asan-Agynycja , Dam''jan i jeho ljubka from Serbian. With M. Schaschkewytsch and I. Wahylevytsch he founded a literary group called "Ruska trijzja".

He also distinguished himself as an important publicist. Together with Schaschkewytsch he worked on the anthology Zorja in 1834 . 1836–1837 he was responsible for printing the almanac Rusalka Dnistrovaja . However, this meant that he was under government surveillance his entire life. The almanac played a major role in the literary development of the Galicians. In 1841 Holowazkyj published the anthology of Galician-Ukrainian proverbs.

1846–1847 he published two volumes of the literary anthologies Vinok rusynam na obžynky together with his brother Ivan . These include works by Schaschkewytsch and other Galician writers such as I. Kotljarewskyj , Petro Hulak-Artemowskyj , L. Borowikowskyj , A. Metlynskyj , M. Kostomarow , S. Pysarewskyj, O. Schpyhozkyj as well as works by Croatian and Serbian folklore.

During the revolution in 1848, Holowazkyj defended the then nationally oppressed Galician Ukrainians. Therefore, in 1846, he published the article on the condition of the Russians in Galicia in the yearbooks of Slavic literature, art and science under the pseudonym Hawrylo Rusyn. In this article Holovatskyj condemns serfdom, national oppression, and ridicules the high officials and the church fathers for their greed and greed. The edition with this article was immediately banned. Nevertheless, some editions ended up in the hands of the Lviv seminarians, who managed to reproduce the article 150 times. The Galician people were very convinced of Holovatskyi's article.

In his scientific work, Holovatskyj represented the entirety of the Ukrainian language for the people living north of the Dnepr, in Galicia and in Zakarpattia. He believed that Ukrainian was very important and meaningful among the Slavic languages. Holovatskyj spread Ukrainian literature among Galician readers, emphasizing its cultural importance. The four-volume anthology Narodni pisni Halic'koji i Uhors'koji Rusi made a major contribution to Ukrainian literature. It was published in Čtenija Moskovskogo obščestva istorii i drevnostej in 1878 .

Holowazkyj's important works also include his works: Rozprava o jazyci južnorus'kim i jeho naričijach , Try vstupytel'niji prepodavanija o rus'kij slovesnosti , historical research such as Velyka Chorvatija, abo Galyc'ko-Karpats'ka Rus' and his Research as a folk scientist.

In 1844 his extensive and important geographical dictionary Geografičeskij slovar 'zapadnoslavjanskich i južnoslavjanskich zemel' i priležaščich stran , which also contained a geographical map, was published. Holowazkyj himself was of the opinion that the dictionary was very noteworthy and important for school education, self-education and tourism.

Memberships, awards and honors (selection)

• Honorary Member of the Moscow Association of the History and Classical Studies of Russia (1866)
• Member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (today: Russian Geographical Society )
• Golden Medal of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society
• Large silver medal of the Society for Anthropology and Ethnography in Moscow
• Appointment as a full member of the Moscow Archaeological Association
• Honorary doctorate in Russian literature from the National II Mechnikov University of Odessa
• Honorary member of the Association of Russian Literature
• Honorary member of the Association of Natural Sciences, Anthropology and Etiology in Moscow
• Gold medal for the town of Uvarowo for his examination of the book Stanislaw-August Ponjatkowski in Hrodna and Lithuania in the years 1794–1797 by Michail de-Pule
• Uvarov's premium of 500 rubles for his work Narodnye Pesni Galizkoj i Ugorskoj Rusi (German: Folk songs of the Galician and Carpathian Ukraine)

He received a reward in the form of a ring set with rubies and diamonds for presenting the Geographical Dictionary of West Slavic and South Slavic lands and neighboring countries to the compatriot.

Works

• Rusalka Dnistrovaja. 1837.
• Velyka Chorvatija, abo Galyc'ko-Karpats'ka Rus'. 1841.
• Vinok rusynam na obžynky. 1846/47.
• Rozprava o jazyci južnorus'kim i jeho naričijach. 1849.
• Gramatika ruskogo jazyka. 1849.
• Textbook of geometry for the lower secondary schools with terminology switched on in the Ruthenian language. 1856.
• Galičanin. 1863.
• Naukovyj sbornik Galicko-Russkoj Matycy. 1865, 1866, 1868.
• Bibliografičeskie nachodki vo L'vove. 1873.
• Narodni pisni Halic'koji i Uhors'koji Rusi. 1878.
• Geografičeskij slovar 'zapadnoslavjanskich i južnoslavjanskich zemel' i priležaščich stran. 1884.
• Perežitoe i perestradannoe. 1885/86.

Web links

• Entry on Holovatsky, Yakiv in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine (English)
• Biografičeskij Ukazatel`
• Pravoslavnaja ėnciklopedija
• Bol`šaja biografičeskaja ėnciklopedija

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} L. Je Machnovec ', Dmitrij Vasil'evič Čalij, Jevhen Stepanovyč Šabliovsʹkyj: Istorija Ukrajins ʹ koji Literatury . Naukova dumka, Kiev 1967, p. 346-352 .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} mnib.org.ua