Hunain ibn Ishāq

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Depiction of Hunain ibn Ishaq in an edition of his isagogue

Abū Zaid Hunain ibn Ishāq al-ʿIbādī ( Arabic أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي, DMG Abū Zaid Ḥunain bin Isḥāq al-ʿIbādī ; * 808 in Hira in today's Iraq ; † 873 in Baghdad ) was a Christian-Arabic scholar, translator and doctor . His Latinized name is Johannitius .

Life

After studying medicine in Baghdad, where Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq was an inquisitive student of Yuhanna ibn Masawaih (also a Nestorian Christian) at the age of 16 , he went on a study trip to Alexandria in Egypt, where he learned Greek . In Basra he studied the Arabic language . As a Nestorian Christian, he mastered the Syrian language .

After his return to Baghdad, he worked in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad , a cultural center with the most important translation school of the time, which was sponsored by the caliph al-Ma'mũn . On behalf of Yũhannã ibn Mãsawaih, ibn Ishãq traveled with colleagues to Syria , Palestine and Egypt in order to acquire ancient manuscripts of the Greek sciences, especially texts by Galenus . In the House of Wisdom, he and his students translated the mostly Syrian versions of the classical Greek texts into Arabic. This made these works known in the Arab world. His translations are characterized by their high quality. Particularly noteworthy are his translations of Galen's works from Greek (partly also from Ancient Aramaic) into Arabic, the original Greek manuscripts of which have been lost. He was later appointed to the post of chief physician at the court of Caliph al-Mutawakkil ; a position he held until the end of his life. In the meantime, the caliph had him locked in prison because he refused to produce a poison intended for the murder of an enemy of the caliph.

Hunain ibn Ishāq was also the author of around 100 of his own books, especially worth mentioning is his ten-part work on ophthalmology , which was edited in Latin by Constantine of Africa in Salerno and became the basis of ophthalmology taught at Western universities as Liber de oculis Constantini Africani . Also to be mentioned is a Greek-Syrian dictionary that originated from him. His stone book (also stone book of Aristotle ) is one of the oldest surviving chemistry books and the oldest Arabic manuscript on mineralogy and is based on Arabic and Spanish scholars. Around 70 minerals are described and the extraction of metals is described (gold, silver, lead, copper, production of brass, mercury). He names mercury and verdigris as poisons.

Without the translation work of Hunain ibn Ishaq, but also through his own books (e.g. Galen's medical isagogy and ophthalmology), the works of ancient sciences would not have been preserved for posterity and the knowledge of that time would not have been expanded. It was through the technical terms he coined that the Arabic language became the language of science. His translation methods are recognized to this day.

His son Ishāq ibn Hunain and the son Hubayš Ibn al-Hasan al-A'sam al-Dimašqī († 888) his sister were his closest collaborators in the translations, especially the philosophical sources. According to the encyclopedia Kitab al-Fihrist of Ibn al-Nadim († 998), Hunain translated Plato's Politeia and Nomoi , as well as his son the Sophistes . With his collaborators, Hunain is said to have translated works by Hippocrates and mathematical works by Euclid and Archimedes , works of logic by Aristotle and Plato's Timaeus . Some of Hunain's works were translated into Hebrew by Moses ibn Tibbon .

See also

Fonts

  • Hunayn ibn Ishâq al-'Ibadi: Isagoge Joannitii in tegni Galieni primus liber medicine , Leipzig: W. Stöcket, 1497.
  • Hunain ibn Ishaq: Isagoge sive introductio Johannitii in artem parvam Galeni de medicina speculativa , Argentorati 1534.
  • Honein ibn Ishâk. Sayings of the philosophers. Translated from Charisi 's Hebrew translation into German and explained by A. Loewenthal . Berlin: S. Calvary, 1896
  • Karl Merkle, The moral sayings of the philosophers "Kitab adab al-falásifa" by Honein Ibn Ishaq (Leipzig, 1921).
  • Gotthelf Bergsträsser (Ed.): Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq About the Syrian and Arabic Galen translations. Leipzig 1925 (= Treatises for the customer of the Orient. Volume 17, 2).
  • Gotthelf Bergsträsser: Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq and his school. Studies of the history of language and literature on the Arabic Hippocrates and Galen translations. Leiden 1913.
  • Gotthelf Bergsträsser: New materials on Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq's Galenbibliographie. Leipzig 1932 (= treatises for the customer of the Orient. Volume XIX, 2).
  • Ten Treatises on the Eye. S. Max Meyerhof, The Book of the Ten Treatises on the Eye Ascribed to Hunayn ibn-Ishaq (809-877 AD). The Earliest existing Systematic Textbook on Ophthalmology , trans. and ed., Cairo: Government Press, 1928.
  • Questions about the eye
  • The book of colors
  • Greek-Syrian dictionary
  • Kitab idrāk haqīqat al-diyāna . Ed. and French translation by Louis Cheikhô in: Carl Bezold (ed.): Oriental Studies Theodor Nöldeke on his seventieth birthday . First volume. Gießen 1906. New edition: Samir Khalil Samir, Maqālat Hunayn Ibn Ishāq fī "kayfiyyat idrāk haqīqat al diyāna" , in: al-Mašriq 71 (1997), 345–363 (ar) and 565–566 (French abstract)
  • Kitāb al-ʿAšr maqālāt fī l-ʿain.
  • The stone book of Aristotle, u. a. published by Julius Ruska ( Research on Aristotle's Stone Book , Heidelberg 1911)

literature

  • Gotthelf Bergstraesser, Hunain ibn Ishaq and his school. Studies of the history of language and literature on the Arabic Hippocrates and Galen translations , Leiden 1913.
  • G. Gabriel, “Hunayn”, in: Isis 4 (1924), 282-292.
  • Max Meyerhof, "New Light on Hunain Ibn Ishaq and his Period", in: Isis 8 (1926), 685-724.
  • Gotthard Strohmaier, "Hunain ibn Ishaq and the pictures", in: Klio 1965, 525-536.
  • Gotthard Strohmaier, "Hunain ibn Ishaq", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden: Brill), 2d Ed. 3: 578-581 (1967).
  • Manfred Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam , Handbuch der Orientalistik, Division I, Supplementary Volume vi, Section 1 (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1970), pp. 115-118.
  • Fuat Sezgin , History of Arabic Literature , Volume 3: Medicine-Pharmacy-Zoology-Veterinary Medicine up to approx. 430 H. (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1970), pp. 247-256.
  • Samir Khalil Samir, حُنَين بن إسحق والخليفة المأمون (813–833 م) ، في: صديق الكاهن 11/3 (1972) 193–198.
  • Hunayn ibn Ishaq . Collection d'articles publiée à l'occasion du onzième centenaire de sa mort, Arabica 21 (1975), 229-330.
  • Hans Daiber , A Compendium of Aristotelian Meteorology in the version of Hunain ibn Ishaq , Amsterdam 1975.
  • Peter Kawerau, Christian-Arabic Chrestomathy from historical writers of the Middle Ages , coll. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 385, Louvain 1977, 54–64.
  • Samir Khalil Samir, SJ et Paul Nwyia, sj, Une correspondance islamo-chrétienne entre Ibn al-Munağğim, Hunayn Ibn Ishāq et Qustā Ibn Lūqā. Introduction, texte et traduction , in: "Patrologia Orientalis", t. 40, fasc. 4 = nº 185 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1981), 205 pages in -4 °.
  • Georges Ch. Anawati and Albert Zaki Iskandar, “Hunayn ibn Ishaq” in: Dictionary of Scientific Biography , vol. 15 (New York: American Council of Learned Societies and Charles Scribner's Sons, 1980), pp. 230-249.
  • Ursula Weisser, "Once again on the Isagoge of Johannicius: The Origin of the Latin Teaching Text", in: Sudhoffs Archiv 70 (1986), 229–235.
  • Samir Khalil Samir, مقالة ”في الآجال“ لِحُنَين بن إسحق »، في: المشرق 65 (1991) 403-425
  • Sebastian Brock, “The Syrian Background to Hunayn's Translation Techniques”, in: ARAM 3 (1991).
  • Samir Khalil Samir, "Un traité perdu de Hunayn Ibn Ishāq retrouvé dans la" Somme "d'Ibn al-'Assāl", in: ARAM 3 (1991) 171-192.
  • Mauro Zonta, "Ibn al-Tayyib, Zoologist and Hunayn ibn Ishaq's Revision of Aristotle's De Animalibus - New Evidence from the Hebrew Tradition", in: ARAM 3 (1991).
  • Gregg De Young, Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and the third Arabic translation of Euclid's 'Elements' , in: Historia Mathematica 19 (1992), 188-199.
  • Galen, Galen on medical experience : First edition of the Arabic version with English translation (from Hunayn al-'Ibadi's Syriac version), Oxford: Wellcome Institute, 1994.
  • Dimitri Gutas , Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early 'Abbasid Society (2nd-4th / 8th-10th centuries) (London: Routledge, 1998).
  • Samir Khalil Samir, Hunayn ibn Ishāq, Fī lA'mār wa-l-Ājāl, coll. "Al-Fikr al-'Arabī al-Masīhī" 3 (Beyrouth: Dār al-Mašriq, 2001), 60 pages. = حنين بن إسحق ، في الأَعمار والآجال. تقديم وتحقيق الأَب سمير خليل سمير اليسوعيّ ، سلسلة « الفكر العربيّ المسيحيّ - موسوعة المعرفة المسيحي 3.
  • Wilhelm Baum:  (Abu Zaid) Hunain Ibn Ishaq (ibn Sulaiman ibn Aiyub al-Ibadi). In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 22, Bautz, Nordhausen 2003, ISBN 3-88309-133-2 , Sp. 589-593.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • F. Wüstenfeld: Arab Doctors (15-16, 1840).
  • L. Leclere: Medecine arabe (vol. 1, 99-102, 1876)
  • GC Anawati, et al : Hunain ibn Ishāq . In: Charles Coulston Gillispie (Ed.): Dictionary of Scientific Biography . tape 15 , Supplement I: Roger Adams - Ludwik Zejszner and Topical Essays . Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1978, p. 230-249 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrun R. Hau: Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 643.
  2. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : History of Medicine. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 1990; on Hunain ibn Ishāq and al-Ma'mũn p. 80 f. ISBN 3-540-52845-8 ; 3rd edition ibid 1998, p. 102. ISBN 3-540-57678-9 .
  3. ^ Friedrun R. Hau: Sergios von Resaina. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1322.
  4. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, pp. 7–175, here: p. 8.
  5. ↑ Manfred Ullmann : Medicine in Islam (= Handbook of Oriental Studies. First section, supplementary volume VI, 1). Leiden / Cologne 1970, p. 205 f. (to 'The book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye').
personal data
SURNAME Hunain ibn Ishāq
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hunayn ibn Ishaq; Hunayn ibn Ishāq; Johannitius (Latin); أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Christian-Arabic scholar and translator
DATE OF BIRTH 808
PLACE OF BIRTH Hira
DATE OF DEATH 873
Place of death Baghdad