James Grieve (apple)
| James Grieve (apple) | |
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| Art | Cultivated apple ( Malus domestica ) |
| origin | Edinburgh , Scotland |
| breeder | James Grieve |
| Launch | 1893 |
| ancestry | |
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Cross of |
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| List of apple varieties | |
James Grieve , also Grieve , Jems Griev and Dzems Griw , is a cultivar of the cultivated apple ( Malus domestica ). James Grieve is used as a kitchen apple in Europe from July and harvested as a table apple from September . Due to its high juice content, James Grieve was commercially grown in Germany for juice production for a long time. Grown in Scotland by gardener James Grieve , the apple is hardy.
description
The fruit is medium-sized and round to stem-bellied. It is only slightly unevenly shaped and ribs are only weakly recognizable. Since there are now a number of color types, the proportion of red coloring varies. This consists of an orange, which is covered by striking red speckles and stripes. The basic color of the apple is a bright yellow-green in summer, which changes to yellow by autumn. The skin is smooth, somewhat waxy and tough, the apples are sensitive to pressure.
The cream-colored pulp is fine-celled and quickly becomes tender after harvest. James Grieve has a hearty taste that is similar to Gravensteiner . The apple has a pronounced acidity that is part of a complex aroma. In the classification according to basic taste types, James Grieve is together with Retina , Primerouge , Reglindis , Klarapfel and Summerred in the “Gravensteiner” flavor group, which is defined as “juicy, firm, slightly sour”. The intense aroma immediately after harvest becomes milder over the weeks of storage without losing any of its complexity.
The stem of the apple is thin to medium thick and long. It protrudes over the deep pit. The handle pit is deep and wide, and slightly rusted .
Common mutants of James Grieve are mainly characterized by a stronger red color than the parent form. Cited here as an example: Erich Neumanns Roter James Grieve (developed in 1953, darker stripes, later ripe), Lired (Roosje) and Redoat Grieve (with higher yield).
Cultivation
Requirements for climate and soil
The tree is considered healthy and frost hardy. The flowers are also resistant to late frosts. James Grieve tolerates a comparatively wide range of climates and is planted in Europe, for example, from southern Sweden and southern Norway to Styria .
The apple prefers not too dry locations, but in areas with moderate summer precipitation grows better than the otherwise similar Gravensteiner . The tree has a weak growth, spreads out and develops a round crown. James Grieve is easy to train and has cheap fruit wood.
Resistance and susceptibility
The variety is not sensitive to scab and powdery mildew , but is susceptible to twig monilia and fire blight . It is also prone to fruit tree cancer in some areas . Sometimes the pulp is speckled , especially if the apples are picked early.
Fruits and harvest
The pale pink flowers are comparatively striking and handsome. The tree shows almost no alternation in its yield , but bears evenly every year. Even after the June fruit fall , James Grieve still has high curtain densities. A thinning after the June drop ensures greater fruits that usually also tastier and richer in vitamins than are without thinning. With chemical thinning, however, there is a risk of triggering a new fruit fall.
From July the apples can be used for cooking. The apple retains its shape quite well. The juicy apple is well suited for burning alcohol, there are very different statements about its suitability as a juice apple.
The table apples are harvested between mid-August and early October, depending on the climate, and in northern Germany around early September. At harvest time, the apples are susceptible to wind and fall easily. The apples also ripen at a different time, so that several harvest passes are usually carried out.
It is ready for consumption from September to October. James Grieve does not have a good shelf life. It is also not well suited for machine processing, as the apple is too pressure-sensitive for that. The yield is rich and regular. In warm areas, apples can fall off before they ripen.
In breeding
The diploid James Grieve is a good pollen donor. It is one of the few apple varieties that can self-fertilize. James Grieve has been used extensively in breeding since the 20th century and is one of the handful of apple varieties that are the ancestors of today's market varieties. Its robustness against bad climates and its sour taste were particularly valued.
The strains bred from James Grieve include:
| image | Surname | origin | breeder | Breeding year | Launch | Crossed out | source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anton Fischer | Mülheim-Kärlich, Germany | Anton Fischer | 1938 | White clear apple x James Grieve | |||
| Verve | Netherlands | Wagningen research institute | 1967 | 1984 | James Grieve x Golden Delicious | ||
| Elton Beauty | Ince Orchards, Chester, England | NW Barritt | 1952 | James Grieve x Worcester Pearmain | |||
| Falstaff | Kent, UK | East Malling Research | 1965 | 1971 | James Grieve x Golden Delicious | ||
| Greensleeves | East Malling Research, United Kingdom | Dr. Alston | 1966 | 1971 | James Grieve x Golden Delicious | ||
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Jamba | Altes Land , Germany | Fruit growing research institute Jork | 1954 | James Grieve x Melba | ||
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Katja | Sweden | Institute for Plant Breeding | 1947 | 1966 | Worcester Pearmain x James Grieve | |
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Lord Lambourne | Bedfordshire , England | Laxton Brothers | 1907 | 1923 | Worcester Pearmain x James Grieve | |
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Remo | Pillnitz , Germany | Institute for Fruit Research | 1990 | James Grieve x scab-resistant cultivar | ||
| Rheingold | Germany | Anton Fischer (= Weißer Klarapfel x James Grieve) x James Grieve | |||||
| Summer rain | Mülheim-Kärlich, Germany | J. Fischer nursery | 1950 | Anton Fischer x James Grieve | |||
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Topaz | Ruby (= Lord Lambourne x Golden Delicious) x Vanda (= Jolana x Lord Lambourne) |
history
The random seedling was raised by head gardener James Grieve in Edinburgh and named after him by his employer, the Dickson Nursery, and distributed from the 1890s. The apple comes from a wild withered Cox Orange . The apple was first described by Dickson's Nurseryman in 1893, and received the Royal Horticultural Society's (RHS) Award of Garden Merit in 1897 . In 1906 the RHS awarded him a First Class Certificate.
For a long time, James Grieve was grown commercially in the northern growing areas of Europe (Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Germany), especially in combination with Cox Orange . James Grieve served as a pollen donor for Cox, in Germany for example in the Altes Land , where James Grieve was also widely used for juice production due to its juicy pulp.
At the beginning of the 1990s, James Grieve was in commercial cultivation mainly in the Netherlands (20,000 tonnes per year), in Germany (8,000 tonnes per year), in Belgium (3500 tonnes per year), Denmark (1500 tonnes per year) and Austria (750 tonnes per year) J) common.
Since the apple is pressure-sensitive and not very storable, it no longer plays a role in commercial cultivation and has been replaced, for example, by its direct descendant Jamba . It is only of commercial importance in Norway and Sweden. It plays an important role as an uncomplicated, multi-use and comparatively tasty apple in private and regional cultivation.
On the grounds of Dickson's Nursery - where the John Downie apple variety was discovered - has been the Edinburgh Zoo since 1913 , which is still one of the most important arboretums in Scotland today.
Remarks
- ^ Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 78
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Rosie Sanders: The Apple Book. Delius Klasing 2012, ISBN 978-3-7688-3467-4 , p. 39.
- ↑ a b c James Grieve , Orangepippin.com
- ^ Joan Morgan: The Diversity of Flavors of the Apple. In: Tom Jaine (Ed.): Taste: Proceedings; Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery Series. Oxford Symposium, 1988, ISBN 0-907325-39-4 , p. 163 ( online preview on Google Books)
- ^ Franco Weibel and Andreas Häseli: Organic Apple Production in: DC Ferree and IJ Warrington (eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 . P. 564
- ↑ a b c d Joan Morgan: The New Book Of Apples. Ebury Publishing, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4481-7736-3 .
- ↑ John Palmer, Jean P. Privé and D. Stuart Trustin: Temperature in: DC Ferree and IJ Warrington (eds.): Apples. Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing 2003, ISBN 0-85199-592-6 . P. 222
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 79
- ^ A b c d e f g Robert Silbereisen, Gerhard Götz, Walter Hartmann: Obstsorten-Atlas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5537-0 , p. 81
- ↑ a b c Royal Horticultural Society: Malus domestica 'James Grieve' (D) AGM
- ↑ David Jackson, John Palmer: Pome Fruits. In: David Jackson, Norman Earl Looney, Michael Morley-Bunker (Eds.): Temperate and Subtropical Fruit Production. CABI, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84593-501-6 , p. 187.
- ^ Fruit and Nut: Apple cultivars
- ↑ Bavarian State Agency for Agriculture: Apple varieties for the home garden (PDF; 948 kB)
- ↑ K. Evans et al .: Genotyping of pedigreed apple breeding material with a genome-covering set of SSRs: trueness-to-type of cultivars and their parentages. In: Molecular Breeding. 8, (4), 2011, 535 - 547, Supplement 1
- ^ Zoo Gardens , Edinburghzoo.co.uk
literature
- Manfred Fischer (Ed.): Color Atlas of Fruit Types . 2nd Edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-5547-8 , p. 63.
- Walter Hartmann (Ed.): Color Atlas of Old Fruit Types . 2nd Edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-4394-1 , p. 101.
