Alexandrian Senna

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Alexandrian Senna
Alexandrian Senna (Senna alexandrina), illustration

Alexandrian Senna ( Senna alexandrina ), illustration

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Carob family (Caesalpinioideae)
Genre : Senna
Type : Alexandrian Senna
Scientific name
Senna alexandrina
Mill.

The Alexandrian Senna ( Senna alexandrina ) is a species of plant from the genus Senna in the subfamily of the carob family (Caesalpinioideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). It is native to Africa and Arabia . The drug senna or senna leaves ( Sennae folium ) was already widely known as a mild laxative in the Middle Ages. The active ingredients it contains are called sennosides. An extract from the leaves with the active ingredients Sennatin / Sennatinum was also injected into the connective tissue under the skin .

description

Vegetative characteristics

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  • Size: 1 to 3 meter high shrub
  • Leaves: alternate, smooth, paired pinnate leaves ; the 8 to 10 leaflets are narrow-lanceolate and pointed

Generative characteristics

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  • Flowers: yellow, axillary flowers racemes ; the hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic .
  • Fruits: 2 to 4 cm long and 1 cm wide, upwardly curved, flat, brown, oblong-egg-shaped legumes

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

Sennosides
Senna leaves

ingredients

The European Pharmacopoeia demands a content of at least 2.5% 1,8- dihydroxyanthracene - derivatives (so-called. Anthraquinones , sennosides in) leaf drug (senna, Sennae folium) and at least 2.2% (Tinnevelly senna fruit, Sennae fructus angustifoliae) or 3.4% (alexandrine senna pods, Sennae fructus acutifoliae) of the same active ingredients in the fruit drug and calculates them as sennoside B. The highest sennoside content is found in the flowers (over 4%). In general, the content in the plant parts is highest with increasing fruit ripeness. In addition to the sennosides as active substances, the leaf drug contains between 2 and 3% mucilage .

effect

Sennosides are one of the few plant ingredients that are natural prodrugs . The beta- glycosidic bond stabilizes the structures sensitive to oxidation and cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes: After oral administration, the anthraquinone glycosides reach the actual site of action, the large intestine, unchanged and without being systemically absorbed. Only then are the aglycones released by means of bacterial beta- glycosidases by splitting off the sugar , which are then oxidized to anthrones, the actual active form. The absorbable portion is only small and explains the relatively good tolerability and the extensive lack of systemic side effects of galenically perfect senna preparations. Anthrones cause increased secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen, stimulate the peristalsis (movement) of the intestinal wall through irritation and inhibit the absorption of fluid . This increases the intestinal content and filling pressure and thus triggers the defecation reflex (laxative / laxative effect).

application

The effectiveness of the leaf and fruit drug and the preparations made from it for short-term use in acute, occasional constipation (constipation) have been scientifically proven . The fruit drug has a milder effect than the leaf drug. Senna leaves work reliably, sometimes quite drastically. In the evening, a preparation with 1/2 teaspoon (maximum 30 mg sennosides) is poured over with hot water and strained after 10 to 15 minutes. The effect occurs after about 10 hours.
It is indicated for occasional constipation, for defecation before x-ray examinations and for diseases that require softer stools ( anal fissures , hemorrhoids, etc.) as well as before and after operations in the abdomen. Use in children under 12 years of age, intestinal obstruction (ileus) and during pregnancy is contraindicated . Anthracene derivatives pass into breast milk. Therefore, use is not justifiable even during breastfeeding. Use should be limited to 1 to 2 weeks to prevent hypokalaemia (potassium deficiency due to electrolyte loss). Due to the possible loss of potassium, caution is advised when using cardiac glycosides at the same time (their effect may be increased).

toxicology

After the ingestion of larger amounts (2 to 10 g; overdoses) of the leaf drug, as well as long-term or excessive use, symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, albuminuria , hematuria and damage to the intestinal nerves ( myenteric plexus ) can occur. When working with the dried leaf drug (filling and decanting etc .; e.g. in pharmacy) inhalation of particles can lead to allergic reactions in the respiratory tract.

distribution

Senna alexandrina occurs in northern Africa in southern Algeria and Egypt, as well as in tropical Africa in Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, northern Kenya, Mali, Niger, northern Nigeria and Mozambique. It is also native to the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Home areas are also in southwestern Jordan, southern India, and eastern Pakistan. In the Neotropic (especially Central and South America) it is a neophyte .

Taxonomy

The first publication of Senna alexandrina was made in 1768 by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary: ... eighth edition no. 1 . Synonyms for Senna alexandrina Mill. Are: Cassia alexandrina (Garsault) Thell., Cassia acutifolia Delile, Cassia angustifolia Vahl, Cassia lanceolata Forssk., Cassia senna L., Senna angustifolia (Vahl) Batka, Senna acutifolia (Delile) Batka, Senna alexandrina Garsault.

The species Senna alexandrina was previously divided into the two species Cassia senna (Syn .: Cassia acutifolia ) and Cassia angustifolia .

Tinnevelly-Senna (formerly Cassia angustifolia Vahl ) has five- to eight-yoke leaves and is at home in Somalia and Arabia. Cultures are in South India (Tinnevelly District), these senna leaves are covered with a short spiked tip.

Alexandrian or Khartoum senna (formerly Cassia senna L.) is common in Sudan and further to West Africa. The leaves are four to five-pronged and only half as long as that of Tinnevelly-Senna. Alexandrian senna is grown in the Upper Nile area.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the Alexandrian Senna : Sen ( Middle High German ), Sene ( Middle Low German ), Senet leaves (Middle High German), Senna leaves, Senna leaves, Senna leaves, Senna leaves and Sennet leaves.

history

The first medical records about Senna from the 8th century come from the Arab culture. The Prophet Mohammed is quoted as saying: "Stick to senna leaves and caraway seeds, because both cure every disease, except death." (Sunna ibn Maaja, hadeeth saheeh according to Shaikh Al-Albani)

Embedded in the system of the juice theory , senna leaves were used to “divert bad juices” into the 19th century.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Saint-Germain tea, named after the Count of Saint Germain , was considered a panacee to prolong life. This tea contained u. a. dried senna leaves, which have been freed from their alcohol-soluble components. From the middle of the 19th century, Saint Germain tea was listed in the Prussian Pharmacopoeia and in 1872 it was also included in the first edition of the German Pharmacopoeia .

swell

Historical illustrations

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  • R. Berger: Update constipation. New knowledge against old prejudices - myths and fairy tales about constipation and laxatives. In: PTA today - special issue Interpharm. 2005, pp. 18-22.
  • DA Drossman, DL Dumitrascu: Rome III: New Standard for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. In: J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. Volume 15, No. 3, 2006, pp. 237-241.
  • Interview with E. Beubler: Senna - the best examined laxative. In: Foliaca. 2/1999.
  • P. Janiak, M. Fried: Facts and myths in the therapy of chronic constipation. In: pharm. 4, 2006, pp. 3-7.
  • S. Karam, D. Nies: Student / staff collaboration: A pilot bowel management program. In: J Gerontol Nurs. 20, 1994, pp. 32-40.
  • A. Klauser, C. Peyerl, N. Schindlbeck: Nutrition and physical activity in chronic constipation. In: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 4, 1992, pp. 227-233.
  • Consensus Paper Expert Forum: Constipation and Laxatives. In: Practice. 88, 1999, pp. 1269-1274.
  • GA Kune: Laxative use not a risk factor for colorectal cancer: data from the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study. In: Z Gastroenterol. 31, 1993, pp. 140-143.
  • U. Mengs et al: New data on the carcinogenicity of senna. Phytopharm Phytother 2005, poster, Phytotherapy Congress Berlin, 6. – 8. October 2005.
  • S. Meszaros: Update Senna. In: DAZ. 13, 2005, pp. 107-109.
  • S. Meszaros: Anthraquinone Laxatives. "Update" Senna. In: PTA Today. 9, 2005, pp. 54-58.
  • S. Meszaros: Senna - the natural alternative. In: The New Pharmacist. 5, 2008, pp. 16-17.
  • JM Mitchell et al: An oral carcinogenicity and toxicity study of senna (Tinnevelly senna fruits) in the rat. In: Arch Toxicol . 80, 2006, pp. 34-44.
  • S. Müller-Buro: Chronic Constipation. Definition and current therapy overview. In: pharm. 3, 2004, pp. 5-8.
  • SA Müller-Lissner, MA Kamm, C. Scarpignato, A. Wald: Myths and Misconceptions about chronic constipation. In: Am J Gastroenterol . 100, 2005, pp. 232-242.
  • G. Nusko et al .: Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. In: Good. 46, 2000, pp. 651-655.
  • Senna laxatives - effective and safe. In: Foliaca. 1/1999.
  • Constipation Unit - Poetry and Truth. In: Foliaca. 3/2000.
  • Swiss Medical Society for Phytotherapy. Conference report 14th Swiss Conference for Phytotherapy. Part 2. In: Forsch Komplementärmed Klass Naturheilkd. 7, 2000, pp. 105-107.
  • A. Thommen: Constipation. Diagnosis and therapy using evidence-based classification. In: Ars Medici. 11, 2003, pp. 14-17.
  • A. Towers, K. Burigo, J. Locher: Constipation in the elderly: Influence of dietary, psychological, and physiological factors. In: J. Am. Geriatrician Soc. 42, 1994, pp. 701-706.
  • W. Vorderholzer, W. Schatke, B. Mühldorfer: Clinical response to dietary fiber treatment in chronic constipation. In: Am J Gastroenterol. 92, 1997, pp. 95-99.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Senna alexandrina in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. ↑ a b Avinoam Danin: Senna alexandrina. In: Flora of Israel. (on-line)
  3. ^ Senna alexandrina at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Bettina Rahfeld: Microscopic color atlas of plant drugs. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8274-1951-4 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e Pschyrembel. Clinical Dictionary. 261st edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-018534-8 .
  6. ↑ a b c d L. Roth, M. Daunderer, K. Kormann: Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons. 5th edition. Nikol Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  7. ↑ Mannfried Pahlow: The great book of medicinal plants. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 2000, ISBN 3-8289-1839-5 .
  8. ^ The gardeners dictionary. Biodiversity Heritage Library, accessed May 21, 2015 .
  9. ^ Senna alexandrina Mill. Tropicos, accessed May 21, 2015 .
  10. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 84. (online)
  11. ↑ Michaelis: About the Saint Germain-Thee. In: Journal of Surgery and Ophthalmology. Volume 14, 1830, piece 2, pp. 333–336 (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 210v: Sene (digitized version )
  13. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 108r (No LVIII): Sene (digitized)
  14. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, pp. 401-403: Cassia fistula (digital copy ) ; Volume II 1842, pp. 57–58: Cassia senna (digital copy )
  15. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part II, Chapter 10: Sene (digitized version )
  16. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 375: Sene (digitized version )
  17. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 427: Sene (digitized version )
  18. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 169: Senet (digitized version)
  19. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part III, Chapter 9: Senetbletter (digital copy )
  20. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 430r - 431r: Senetbletter (digitized)
  21. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. Paris 1699, p. 711 f .: Senna (digital copy) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 1038-1040: Senna (digitized version)
  22. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (Ed.): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacists clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 1217–1218: Senna (digitized version )
  23. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, pp. 537-538: Senna (digitized) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume 2, pp. 596–598: Senna (digitized version )
  24. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris, Volume 1. 1803, pp. 299–303: Séné (digitized version )
  25. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor. Volume 1. Camesius, Vienna 1814, pp. 584–588: Folia Sennae (digitized version )
  26. ^ Heinrich Friedrich Link , Emil Osann : Cassia. In: Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , Heinrich Friedrich Link , Karl Asmund Rudolphi (eds.): Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medicinal Sciences. JW Boike, Berlin 1828–1849, Volume 7 (1831), pp. 79–91 (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II 1848, pp. 630–639: Cassia (digitized version )
  28. ↑ August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 645–646: Sennapikrin, Sennin (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Handbook of the Entire Pharmaceutical Science. 2nd Edition. Springer, Berlin 1883, pp. 618–622: Folia Sennae (digitized version )
  30. ^ Carl Wilhelm Juch: Pharmacopoea Borussica or Prussian Pharmacopoeia. Translated from Latin and accompanied by notes and additions. Stein, Nuremberg 1805, p. 53: Folia Sennae. Senna leaves (digitized) ; P. 208: Electuarium e Senna. Latwerge from senna leaves (digitized version ) ; P. 247: Infusum Sennae compositum. Composite senna tea infusion (digitized) ; P. 300: Pulvis Liquiritiae compositus. Compound licorice powder (digitized version )
  31. ^ Friedrich Mohr Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia: together with a translation of the text ... , Friedrich Vieweg - Braunschweig. After the sixth edition of the Pharmakcopoea borussica. 1848-1849, Volume I (1848), p. 336: Electuarium e Senna. Sennalatwerge (digitized version ) ; Pp. 461-464: Folia Sennae (digitized) ; Pp. 464-465: Folia Sennae Spiritu Vini extracta. Senna leaves pulled out with alcohol (digitized) ; Volume II (1849), pp. 5-7: Infusum Sennae compositum. Compound Laxation Potion (digitized version ) ; P. 241 Pulvis Glycyrrhizae compositus. Compound licorice powder (digitized) ; P. 302 Species laxanthes St. Germain. St. Germain's laxative species (digitized)
  32. ^ Hermann Hager : Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia Germanica. Volume 1, Julius Springer, Berlin 1873, p. 570: Electuarium e Senna (digitized version ) ; Volume 2 ibid. 1874, pp. 63-67: Folia Sennae. Senna leaves (digitized) ; Pp. 67-68: Folia Sennae Spiritu extracta (digitized version ) ; P. 189: Infusum Sennae compositum (digital copy ) ; P. 559: Pulvis Glycyrrhizae compositus (digital copy ) ; P. 685: Species laxantes St. Germain (digitized version ) ; P. 767: Syrupus Sennae cum Manna (digital copy )

Web links

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