Senna is a genus of plants that belongs to the subfamily of the carob family (Caesalpinioideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). The plant species commonly known as "Senna", which provides the pharmaceutically used senna leaves, has the botanical name Senna alexandrina .
Flower of
Senna occidentalis
Blooms of
Senna pendula var.
Glabrata
distribution
Senna species are found predominantly in the tropics worldwide; however, some species also occur in temperate zones . The greatest biodiversity of the genus is found in America .
description
Herbaceous plants , shrubs and trees are represented among the senna species . The leaves are pinnate in pairs . There are stipules present.
The flowers are in racemose or panicle inflorescences together with mostly early falling bracts . The hermaphrodite, five-fold flowers are more or less zygomorphic . The five sepals are fused with more or less the same calyx teeth. The five petals are yellow in most species. There are usually ten stamens . The largely upright stamens are no more than twice as long as the anthers . The curved ovary contains many ovules .
The cylindrical to winged legumes ("pods") are shorter than 30 cm and contain many seeds.
use
In parts of Southeast Asia , leaves and flowers of the species Senna siamea are used in the kitchen. The anthraquinone content means that senna plants can be used to produce laxatives ; other indications are also known in herbal medicine. Senna italica ( Syn . : Cassia obovata ) is a tried and tested hair dye for blonde hair and a natural hair care product for increasing the volume, which is also known as henna- neutral. Cassia auriculata was used as a tanning agent and for the manufacture of Damascus steel .
Systematics
The genus includes a large portion of the previously Kassien ( Cassia calculated) types . With around 250 species, it is a very diverse genus. Here is an (incomplete) list of species for the genus Senna :
Senna acclinis
(F.Muell.) Randell (Syn .: Cassia acclinis F.Muell. )
Senna aciphylla (Benth.) Randell (Syn .: Cassia aciphylla Benth. , Cassia australis var. Revoluta (F.Muell.) Benth. , Cassia revoluta F.Muell. )
Senna aculeata (Pohl ex Benth.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia aculeata Pohl ex Benth. )
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (Syn .: Cassia alata L. ): From South America
Senna alexandrina Mill. (Syn .: Cassia acutifolia Delile , Cassia angustifolia Vahl , Cassia lanceolata Forssk. , Cassia senna L. ): supplier of the senna leaves;
Senna angulata (Vogel) HS Irwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia angulata Vogel )
Senna aphylla (Cav.) HS Irwin & Barneby
Senna appendiculata (Vogel) Wiersema (Syn .: Cassia appendiculata Vogel , Cassia australis Vell. , Senna australis H.S.Irwin & Barneby )
Senna armata (S. Watson) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia armata S. Watson )
Senna artemisioides (Gaudich. Ex DC.) Randell
Senna atomaria (L.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia atomaria L. )
Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. (Syn .: Cassia auriculata L. )
Senna australis H.S. Irwin & Barneby : (See Senna appendiculata )
Senna aversiflora (Herb.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna bacillaris (L. f.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia bacillaris L. f. )
Senna barclayana (Sweet) Randell
Senna bauhinioides (A.Gray) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia bauhinioides A.Gray )
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. (Syn. Cassia emarginata L. )
Senna birostris (bird) HS Irwin & Barneby
Senna calycioides
Senna cana (Nees & Mart.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia cana Nees & Mart. )
Senna candolleana bird
Senna cobanensis (Britton & Rose) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna confinis (Greene) HS Irwin & Barneby
Senna coronilloides (Benth.) Randell (Syn .: Cassia coronilloides Benth. )
Senna corymbosa (Lam.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia bonariensis Colla , Cassia corymbosa Lam. )
Senna costata (JFBailey & CTWhite) Randell (Syn .: Cassia costata J.F.Bailey & CTWhite )
Senna covesii (A.Gray) HS Irwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia covesii A.Gray )
Senna cumingii (Hook. & Arn.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Winged Senna ( Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) HSIrwin & Barneby , Syn .: Cassia didymobotrya Fresen. )
Senna durangensis (Rose) HSIrwin & Barneby ( Syn.Cassia durangensis Rose )
Senna × floribunda (Cav.) HSIrwin & Barneby (hybrids of Senna septemtrionalis × Senna multiglandulosa , Syn .: Cassia corymbosa var. Plurijuga Benth. , Cassia floribunda Cav. )
Senna fruticosa (Mill.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn. Cassia fruticosa Mill. )
Senna galegifolia (L.) Barneby & Lourteig : See Senna pallida (Vahl) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna gardneri (Benth.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna gaudichaudii (Hook. & Arn.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia gaudichaudii Hook. & Arn. , Cassia retusa Vogel , Senna surattensis subsp. Retusa (bird) Randell )
Senna glutinosa (DC.) Randell
Senna hamersleyensis Symon : See Senna artemisioides subsp. hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell
Senna hebecarpa (Fernald) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia hebecarpa Fernald )
Senna helmsii : See Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii (Symon) Randell , Syn .: Cassia helmsii Symon
Senna hirsuta (L.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna holosericea (Fresen.) Greuter (Syn .: Cassia holosericea Fresen. )
Senna holwayana (Rose) HS Irwin & Barneby
Senna italica Mill. (Syn .: Cassia italica (Mill.) Spreng. , Cassia obovata Collad. )
Senna latifolia (G.Mey.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia latifolia G.Mey. )
Senna ligustrina
Senna lindheimeriana (Scheele) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia lindheimeriana Scheele )
Senna macranthera (Collad.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna marilandica (L.) Link (Syn .: Cassia marilandica L. , Cassia medsgeri Shafer )
Senna martiana (Benth.) HS Irwin & Barneby
Senna mexicana var. Chapmanii (Isely) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia chapmanii Isely )
Senna mollissima (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia laeta Kunth , Cassia mollissima Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd. )
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia multiglandulosa Jacq. , Cassia tomentosa L. f. )
Senna multijuga (Rich.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna nicaraguensis (Benth.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia nicaraguensis Benth. )
Senna nitida (Rich.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia antillana (Britton & Rose) Alain , Cassia nitida Rich. , Chamaefistula antillana Britton & Rose )
Senna notabilis (F.Muell.) Randell (Syn .: Cassia notabilis F.Muell. )
Senna obtusifolia (L.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia obtusifolia L. ) common and widespread weeds in warm countries worldwide. The leaves are fermented and dried in Sudan and used as a meat substitute.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Syn .: Cassia occidentalis L. )
Senna odorata (R.Morris) Randell (Syn .: Cassia odorata R. Morris , Cassia schultesii Colla )
Senna oligophylla
Senna oxyphylla (Kunth) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna pallida (Vahl) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia biflora auct., Cassia galegifolia L. , Cassia pallida Vahl , Senna galegifolia (L.) Barneby & Lourteig )
Senna pendula (Willd.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock (Syn .: Cassia petersiana Bolle )
Senna pilifera (Vogel) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia pilifer Vogel )
Senna pinheiroi H.S. Irwin & Barneby
Senna planitiicola (Domin) Randell (Syn .: Cassia planitiicola Domin )
Senna pleurocarpa (F.Muell.) Randell
Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock (Syn: Cassia podocarpa Guill. & Perr. )
Senna polyantha (Collad.) HS Irwin & Barneby
Senna polyphylla (Jacq.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia polyphylla Jacq. )
Senna purpurea (Roxb. Ex Lindl.) Roxb. (Syn .: Cassia purpurea Roxb. Ex Lindl. )
Senna purpusii (Brandegee) HS Irwin & Barneby
Senna quinquangulata (Rich.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia quinquangulata Rich. )
Senna racemosa (Mill.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia racemosa Mill. )
Senna reniformis (G.Don) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna reticulata (Willd.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia reticulata Willd. )
Senna roemeriana (Scheele) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia roemeriana Scheele )
Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia elegans Kunth , Cassia laevigata Willd. , Cassia septemtrionalis Viv. )
Senna siamea (Lam.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia siamea Lam. )
Senna silvestris (Vell.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna singueana (Delile) Lock (Syn .: Cassia singueana Delile )
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. (Syn .: Cassia sophera L. , Cassia torosa Cav. )
Senna spectabilis (DC.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna splendida (bird) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna stipulacea (Aiton) HSIrwin & Barneby ( Syn.Cassia stipulacea Aiton )
Senna sulfurea (DC. Ex Collad.) HSIrwin & Barneby : See Senna surattensis subsp. sulfurea (DC. ex Collad.) Randell
Senna surattensis (Burm. F.) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna tapajozensis (Ducke) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna timoriensis (DC.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia timoriensis DC. )
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. (Syn .: Cassia tora L. )
Senna undulata (Benth.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia undulata Benth. )
Senna uniflora (Mill.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia sericea Sw. , Cassia uniflora Mill. )
Senna velutina (bird) HSIrwin & Barneby
Senna venusta (F. Muell.) Randell (Syn .: Cassia venusta F. Muell. )
Senna versicolor (Meyen ex Vogel) HS Irwin & Barneby
Senna viarum (Little) HSIrwin & Barneby ( Syn.Cassia viarum Little , Chamaesenna velutina Britton & Killip )
Senna viminea (L.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia viminea L. )
Senna wislizeni (A.Gray) HSIrwin & Barneby (Syn .: Cassia wislizeni A.Gray )
Former species of the genus Senna , which are currently assigned to other genera:
swell
RK Brummitt, AC Chikuni, JM Lock & RM Polhill: Leguminosae in the Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 3, 2007: Senna - Online.
Individual evidence
↑
Hamid A. Dirar: Kawal, meat substitute from fermented Cassia obtusifolia leaves . In: Economic Botany . tape 38 , no. 3 , July 1984, p. 342-349 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02859013 .
Web links
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