Hainer Hof

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View from the southwest, 1897
On the right the Bernhardskapelle, on the left the late Gothic house of the last abbot, Hermann von Köln, built in 1528/29, which later served as the post office of Hessen-Kassel
(photography by Carl Friedrich Fay )

The Hainer Hof was a town courtyard of the eponymous monastery Haina in the core of the old town of Frankfurt am Main . Parts of the medieval complex were removed in the 1930s, the remaining historical buildings destroyed in the Second World War . Remnants of the historicizing new buildings erected under National Socialism have been preserved on the old floor plan together with architecture from the reconstruction period.

Geographical location

Course of the Braubach and plot-specific representation of the surroundings of the Hainer Hof
( chromolithography by Friedrich August Ravenstein from 1862 with overlay according to Nahrgang 1949)

The facility is located between the perimeter block development of Fahrgasse in the east and Kannengießergasse in the south, where there is public access. To the west and north, there was once a dense old town between Borngasse (now Domstrasse ) and Schnurgasse (now Berliner Strasse ).

history

prehistory

Due to its location, the farm belongs to the series of facilities that met the Braubach in its northern border, a tributary of the Main that silted up in the first Christian millennium , and which in the old town area roughly followed the course of today's street of the same name . The city's first city wall in front of it , which, according to the current state of research, was built around the year 1000 at the time of the Ottonian rulers, served as a natural moat in front of it.

Bernhard von Clairvaux , himself a Cistercian , is said to have been held by King Conrad III as early as 1146/47 during the Frankfurt court conference . lived here, worked and called for the second crusade . Apart from numerous fantastic decorations, the core of this tradition is generally not in doubt. At the end of the 18th century, Johann Georg Battonn , canon at Bartholomäus-Stift , reported from much more recent archival sources that a chapel with the name of Bernhard was said to have been consecrated to commemorate these events as early as 1152 .

Romanesque mansion of the Großer Riederhof, here around 1910, from 1216–30 settlement of the Haina monks
(photography by Carl Friedrich Fay )

The older literature partly follows this report uncritically, but in the light of the source criticism, doubts about the truthfulness of this tradition arise, especially since Bernhard was only canonized in 1174 . The more recent literature does not question the tradition of Battonn, but rather assumes that the chapel did not belong to the Haina monastery, but to the previous convent founded in Aulesburg near Löhlbach in 1140 . If one follows this assumption, the question of inevitably connected monastery buildings, for which tradition only begins 100 years later, would remain unanswered.

The Cistercians settled a little earlier in the Frankfurt area, if not in the actual city. In 1193 the Hohenstaufen emperor Heinrich VI. the well around the time of it with the Saalhof built Riederhof , east of Frankfurt today Hanauer Landstrasse located, the Frankfurt mayor Wolfram I. von Praunheim given. After Wolfram's death, Emperor Friedrich II allowed his family to leave the court to the monastery, which had just moved the seat from Aulesburg to Haina. Property disputes with neighboring nobles and the city meant that the monks passed the court on to the Arnsburg monastery as early as 1230 .

City courtyard of the monastery

In 1238, the Frankfurt citizen Ulrich Lange and his wife Gertrud decided that their "domum, quam habet in foro nostro, dicto cenobio", their house on the market, known as the "monastery", should be transferred to the Haina monastery as an heirloom after their death . Since at least Gertrude was demonstrably still alive in 1254, so the change of ownership was a long time coming, the Cistercians took action to finally get to a municipal settlement.

These efforts were already successful two years later: According to a document issued in Wetzlar , Friedrich von Marburg, his wife Mathildis, as well as Conrad von Willandesdorf and his wife Irmgard sold the "curiam quandam in Franckenvort iuxta cimiterium sitam" , according to a document issued in Wetzlar . The object was a collegiate curia that already existed at the time and was located in Frankfurt near the cemetery (churchyard) of the Imperial Cathedral of St. Bartholomew .

It is noticeable that both sellers were not Frankfurt citizens. Johann Karl von Fichard suspected distant relatives of a then extinct ministerial family to which the farm belonged behind them . There is no evidence for this, the only clues are the close proximity of the court to the collegiate church and the royal palace of Frankfurt, which is located directly to the west of it, but which was probably already submerged at the time . In the context of the following documentary mentions, the only thing that is certain is that the facility acquired by Haina in 1240 was identical to the one known to this day as the Hainer Hof.

Interior view of the Bernhardskapelle, reconstruction after Carl Theodor Reiffenstein, 1860
( watercolor )

After the purchase, the monastery quickly tried to expand the premises: in 1243 the judges, lay judges and the citizens of the city sold the wall surrounding the property to the monastery and leased an adjoining garden. The aforementioned wall can only have been the Ottonian city wall due to the appearance of city dignitaries as sellers . At the beginning of the 20th century, their remains were discovered in the Hainer Hof near house no. A swiveling of its course from this point to the south would satisfactorily explain the conspicuous rounding in the parcels between the courtyard and the tramline , which can be seen in all more detailed city maps.

At this point in time at the latest, a chapel will have been built with the name of Bernhard as a consecrated room necessary for a monastery - especially since only two monks were on duty there. In the first decades, however, the city courtyard was more used to offer apartments to various nobles and citizens of the city in exchange for gifts to the monastery. At that time, the focus of activity in the Frankfurt area was still on the expansion of agricultural land.

In the further course of the Middle Ages, the documents for the Hainer Hof show the nationwide typical shift from the function of a “trading courtyard” to a passive “renting courtyard”. In the beginning they served mainly as lifting, storage and marketing points for the agricultural income from the area, in Frankfurt am Main mainly from the Wetterau (1324 for the first time verifiable).

From the 15th century on, the Hainaer Hof, like many other facilities, was only managed by governors or inhabited by citizens who had been obliged to maintain and, if necessary, accommodate members of the convent through long-term contracts . A clear sign of the abandonment of monastic life was that the St. Bernard Chapel fell into disrepair without the monastery doing anything about it. The reversal of the original function is specific to Frankfurt am Main, when in 1478 the Haina abbot commissioned the Frankfurt court master to buy numerous specialties for the Haina master chef on site, because these were most likely to be found in the important trading city of Frankfurt. In 1474, at the wish of the patrician Jakob Inkus zu Schwanau , the Bernhardskapelle was rebuilt in a Gothic style, and his coat of arms and that of his wife were installed in the windows. With the increasing number of contracts for the maintenance of the facility to tenants and tenants, disputes over construction defects with the residents increased.

In 1501 the city council wrote to the abbot of Haina monastery that the neighbors had complained about a house in danger of collapsing, in which a widow lived who was unable to carry out its renovation. At the same time, the council threatened to have the house demolished if it was not restored within a month. The abbot replied that the house had been leased by his predecessors, but that the monastery, as the lord of the house, was not obliged to renovate it or pay for a renovation. If the house were to come back into the possession of the monastery without compensation, the monastery would, however, be prepared to take care of the matter. The dispute ended after there was an acute danger of collapse, with the council having the house repaired at its own expense.

Dispute over the court during the Reformation

In the course of the Reformation , the Landgrave of Hesse , Philip I , had the monasteries in his sphere of influence abolished, which also meant the end for Haina . After the majority of the monks and lay brothers had signed compensation certificates on November 14, 1527 , they first went into exile in nearby Mainz , where the powerful Elector Albrecht had given them accommodation in Fritzlar in exchange for their goods . From there, the rest of the convent, under the leadership of Abbot Ditmar Weyner and Prior Johann Falkenberg, fought over the remaining monastery property that the Landgrave had withdrawn from - including the court in Frankfurt am Main.

Granted asylum to the Haina convention in exile: Albrecht von Brandenburg, probably first half of the 1520s
( oil painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder )

On December 17, 1527, the abbot in exile wrote to the city leaders, he hoped they would not join the Reformation and let him and his confreres continue to use or live in the goods and income. The literal reply from the city has not survived, but the draft reply for the writer is. This reads “to knock off the apartment with the convent, but 1 day or 4 days will be granted to you” .

Only five days later two ambassadors from the landgrave arrived, who were on the road with the assignment to visit farms and goods of the monastery located outside the landgraviate and to assert claims. However, they were not allowed to enter the Hainer Hof, which is why they asked the prior and the court master to appear before the council. They only declared what they already knew : they should have left the secularized monastery and now asked the council for protection and protection for them and their property. The council passed this opinion on to the sovereign.

At the same time, the exiles sold several houses and took out bonds in the form of Gülten in order to have a new, stately home built in the city courtyard for the exile convention. The construction, which cost more than 900 guilders , took up a lot of the already ailing financial strength. Abbot Johann Falkenberg, the successor of his predecessor, who died on June 9, 1529 in Mainz, asked the emperor personally in 1531 to mitigate the contributions to the Turkish move , since he was heavily indebted "because of the buildings" .

Dispute for almost a decade over the Hainer Hof, ultimately with success: Philip I of Hesse, 1534
( oil painting by Hans Brosamer )

Philip I was not satisfied with the council's answer. He asked him to send the remaining brothers to Haina, where he would look after them, but the answer was negative. The city was able to rely on imperial mandates of August 8, 1528 and July 30, 1529, which asked them not to hinder the abbot in his income. In fact, it was about defending the sovereignty of the free imperial city, which was only obliged to the emperor.

The Landgrave's tone was now sharper: in 1531 he was determined to take the goods by force if necessary, since, in his opinion, they belonged to the hospital he had set up on the site of Hainas, and not to the "monich and run boys of Franckforth" . In the autumn of 1533, the farms in Roth , Bergen and Gelnhausen were actually broken into, cleared and occupied. Under the impression of these events, the abbot felt compelled to negotiate when the responsible landgrave captain also appeared in front of the gates of the Hainer Hof, but at the same time filed a complaint with the Reich Chamber of Commerce .

On the situation changed over the years to little, on January 25, 1536 was filed with the City Council again a letter from the Landgrave one in which he expressed his fury about the monks who in Frankfurt its "unterschleuf" would have to face him " ir pabtisch wesen ” . A year later, attempts at mediation by the Schmalkaldic League failed , while Philip I complained to Albrecht of Brandenburg in Mainz about the abbot in exile who was litigating him.

The council, meanwhile, did not show interest in buying the farm for the first time, as they were afraid that the landgrave would gain a foothold on urban soil if he was incorporated. In 1539 the abbot was therefore offered to sell the farm, including interest, in exchange for a personal fee in the approximate amount of the interest income. The abbot made the counter offer to sell the farm for the full amount and interest income and indicated that negotiations with the landgrave were pending. However, the city stuck to its position and apparently took the mention of pending negotiations against the background of the long dispute with the sovereign as an empty threat.

In this respect, it should have been a nasty surprise when there was actually a comparison between Abbot and Philip I on March 17, 1539. The Hainer Hof with all rights was left to the residual convention for life, as well as an annuity of 200 guilders annually. At the same time it was agreed that after the death of the last monk, the court would revert to Haina and thus to the sovereign, that the monks would not sell any parts of the court and would maintain it structurally. In 1555 the pension was increased to 300 guilders.

When the Abbot Johann Falkenberg died in 1558, the dispute flared up again briefly. The remaining five monks elected Hermann of Cologne as the new abbot, but the landgrave did not recognize him. Probably due to the agreement of 1539, the city council let Philip I do it this time when he had the court occupied by mercenaries. In this situation, the abbot agreed to a generous contract for a lifelong annuity, food and 300 guilders for the purchase of an apartment and a room in the Hainer Hof. At the same time, the remainder of the convention forever renounced all demands.

Post-Reformation period

After the death of Hermann von Köln on May 26, 1574, the Hainer Hof fell to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel , as agreed in the contract of 1539 , which had emerged from the inheritance of Philip I. Hessen-Kassel is one of the states that did not recognize the mail shelf of Emperor Rudolf II. From 1597, which the House of Taxis had received as a fief and thus a quasi-monopoly over large parts of the postal traffic in the empire.

View into the courtyard through the entrance from Domplatz, 1892
(drawing by Adolf Koch )

As an imperial city, Frankfurt am Main got caught up in the decades-long conflict between the claims of Taxis, later Thurn and Taxis , to be the sole operator of postal traffic in the city, and those of Hessen-Kassel, who wanted to maintain their own post offices and did so. The council had the Hessian messenger arrested in 1659 at the imperial order and released after the interrogation under the order that in future he would only have to carry diplomatic mail with him, but not private mail in competition with taxis.

The princes in the north, allied with Hesse, reacted by blocking the taxic messengers, who were able to enforce these relatively successfully due to their extensive possessions. In order to prevent the messenger from being arrested in the future, the Hessian post office was relocated to the Hainer Hof around 1670, which, as the property of the Landgraviate, was not touchable by the city. With success, because it remained there until 1808 despite the continued smoldering dispute; After the Congress of Vienna , the Hessian post office was part of the Thurn und Taxische Postbetrieb , even if only on a lease basis .

As a consequence of the secularization , at the latest since the second half of the 16th century, the Bernhardskapelle was only used profanely. In 1726 Johann Balthasar Ritter noted in his book Evangelisches Denckmahl der Stadt Franckfurth am Mayn that the chapel would no longer be maintained. Otherwise, the documentary reports suggest that the landgrave's owner operated a similar lease and rental policy with the farm as the convent before.

The building south of the chapel, Hainer Hof 2 , known as the Goldener Hirsch , has served as an inn since the 16th century at the latest. As early as 1590, the Bartholomäusstift bought the opposite house Hainer Hof 3 , called Palmbaum , and used it from then on as a canonical house . The golden lion adjoining it to the north , Hainer Hof 5 , in the Middle Ages the tithe barn of the monastery, was already an inn in 1517 and was replaced in 1808 by a pure storage building with stables on the ground floor.

Modern times to the present

Mail rider by Albrecht Glenz ; in the background wing of the facility from the 1950s.

Like many parts of Frankfurt's historic old town , the Hainer Hof became a residential area for the lower classes and workers in the course of the 19th century . The chapel was probably divided into two floors by a wooden ceiling in the 18th century in order to make better use of the high, vaulted interior. Sporadically they used small religious cooperatives again for church services, and they also served as an economy or dance hall.

Since the middle of the 19th century, streets were broken through the old town along the lines of the Parisian model , in the belief that this would enable them to face social and economic problems . In fact, these urban planning measures not only destroyed hundreds of buildings, many of which went back to the Middle Ages , architectural monuments and the social fabric of the district, but also exacerbated many problems that still existed, such as housing shortages and overuse of the remaining old buildings.

As one of the last major road breakthroughs before the First World War , the Braubachstrasse and Domstrasse were broken through the area between the Dom - Römer area and Schnurgasse , roughly today's Berliner Strasse . The Württemberger Hof , which is connected to the Hainer Hof in the north , remained in place from early monument preservation considerations, but now looks island-like due to its three-sided exposure. In 1937 it was demolished, together with part of the historical development, which was rated as run-down, outdated and run down, as part of the National Socialist “old town recovery”. The houses at Hainer Hof 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 and Fahrgasse 35–39 were also affected . They were replaced in urban tinged by a three-piece block of flats home style , "decorated" by a Reich eagle.

During the Second World War, the air raids in March 1944 destroyed all historical parts of the complex, including the Bernhard Chapel, which was deliberately left out during the renovations. Pictures from 1947 show the vaults as completely destroyed and two of four outer walls collapsed. In place of the old buildings, residential buildings were built in the style of the 1950s. The only slightly damaged parts from the 1930s - the north-west building in the courtyard and the adjoining northern end building, which was formally extended to Braubachstrasse - were quickly repaired. A statue was also set up in the courtyard, the "post rider", by Albrecht Glenz , who recalls the time when the post office was located here.

Archives and literature

Archival material

Historical Museum Frankfurt

Institute for City History

  • Stock photo collection Kochmann, call numbers 1.071 and 1.356.
  • Existing house documents, signatures 2.294 and 2.295.

literature

  • Wolfgang Bangert : Building Policy and Urban Design in Frankfurt am Main. A contribution to the development history of German urban planning over the past 100 years. Konrad Triltsch Publishing House, Würzburg 1937.
  • Johann Georg Battonn : Local description of the city of Frankfurt am Main - Volume III. Association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1864 ( online ), pp. 151–159, 223 and 231.
  • Frank Berger, Christian Setzepfandt : 101 non-locations in Frankfurt. Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 76f.
  • Johann Friedrich Böhmer , Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901.
  • Olaf Cunitz: Urban redevelopment in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. Final thesis to obtain the Magister Artium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty 08 History / History Seminar, 1996 ( online ; PDF; 11.2 MB).
  • Bernhard Faulhaber: History of the postal system in Frankfurt am Main. K. Th. Völcker's Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1883.
  • Carl Friedrich Fay, Carl Friedrich Mylius , Franz Rittweger, Fritz Rupp : Pictures from the old Frankfurt am Main. According to nature. Publisher by Carl Friedrich Fay, Frankfurt am Main 1896–1911, text on plate 39 in volume 4.
  • Rudolf Jung , Carl Wolff : The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main - Volume 1, Church buildings. Self-published / Völcker, Frankfurt am Main 1896, pp. 223–227.
  • Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, pp. 69, 70, 73 u. 86-96.
  • Hans Lohne: Frankfurt around 1850. Based on watercolors and descriptions by Carl Theodor Reiffenstein and the painterly plan by Friedrich Wilhelm Delkeskamp. Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1967, ISBN 3-7829-0015-4 , pp. 188-190.
  • Karl Nahrgang : The Frankfurt old town. A historical-geographical study. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1949.
  • Elsbet Orth , Michael Gockel, Fred Schwind : Frankfurt. In: Max Planck Institute for History (ed.), Lutz Fenske, Thomas Zotz: Die Deutschen Königspfalzen. Repertory of the Palatinate, royal courts and other places of residence of kings in the German Empire in the Middle Ages. Volume 1. Hessen. Delivery 2–4, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1985–96, ISBN 3-525-36503-9 / ISBN 3-525-36504-7 / ISBN 3-525-36509-8 , pp. 131–456.
  • Elsbet Orth: Frankfurt am Main in the early and high Middle Ages. In: Frankfurter Historische Kommission (Ed.): Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine contributions. (=  Publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission . Volume XVII ). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4158-6 .
  • Christian Ludwig Thomas: The north-western train of the first city wall of Frankfurt aM In: Städtisches Historisches Museum (Hrsg.): Individual researches on art a. Antiquities to Frankfurt am Main . Volume 1 (no longer published), published by Joseph Baer, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1908, pp. 163–179.
  • Magnus Wintergerst: Franconofurd. Volume I. The findings of the Carolingian-Ottonian Palatinate from the Frankfurt old town excavations 1953–1993. Archaeological Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 3-8827-0501-9 ( writings of the Archaeological Museum Frankfurt 22/1).

Web links

Commons : Hainer Hof  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Nahrgang: The Frankfurt old town. A historical-geographical study. Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1949, p. 10 (footnote); after pollen analyzes and archaeological finds of the oxbow lakes of the Rhine and Neckar.
  2. ^ Karl Nahrgang: The Frankfurt old town. A historical-geographical study. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1949, p. 13.
  3. ↑ Magnus Wintergerst: Franconofurd. Volume I. The findings of the Carolingian-Ottonian Palatinate from the Frankfurt old town excavations 1953–1993. Archaeological Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 3-8827-0501-9 ( Writings of the Archaeological Museum Frankfurt 22/1), pp. 95-98.
  4. ↑ Elsbet Orth: Frankfurt am Main in the early and high Middle Ages. In: Frankfurter Historische Kommission (Ed.): Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine contributions. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4158-6 ( publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission 17), p. 29 u. 30th
  5. ↑ Johann Georg Battonn: Slave Narratives Frankfurt - Volume III. Association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1864 ( online ), p. 154 u. 155.
  6. ^ Carl Friedrich Fay, Carl Friedrich Mylius , Franz Rittweger, Fritz Rupp: Pictures from the old Frankfurt am Main. According to nature. Publisher by Carl Friedrich Fay, Frankfurt am Main 1896–1911, text on plate 39 in volume 4.
  7. ^ A b c Rudolf Jung, Carl Wolff: The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main - Volume 1, Church buildings. Self-published / Völcker, Frankfurt am Main 1896, p. 223.
  8. ↑ a b Bernd K. Lindenthal: The town courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, p. 73.
  9. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 15 and 16, Certificate No. 31.
  10. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 20 u. 21, Certificate No. 43.
  11. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 23, certificate No. 46.
  12. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 26, certificate No. 50.
  13. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 40, certificate no. 75.
  14. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 46 u. 47, document no.90.
  15. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 59, certificate no.115.
  16. ^ A b Elsbet Orth, Michael Gockel, Fred Schwind: Frankfurt. In: Max Planck Institute for History (ed.), Lutz Fenske, Thomas Zotz: Die Deutschen Königspfalzen. Repertory of the Palatinate, royal courts and other places of residence of kings in the German Empire in the Middle Ages. Volume 1. Hessen. Delivery 2–4, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1985–96, ISBN 3-525-36503-9 / ISBN 3-525-36504-7 / ISBN 3-525-36509-8 , p. 368.
  17. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 63, Certificate No. 124.
  18. ↑ Johann Georg Battonn: Slave Narratives Frankfurt - Volume III. Association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1864 ( online ), p. 154.
  19. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt. First volume 794-1314. J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901, p. 68, Certificate No. 135.
  20. ↑ Christian Ludwig Thomas: The north-western train of the first city wall of Frankfurt aM In: Städtisches Historisches Museum (Hrsg.): Individual research on art and art. Antiquities to Frankfurt am Main . Volume 1 (no longer published), published by Joseph Baer, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1908, p. 166.
  21. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, pp. 65–67 u. 87 u. 88
  22. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. 31st volume, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, pp. 65-67, 87 u. 88
  23. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, p. 89 u. 90.
  24. ↑ Certificate in the Institute for Urban History Frankfurt am Main, collection of house documents, signature 2.294.
  25. ↑ Certificate in the Institute for Urban History Frankfurt am Main, inventory of house documents, signature 2.295.
  26. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, p. 91.
  27. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, p. 92.
  28. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, p. 92 u. 93.
  29. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, p. 94.
  30. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, p. 95.
  31. ↑ Bernd K. Lindenthal: The city courtyards of the Cistercian monastery Haina. In: Hessian State Office for historical regional studies, working group of the historical commissions in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Marburg and Wiesbaden (ed.): Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Volume 31, self-published by the editors, Marburg 1981, p. 95 u. 96.
  32. ^ Bernhard Faulhaber: History of the postal system in Frankfurt am Main. K. Th. Völcker's Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1883, pp. 87-104.
  33. ^ A b Rudolf Jung, Carl Wolff: The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main - Volume 1, Church buildings. Self-published / Völcker, Frankfurt am Main 1896, p. 224.
  34. ↑ Johann Georg Battonn: Slave Narratives Frankfurt - Volume III. Association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1864 ( online ), pp. 155–158.
  35. ^ Hans Lohne: Frankfurt around 1850. Based on watercolors and descriptions by Carl Theodor Reiffenstein and the painterly plan by Friedrich Wilhelm Delkeskamp. Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1967, ISBN 3-7829-0015-4 , p. 188.
  36. ^ Wolfgang Bangert: Building Policy and Urban Design in Frankfurt am Main. A contribution to the development history of German urban planning over the past 100 years. Konrad Triltsch Verlag, Würzburg 1937, pp. 44–47.
  37. ↑ Photos in the Institute for Urban History Frankfurt am Main, stock photo collection Kochmann, call numbers 1.071 and 1.356.

Coordinates: 50 ° 6 ′ 41.8 ″  N , 8 ° 41 ′ 9.6 ″  E