John Freind

John Freind 1675-1728

John Freind (* 1675 in Croughton / Northamptonshire ; † July 26, 1728 in London ) was an English doctor who was on the one hand a follower of the teachings of Newton and on the other hand an avowed Jacobite .

Life

John Freind was the son of a Reformed pastor. He had two older brothers and a younger sister. John received his schooling at the royalist institutes Westminster School in London and from August 1694 at Christ Church College in Oxford .

Oxford

At Christ Church College, Henry Aldrich was dean and Francis Atterbury taught ancient languages. In philosophy, Freind received a BA degree in 1698 and an MA degree in 1701, and he decided to continue studying medicine. Even before taking his medical bachelor's degree, he published smaller medical treatises in journals. His work published in 1703 ( "Emmenologia ..." ), in which he interpreted menstrual bleeding iatromechanically , received a lot of attention . In 1704 he gave nine lectures on chemistry in the Ashmole Museum in Oxford, which he published revised from 1709. The Latin translation of this work, published in Amsterdam in 1710, provoked a reaction from the Halle philosopher Christian Wolff .

Doctor in the War of the Spanish Succession

As a doctor, Freind accompanied the British-Dutch expeditionary force commanded by Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough in the War of the Spanish Succession from 1705–1707 . After two battles he went to Rome, where he was welcomed by Giorgio Baglivi and Giovanni Maria Lancisi . He returned to England and received his MD medical degree in Oxford on June 12, 1707. On December 3, 1709, he married Anne Morice, daughter of William Morice, paymaster in Peterborogh's army in Spain. They had a child (John 1717–1750). From 1712-1713 Freind served in Flanders under the Duke of Ormonde in the English land forces on the continent.

Rich. Mead 1673-1754

• In 1712 Freind became a member of the London Royal Society . In 1713 he settled in London as a doctor. It was not until 1716 that the royalist Freind became a member of the Royal College of Physicians together with the liberal Richard Mead . Both were followers of Newton's teachings .
• In the elections to the House of Commons of 1722 he ran successfully as Tory for the small constituency of Launceston in the county of Cornwall and he was thus a member of the House of Commons.
• In 1727 he became Queen Caroline's doctor .

smallpox

Treatment of smallpox. From 1716 Mead and Freind became involved in a controversy over the best treatment for smallpox ("smallpox"). It was generally believed that this disease was located in the stomach. Mead and Freind recommended removal of the disease substance by draining it through the intestine as therapy, while others wanted to eliminate it by vomiting. In 1716 Freind published a medical historical study of the first and third books of the epidemics of the Corpus Hippocraticum , which dealt with this problem. Freind and Mead were violently attacked for this by John Woodward , who advocated treatment by inducing vomiting, and the Leipzig private scholar Daniel Triller responded with a pamphlet.

Smallpox vaccination through "variolation". In 1721, Lady Montagu's doctor , the wife of an English diplomat in Istanbul, introduced the smallpox vaccination through " variolation " in England. An artificial disease was created by scratching some liquid from the smallpox vesicles of the skin of a sick person into the skin of a healthy person. After surviving this artificially created disease, immunity usually followed, but not definitely. After the method was successfully tested on prisoners, it was widely adopted, but also met with numerous opponents. One of these was John Freind, who was therefore embroiled in a public dispute. The smallpox vaccination by " Vaccination " introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796 is to be distinguished from the smallpox vaccination through "variolation" .

Atterbury Coup 1722/23

Atterbury 1663-1732

At the beginning of the 18th century, politics in Great Britain was determined by the question of succession to the throne and the resulting conflict between the Catholic Stuarts and the predominantly Protestant country. But Protestants like John Freind and his Oxford tutor Francis Atterbury were also convinced that the rights and privileges of the Church of England were more secure under the Catholic Stuarts than under the Protestant Hanoverians . From 1688 to 1766 repeatedly tried the exiled pretender to the throne of the Stuarts to bring in England to power. This was also the case with the Atterbury Putsch in 1722/23, in the preparations of which John Freind was very likely involved, although this could not be proven for him with certainty.

The main conspirator in 1722/23 was Francis Atterbury, Freind's former tutor at Oxford, now Dean of Westminster , Bishop of Rochester and thus a member of the House of Lords. Atterbury was also related to Freind. The Atterbury coup was exposed by the treasurer Robert Walpole . Atterbury was arrested on August 24, 1722 and imprisoned in the Tower . On March 15, 1723, Freind was also brought into the Tower at Walpole's instigation. Atterbury was finally sentenced to exile and left the country for France on June 18, 1723. After Richard Mead had stood up for him, Freind was released a little later. During his detention in the Tower, Freind wrote his two-volume History of physick , which he dedicated to Mead.

Voltaire

Voltaire 1694-1778

In July 1728 Voltaire wrote to Dr. Richard Towne, who prepared an English translation of Voltaire's Henriade :

"... Dr. Freind dies because he has self-medicated. He took ten ounces of herapicra and some senna at once, and has been speechless ever since. You have to see it as a kind of suicide. I hope you don't treat yourself so violently. Please be more considerate of your health.

I hear in these minutes that Dr. Freind has died. He bequeathed a handsome fortune and a great reputation that nothing but his last illness can hurt. He was the only patient he treated so badly. "

Fifty years after Freind's death, Voltaire made him and his son "Jenni" (John Freind 1717–1750) fictional actors in his theological discourse Histoire de Jenni, ou le sage et l'athée .

In Voltaire's library in Ferney , after his death, there were copies of Freind's History of Physick in French translation and of Freind's account of Peterborough's warfare in Spain. From this report Voltaire had taken Freind's view of the War of the Spanish Succession into his treatise Siècle de Louis XIV .

Works

• Emmenologia: In Qua Fluxus Muliebris Menstrui Phaenomena, Periodi, Vitia cum Medendi Methodo, ad Rationes Mechanicas exiguntur . E Theatro Sheldoniano, Oxoniae 1703 (digitized version ) , 3rd edition 1720 (digitized version )
  • Emmenologia: in qua fluxus muliebris menstrui phaenomena, periodi, vitia cum medendi methodo, ad rationes mechanicas exiguntur. J. Hofhout and C. Wishoff, Rotterdam 1711 (digitized)
  • Emmenologia: in qua fluxus muliebris menstrui phaenomena, periodi, vitia, cum medendi methodo, ad rationes mechanicas exiguntur . Jansson-Waesberg, Amsterdam 1726 (digitized)
  • Thomas Dale (translator). Emmenologia. T. Cox, London 1729 (digitized version)
  • Devaux (translator). Emmenology: ou traité de l'évacuation ordinaire aux femmes, ou l'on explique les phénomenes, les retours, les vices, & la méthode curative, qui la concernent selon les loix de la Mécanique . J. Clouzier, Paris 1738 (digitized version )

• An account of the Earl of Peterborow's conduct in Spain, chiefly since the raising of the siege of Barcelona, ​​1706. To which is added, the Campagne of Valencia: with original papers . J. Bowyer, London 1707 (digitized version)

• Praelectiones chymicae, in quibus omnes fere oparationes chymicae ad vera principia & ipsius Naturae Leges rediguntur, Ann. 1704. Oxonii, in Museo Ashmoleano habitae . J. Bowyer, London 1709 (digitized version)
  • Praelectiones chymicae: in quibus omnes fere operationes chymicae ad vera principia et ipsius naturae leges rediguntur, 0xonii habitae . Jansson-Waesberg Amsterdam 1710 (digitized) ; 1718 (digitized version)
  • Chymical lectures: in which almost all the operations of chymistry are reduced to their true principles, and the laws of nature. Read in the Museum at Oxford, 1704 . London 1712; 2nd ed. London Printed by JW for C. Bowyer, 1729.

• Commentarii novem de febribus ad Hippocratis de Morbis popularibus libros primum et tertium accomodati . London 1716; Jansson-Waesberg, Amsterdam 1717 (digitized)

• De purgantibus in secunda variolarum confluentium fiber, adhibendis epistola . Hofhout, Rotterdam 1720 (digitized version )
  • Ad celeberrimum virum Richardum Mead, de quibusdam Variolarum generibus Epistola II. Hofhout, Rotterdam 1724 (digitized version )

• The history of physick; from the time of Galen, to the beginning of the sixteenth century. Chiefly with regard to practice. In a discourse written to Dr. Mead . J. Walthoe. 1st edition, Volume 1 (1725) (digitized version) , Volume 2 (1726) (digitized version) ; 2nd edition, Volume 1 (1725) (digitized version) , Volume 2 (1727) (digitized version)
  • Etienne Coulet (translator). Histoire de la médecine depuis Galien, jusqu'au comencement du seizième siècle: où l'on voit les progrês de cet art de siècle en siècle, par rapport principalement à la pratique ... Ecrite en forme de Discours adresse au Docteur Mead . JA Langerak, Leiden 1727, Volume 1 (digitized version) , Volume 2 [1] , Volume 3 (digitized version)
  • Histoire de la medecine depuis Galien jusqu'au XVI siecle: où l'on voit les progrès de cet art de siécle en siécle, par rapport principalement à la pratique: les nouvelles maladies qu'on a vû naître, & les noms des médecins: avec les circonstances les plus remarquables de leur vie, leurs découvertes, leurs opinions, & enfin leur méthode de traiter les maladies . Jaques Vincent, Paris 1728 (digitized)
  • Joanne Wigan (translator). Historia medicinae a Galeni tempore usque ad initium saeculi decimi sexti: in qua ea praecipue notantur quae ad Praxin pertinent / Anglice scripta Ad Ricardum Mead, MD Latine conversa a Joanne Wigan, MD . JA Langerak, Leiden 1734 (digitized version) (digitized version)
  • Johannis Freind medicinae doctoris, Historia medicinae a Galeni tempore usque ad initium saeculi decimi sexti: in qua ea praecipue notantur quae ad praxin pertinent . Sebastianus Coletus, Venice 1735 (digitized version )

• Opera omnia. Nempe Commentarii novem de Febribus. De Purgantibus in secunda Variolarum Cofluentium Febra Epistola. Praelectiones Chymicae. Emmenologiae. Nunc primum in unum collecta. F. Musca, Napoli 1730 (digitized version) ; Lyon 1750 (digitized version)

literature

• Jean Goulin: John Freind . In: Vicq-d'Azyr, Félix (ed.). Encyclopédie méthodique, médecine, par une société de médecins. Volume 6, Panckoucke, Paris 1793. pp. 499–500 (digitized version )
• AJL Jourdan . John Freind. In: Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. Biography médicale. Volume 4, Panckoucke, Paris 1821. pp. 263–266 (digitized version )
• L. Hahn. John Freind . In: Amédée Dechambre. Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales. Volume 6, G. Masson and P. Asselin, Paris 1880, pp. 40–42 (digitized version)
• Max Salomon. John Freind . In: Ernst Julius Gurlt and August Hirsch (eds.). Biographical lexicon of the outstanding doctors of all times and peoples. Volume 2, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Vienna and Leipzig 1885, pp. 433–435 (digitized version )
• RJJ Martin. Explaining John Friend's History of Physick . In: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 19 (1988), pp. 399-418
• Roger Pearson. The Fables of Reason. A Study of Voltaire's "Contes Philosophiques" . Clarendon Press, Oxford 1993, pp. 229-237: Histoire de Jenni, ou le Sage et l'athée
• John Shipley Rowlinson : John Freind: physician, chemist, Jacobite, and friend of Voltaire's . Notes and Records of the Royal Society (of London), 61: 2 (2007), 109-27.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Robert Freind (1667-1751) was pastor and 1711-1733 rector ( headmaster ) of the Westminster School. William Freind (1668 / 69-1745). Anne Freind (? -?).
2. ↑ A letter from Mr. John Friend [sic] to Dr. Sloane, dated Oxon. Jul. 26, concerning an hydrocephalus . In: Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 21, 318-322 (1699) (digitized) . --- Epistola D. Johannis Friend ad editorem missa, de spasmi rarioris historia , In: Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 22, 799–804 (1701) (digitized version )
3. ↑ Jacqueline Albrecht-Chanton: The menstruation by John Freind (1675-1728) . Diss. Med. Univ. Bern 1997
4. ↑ Praelectiones chymicae ... Ann. 1704. Oxonii, in Museo Ashmoleano habitae . J. Bowyer, London 1709
5. Jump up ↑ John Shipley Rowlinson: John Freind: physician, chemist, Jacobite, and friend of Voltaire's . Notes and Records of the Royal Society (of London), 61: 2 (2007), 111-112
6. ↑ John Freind. An account of the Earl of Peterborow's conduct in Spain, chiefly since the raising of the siege of Barcelona, ​​1706. To which is added, the Campagne of Valencia: with original papers . J. Bowyer, London 1707
7. Jump up ↑ John Shipley Rowlinson: John Freind: physician, chemist, Jacobite, and friend of Voltaire's . Notes and Records of the Royal Society (of London), 61: 2 (2007), 112-113
8. ↑ Daniel Wilhelmi Trilleri epistola medico-critica ad virum Ioannem Freind super primo et tertio Hippocratis epidemicor. Nuper ab ipso editis . T. Friedrich, Rudolstadt 1720 (digitized version) . - - - Epistola ad virum Johannem Freind… in qua DW Trilleri… epistolam medico-criticam super primo & tertio Epidemiorum, a Viro ornatissimo editis, ad examen revocavit . Johannes King, London 1722 (digitized version)
9. ^ William Wagstaffe (1685-1725). A letter to Dr. Freind; shewing the danger and uncertainty of inoculating the small pox. London 1722, 2nd edition, London 1722 (digitized version)
10. ↑ RJJ Martin. Explaining John Friend's History of Physick . In: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 19 (1988), pp. 399-418
11. ↑ Herapicra consisting of cinnamon cassia and aloe . One ounce was equivalent to 30-35 grams.
12. ↑ T. Besterman (ed.). The correspondence of Voltaire … Quoted from John Shipley Rowlinson: John Freind: physician, chemist, Jacobite, and friend of Voltaire's . Notes and Records of the Royal Society (of London), 61: 2 (2007), p. 117
13. ↑ Voltaire. Histoire de Jenni, ou le Sage et l'athée , EA without printer, London (Geneva) 1775, 8 °. German translation: Jenny or the wise and atheist. JP Haug, Leipzig 1783 (digitized version)
14. ↑ Roger Pearson. The Fables of Reason. A Study of Voltaire's "Contes Philosophiques" . Clarendon Press, Oxford 1993, pp. 229-237
15. Jump up ↑ John Shipley Rowlinson: John Freind: physician, chemist, Jacobite, and friend of Voltaire's . Notes and Records of the Royal Society (of London), 61: 2 (2007), 116-122
16. ↑ Etienne Coulet (translator). John Freind. Histoire de la médecine depuis Galien, jusqu'au comencement du seizième siècle: où l'on voit les progrês de cet art de siècle en siècle, par rapport principalement à la pratique ... Ecrite en forme de Discours adresse au Docteur Mead . JA Langerak, 2 volumes, Leiden 1727.
17. ↑ John Freind. An account of the Earl of Peterborow's conduct in Spain, chiefly since the raising of the siege of Barcelona, ​​1706. To which is added, the Campagne of Valencia: with original papers . J. Bowyer, London 1707
18. ^ Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. Biography médicale . CLF Panckoucke , Volume I, 1820, pp. 497-499: Jean Goulin . (Digitized version)
19. ↑ Voltaire. Histoire de Jenni, ou le Sage et l'athée , EA without printer, London (Geneva) 1775, 8 °. German translation: Jenny or the wise and atheist. JP Haug, Leipzig 1783 (digitized version)

Web links

• Entry to Freind; John (1675–1728) in the Archives of the Royal Society , London
• Works by and about John Freind  in the German Digital Library