Köpplerhöfchen

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View from the south inner courtyard to the north, 1911
(photography by Carl Andreas Abt )

The Köpplerhöfchen was a courtyard in the oldest part of the old town of Frankfurt am Main . Medieval in essence , the complex was partially baroque in the late 17th century and rebuilt in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the city gradually acquired the individual buildings and had the courtyard buildings demolished in 1928 in the first phase of the old town renovation. The remaining portal building on Domplatz was destroyed in World War II .

Geographical location

Course of the Braubach and the exact plot of the surroundings of the Köpplerhöfchen
( chromolithography by Friedrich August Ravenstein from 1862 with overlay according to Nahrgang 1949)

The system of seven independent house numbers (1-5 and 2-8), grouped around a southern (front) and a northern (rear) inner courtyard, was located between the block perimeter of the Fahrgasse , beyond the Hainer Hof in the east and the Domplatz in the south , where the entrance to the front inner courtyard was through the house at Domplatz 12 . To the west and north, there was once a dense old town between Borngasse (now Domstrasse ) and Schnurgasse (now Berliner Strasse ).

The extent of the courtyard was almost exactly delimited in the north by the Braubach , a tributary of the Main which silted up in the first Christian millennium and which in the old town area roughly followed the course of today's street of the same name . The city's first city wall in front of it , which, according to the current state of research, was built around the year 1000 at the time of the Ottonian rulers, it served as a natural moat in front of it. In the north, the facility was therefore attached to the oldest fortification in the city.

history

View from the north inner courtyard to the north, 1872
( chromolithography of a watercolor by Carl Theodor Reiffenstein )
View from the north inner courtyard to the south, 1912
(photography by Carl Andreas Abt )
Schematic representation of the street opening in the old town from 1862 with additions until 1944
(chromolithography by Friedrich August Ravenstein )

The tradition of the Köpplerhöfchen is the worst of the old Frankfurt courtyards. It was first mentioned in writing on August 27, 1334, when it was owned by Kuno Snurre von Reifenberg , who appeared several times as a knight in Frankfurt am Main between 1329 and 1339 . The document in Middle High German names the court as "hus unde hovereide, [...], because there is occasional in the statute to Frankinfurd, behind the parre sante Bartholomeus in the hove" .

The reason for the certification was the relocation of the facility to the doctor Master Freidank von Heringen . Previously, she was, as the document further reveals, owned by the deceased in the same year Magister and also as a doctor making master Johann , who was otherwise called only once in documents 1315th Kuno Snurre von Reifenberg came from the Wetterau line of the noble family of the same name , whether the builder of the complex can be seen in him must remain speculation due to a lack of tradition. The prominent location of the courtyard suggests that it had its origins as a ministerial seat, as has been shown in the neighboring house at Domplatz 14 . But a corresponding position of the von Reifenbergs has not been proven either, although the knightly families of the Wetterau were closely connected to the city since the Staufer period, which was important for Frankfurt .

The farm got its name in the 14th century after the judge Dylo Keppeler , who lived in the main house at Köpplerhöfchen 5 . The change of ownership falls well in April 1349 - the Testament of Freidank of herring is attested on April 15 of the same year, on April 29, it will be opened. It is uncertain that Thilmann, as can be found in the literature in places, belonged to the ministerial family Keppler von Rödelheim , since, according to other tradition, the family died out as early as 1305.

It is nevertheless noticeable that Dylo Keppeler, who must be the aforementioned judge due to a corresponding attribution, appears at least three times as Dielo von Redelnheym in 1340 , but in this context without his previous surname. However satisfactorily the quality of the “real” Keppler von Rödelheim would fit together with the high post of Dylo Keppeler and, especially in the context of doubts about the ministerial status of the previous owners, would again point to the Köpplerhöfchen as the ministerial seat, there is no proof of this. So even the older literature assumes a coincidence or a bourgeois bearer of the same name.

What is certain, however, is that the owner, who died between 1378 and 1392, gave the courtyard its name, which it bore with little linguistic change until modern times . Around 1350, Baldemar von Petterweil also described it as a “courtyard in the deep path” or “courtyard for deep dirt” , which probably goes back to the location in the swampy area in front of the Braubach and the paving of the courtyard area that was not yet in existence at the time. However, this naming is no longer repeated in the further course of history.

In later centuries, the individual buildings of the courtyard were mainly transferred to the Bartholomäusstift and were used as houses for altarists , bell ringer and vicars . In 1540, a bourgeois owner rebuilt the main house at Köpplerhöfchen 5, which, critically of style, was given a new facade in the last quarter of the 17th century in an early Baroque style that was quite unusual for the city . On the first exact city map of Frankfurt am Main, created by Matthäus Merian d. Ä. 1628, the situation is shown unreliably due to the partially covering cathedral.

After the abolition of the monastery at the beginning of the 19th century, most of the courtyard buildings passed into bourgeois hands. Only the main house became the property of the Cronstetten Foundation , under which there were minor structural changes. Address books show the Köpplerhöfchen at this time, which was characterized by the social decline of the old town due to the relocation of social and economic life to the new and today's inner city , especially as the residence of people with low qualifications. As a result, as almost everywhere in the old town, there was no modernization that preserved the ancient character of the complex. The painter Carl Theodor Reiffenstein described this in May 1860:

“Inside, especially in the second house to the back left, there are very old traces, including above all the door that leads into the rear building that meets the old city moat, which is now recognizable as an Allment. This door still has the pointed arch and leads through under another house to the already mentioned very rear building, which is actually better seen from the court of the Golden Lion (now the Württemberger Hof ). "

The breakthroughs in Braubach and Domstraße , which led through the oldest part of the old town in the immediate vicinity of the Köpplerhöfchen from 1904-06, spared it almost completely in its portfolio, in contrast to other courtyards such as the Rebstock farm on the market or the Nürnberger Hof . Only the demolition of the house on Borngasse 4 , the rear building of which was also the house Köpplerhöfchen 3 , opened the courtyard to the west for a short time, only to be closed again a short time later in 1907 with the construction of the new cathedral parish house, Domplatz 14 , which is still preserved today .

With the election of Ludwig Landmann as Lord Mayor in 1924, the building activity in Frankfurt changed considerably. In 1925 he appointed Frankfurt-born Ernst May to head a newly created settlement office. According to the ideas of area renovation prevailing at the time , plans were drawn up according to which around 500 objects that were no longer considered worthy of preservation were to be demolished, primarily in the old town, by 1933. Already planned for 1927, the project, which also included the Köpplerhöfchen with the exception of the front building on Domplatz , could only be implemented in December 1928 due to the slow availability of replacement apartments.

After the demolition, a children's playground was created on the site of the courtyard. In March 1944, almost the entire old town was destroyed by Allied bombing raids , including the remaining portal building. The new buildings from the turn of the century on Braubachstrasse and Domstrasse to the north and west of the former Köpplerhöfchen suffered only minor damage and are therefore still preserved today. During the reconstruction, the north side of the Domplatz was rebuilt in the sober functional architecture of the time , but like the previous building, the Domplatz 12 received a passage that today leads to the inner courtyard of the Dompfarrhaus, but also represents the last structural memory of the Köpplerhöfchen.

Archives and literature

Archival material

Institute for City History

  • Bartholomäusstift holdings: documents and files, signatures 402 a. 405.

literature

  • Johann Georg Battonn : Local description of the city of Frankfurt am Main - Volume III. Association for history and antiquity of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1864 ( online ), pp. 91, 92, 146–152 and 220-223.
  • Rudolf Gustav Binding, Guido Schoenberger : The beautiful face of Frankfurt am Main. One hundred and seventy-seven nature photographs by Carl Abt and others. Second, expanded edition. Publishing house of the Frankfurter Kunstverein, Frankfurt am Main 1929, No. 44 a. 124.
  • Johann Friedrich Boehmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. Second volume 1314-1340. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1905.
  • Olaf Cunitz: Urban redevelopment in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. Final thesis to obtain the Magister Artium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty 08 History / Historical Seminar, 1996 ( online ).
  • Ludwig Heinrich Euler: Village and Castle Rödelheim. Contributions to the history of the same. In: New Year's sheet of the association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main. Published by August Osterrieth, Frankfurt am Main 1859 ( online ).
  • Carl Friedrich Fay, Carl Friedrich Mylius, Franz Rittweger, Fritz Rupp : Pictures from the old Frankfurt am Main. According to nature. Publisher by Carl Friedrich Fay, Frankfurt am Main 1896–1911, text on plate 79 in issue 7.
  • Hans Lohne: Frankfurt around 1850. Based on watercolors and descriptions by Carl Theodor Reiffenstein and the painterly plan by Friedrich Wilhelm Delkeskamp. Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1967, ISBN 3-7829-0015-4 , p. 184 u. 185
  • Karl Nahrgang: The Frankfurt old town. A historical-geographical study. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1949.
  • Magnus Wintergerst: Franconofurd. Volume I. The findings of the Carolingian-Ottonian Palatinate from the Frankfurt old town excavations 1953–1993. Archaeological Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 3-8827-0501-9 ( writings of the Archaeological Museum Frankfurt 22/1).

References and comments

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Nahrgang: The Frankfurt old town. A historical-geographical study. Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1949, p. 10 (footnote); after pollen analyzes and archaeological finds of the oxbow lakes of the Rhine and Neckar.
  2. ^ Karl Nahrgang: The Frankfurt old town. A historical-geographical study. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1949, p. 13.
  3. ↑ Magnus Wintergerst: Franconofurd. Volume I. The findings of the Carolingian-Ottonian Palatinate from the Frankfurt old town excavations 1953–1993. Archaeological Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 3-8827-0501-9 ( Writings of the Archaeological Museum Frankfurt 22/1), pp. 95-98.
  4. ^ Johann Friedrich Boehmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city of Frankfurt. Second volume 1314-1340. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 630.
  5. ^ Johann Friedrich Boehmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city of Frankfurt. Second volume 1314-1340. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 384 u. 385, Certificate No. 502.
  6. ^ Johann Friedrich Boehmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city of Frankfurt. Second volume 1314-1340. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 618.
  7. ↑ Johann Georg Battonn: Slave Narratives Frankfurt - Volume III. Association for history and antiquity of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1864 ( online ), p. 219 u. 220.
  8. ^ A b Johann Georg Battonn: Local description of the city of Frankfurt am Main - Volume III. Association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1864 ( online ), p. 147.
  9. ↑ Certificate in the Institute for Urban History Frankfurt am Main, Bartholomäusstift inventory: documents and files, signature 402.
  10. ↑ Document in the Institute for Urban History Frankfurt am Main, Bartholomäusstift inventory: documents and files, signature 405.
  11. ^ Johann Friedrich Boehmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city of Frankfurt. Second volume 1314-1340. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 688.
  12. ^ A b Ludwig Heinrich Euler: Village and Castle Rödelheim. Contributions to the history of the same. In: New Year's sheet of the association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main. Verlag von August Osterrieth, Frankfurt am Main 1859 ( online ), p. 8 u. 9; Footnote 32.
  13. ^ Johann Friedrich Boehmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city of Frankfurt. Second volume 1314-1340. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 525 u. 526, Certificate No. 710.
  14. ^ Johann Friedrich Boehmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city of Frankfurt. Second volume 1314-1340. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 570 and 571.
  15. ↑ Johann Georg Battonn: Slave Narratives Frankfurt - Volume III. Association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1864 ( online ), pp. 148–152.
  16. ^ Hans Lohne: Frankfurt around 1850. Based on watercolors and descriptions by Carl Theodor Reiffenstein and the painterly plan by Friedrich Wilhelm Delkeskamp. Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1967, ISBN 3-7829-0015-4 , p. 184.
  17. ^ Olaf Cunitz: Urban redevelopment in Frankfurt am Main 1933-1945. Final thesis to obtain the Magister Artium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty 08 History / Historical Seminar, 1996 ( online ), pp. 26–30 u. 114.
  18. ^ Rudolf Gustav Binding, Guido Schoenberger: The beautiful face of Frankfurt am Main. One hundred and seventy-seven nature photographs by Carl Abt and others. Second, expanded edition. Verlag des Frankfurter Kunstverein, Frankfurt am Main 1929, No. 44.

Remarks

  1. ↑ In the literature and in documents there is an enormous variety of spellings, especially the first name, but also the last name. Are mentioned u. a. as first names Dile , Dyele , Dyelo , Dyl , Dyle , Dylman , Dylo , Dylone , Thiele and Thilmann , as surnames Keppelere and Keppler .

Web links

Commons : Köpplerhöfchen  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 50 ° 6 ′ 41.3 "  N , 8 ° 41 ′ 6.8"  E