Bergen (Bergen-Enkheim)

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The landmark of the place: the historic town hall (built in 1320 Spilhus )
Schelmenburg or Wasserburg Gruckau
City hall next to the Schelmenburg

Until November 6, 1936, Bergen was an independent municipality with the districts of Bergen and Enkheim , became a district of the municipality of Bergen-Enkheim with the decree at that time and since January 1, 1977, together with Enkheim, belongs to the Bergen-Enkheim district of the city of Frankfurt on the Main .

Geographical location

Berger slope in spring

Bergen is located on a ridge ( Berger back ) north of the Main , 171 meters above sea level , 7 km northeast of the center of Frankfurt am Main, at the edge of the drip line of the Wetterau the valley. The " Berger Hang ", which runs in a west-east direction, is occupied by gardens and orchards . Due to its view over the eastern Rhine-Main area to the Odenwald and Spessart , the place is a popular place to live.

history

prehistory

The area around Bergen has been populated since the Paleolithic. In the area of ​​the hallway "on the basement"; north of Bergen, a roman villa rustica has been excavated and reconstructed .

middle Ages

The upper market street as the main street of Bergen
White Tower (built in 1472), part of the medieval fortifications (built 1449–1500)

The oldest mention of Bergen is from 907 ( perge ), a second mention of the place follows in a document from Emperor Heinrich IV. , From August 16, 1057, made out in the Palatinate Trebur . There a donation "from possessions and servants" in Bergen to the diocese of Eichstätt is mentioned. Enkheim is mentioned for the first time beyond doubt in a deed of donation to the Arnsburg monastery from 1151, which speaks of "Berge iuxta Ennicheim", that is, of mountains near Enkheim. A parish had existed in Bergen since 1255 at the latest. Enkheim and Seckbach belonged to the parish . The middle church authority was the archdeaconate of the provost of St. Peter in Mainz , deanery Eschborn . The medieval church of the place was the mountain church, at times also "Elisabethkirche", at times also called "Kreuzkirche". It was closed in 1737 due to dilapidation and completely destroyed in the Seven Years War . The second church was the former Nikolauskapelle from 1524. It was built shortly before the Reformation by Cistercian monks from the monastery of Haina , profaned in 1526 and then used as a barn. In 1994 the building was restored and is now an event room.

Originally, Bergen was part of an extensive imperial estate that was given as a fief , to a large extent also to the Lords of Hanau . From the end of the 13th century they succeeded in displacing the other landlords of the place. These included the Lords of Falkenstein , who owned property here, probably from the Munzenberg inheritance , the Lords of Eppstein and the Counts of Sponheim . In 1357 the village court came to Hanau from the hands of the Lords of Isenburg . A wisdom about the right of the royal court in Bergen from 1382 documents the dominant influence of the Lords of Hanau.

Bergen was mentioned as a common village together with Enkheim in the 13th century. It belonged to the Bornheimerberg office of the Hanau rulership , later the Hanau-Munzenberg county . Local nobility was the family of rascals from Bergen, which can be traced back to 1194 and died out in 1844 . Its headquarters, the Wasserburg Gruckau , today a youth music school, has been preserved in Bergen.

Various German rulers pledged the Bornheimerberg - and with it Bergen - as well as rights to this territory in the 14th and early 15th centuries to both the lords and counts of Hanau and the imperial city of Frankfurt . This contradicting behavior naturally led to a dispute, especially since Frankfurt saw itself “surrounded” by Hanau territory. All attempts by Frankfurt to prevent this failed. So in 1481 a settlement was finally reached. Frankfurt received three villages of the office exclusively, Hanau kept the rest. The village that gave the office its name and was previously the capital, Bornheim , also fell to Frankfurt. The Counts of Hanau therefore relocated the administration of the office and the Bornheim County Court - the Bornheimerberg Court - to Bergen in 1484 , which became the “capital” of the office. In 1614 a regional court was established here for the places of the Bornheimerberg office.

The relative importance of the place is also measured by the fact that Bergen - although it had no city rights - has a number of urban attributes. This includes a defense similar to a city ​​wall . A remnant of this is the White Tower . It is a late Gothic defense tower that was built in 1472. The town hall of Bergen is one of these attributes . The Bergen-Enkheim local history museum has been located here since 1959 . The Gothic substructure of the town hall was built between 1300 and 1350, the upper floor, in rural renaissance style , dates from the beginning of the 16th century. A later added tower with a baroque lantern was added around 1704.

Historical forms of names

Battle of Bergen 1759
  • perge (907)
  • Berega (1057)
  • Mountains (1151)
  • Bergen (1177–1189)
  • Bergen (1222)
  • Mountains (1256)
  • Bergen-Enkheim (1936)

Modern times

Location map of Bergen around 1860

The church patronage lay with the Counts of Stolberg until the end of the 16th century and was then assigned to the Counts of Hanau-Münzenberg. The Lutheran form of the Reformation took hold in the county of Hanau-Münzenberg in the middle of the 16th century. In a "second Reformation", the denomination of the County of Hanau-Münzenberg was changed again. From 1597 Count Philipp Ludwig II pursued a decidedly reformed church policy. He made use of Jus reformandi , his right as sovereign to determine the denomination of his subjects, and made this largely binding for the county. The parishes of Enkheim and Seckbach belonged to the church of Bergen .

After the death of the last Hanau count, Johann Reinhard III. , In 1736, Landgrave Friedrich I of Hessen-Kassel inherited the County of Hanau-Münzenberg and thus also the Bornheimerberg and Bergen on the basis of an inheritance contract from 1643.

During the Seven Years' War on April 13, 1759, the battle of Bergen took place between troops of the Kingdom of France and the allied British , Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel armed forces. Bergen suffered war damage.

During the Napoleonic period, Bergen was under French military administration from 1806 to 1810 and then from 1810 to 1813 it belonged to the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt , Hanau Department . Then it fell back to Hessen-Kassel, now called " Electorate of Hesse ". A fundamental administrative reform took place here in 1821: The Bornheimerberg was added to the newly formed Hanau district. In 1911 the parish of Enkheim was separated from the parish of Bergen. In 1936 the municipality of Bergen was renamed Bergen-Enkheim .

In memory of the synagogue destroyed in the pogrom night in 1938
Old Jewish cemetery in Bergen, in the village
New Jewish cemetery in Bergen, opposite the Berger Warte

Population development

These population figures apply to the municipality of Bergen, with the districts of Bergen and Enkheim:

  • 100–260: unknown (Roman times)
  • 600–900: unknown (Franconian period)
  • 1500 ~ 300 (April 18, 1600, great fire of Bergen)
  • 1618 ~ 600 (in 1617 the Berger curb had to be abandoned because of the plague.)
  • 1632 ~ 133 (1618–1648, Bergen and Enkheim sacked, therefore not habitable for several years.)
  • 1632: 133 families
  • 1707: 176 families
  • 1754: 937 inhabitants
  • 1736: 1,022 inhabitants
  • 1821: 1,431 inhabitants

(Subsequent years, see: Frankfurt-Bergen-Enkheim )

Personalities

Schools until 1945

Evangelical school

  • Am Berger Spielhaus 4 (old Rathausgasse ) from 1818 to 1844 (formerly Lutheran)
  • Conrad-Weil-Gasse 5 (old Erbsengasse) until 1844 (formerly reformed)

Jewish school from 1660/1717 to 1844

  • Am Berger Spielhaus 10 (see above)
  • At Berger Spielhaus 4 from 1844 to 1854
  • Conrad-Weil-Gasse 5 (see above) from 1854 to 1938
  • School Marktstrasse 30 Elementary school from 1844 to 1957
  • School Hinter der Burg 2 Elementary school at the beginning of the 20th century
  • Schule am Landgraben , Landgraben 2 elementary school since 1912

literature

  • Arbeitsgemeinschaft Heimatmuseum Ffm-Bergen-Enkheim eV, (Ed.), Walter Reul (Ed.): Cronick from the Bornheimerberg office started in 1796, by the custodian Johann Heinrich Usener . 1998.
  • Max Aschkewitz: Pastor history of the Hanau district ("Hanauer Union") until 1986, Part 1 = Publications of the Historical Commission for Hesse 33. Marburg 1984, p. 93.
  • Hans-Jürgen Becker: The court Bornheimer Berg . In: Tradition, Preservation and Design in Legal History Research. 1993, pp. 1-21.
  • Ludwig Fr. Emmel: Chronicle of a landscape on the Lower Main Bergen-Enkheim . Bergen-Enkheim 1985.
  • Werner Henschke: Living past in Bergen-Enkheim - historical explanations . Bergen-Enkheim 1976.
  • Karl-Heinz Heinemeyer: Bergen-Enkheim A young district with an old history . 2001.
  • Karl-Heinz Heinemeyer: History-landscape-personalities in the mirror of the street names in Bergen-Enkheim. 1997.
  • Karl-Heinz Heinemeyer: circular route through Bergen-Enkheim A historical view. 1991.
  • HO Keunecke: Die Münzenberger 1978, p. 271. (= sources and research on Hessian history 35)
  • Gerhard Kleinfeldt, Hans Weirich: The medieval church organization in the Upper Hesse-Nassau area = writings of the institute for historical regional studies of Hesse and Nassau 16 (1937). ND 1984, p. 67.
  • Rudolf Knappe: Medieval castles in Hessen. 800 castles, castle ruins and fortifications. 3. Edition. Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, ISBN 3-86134-228-6 , p. 260.
  • Andreas Kuczera: Grangie and manorial rule. Regarding the economic constitution of the Arnsburg monastery between private economy and rented manorial rule 1174-1400. 2003, pp. 130-135. (= Sources and research on Hessian history 129)
  • Anette Löffler: The Lords and Counts of Falkenstein (Taunus): Studies on territorial and property history, on imperial political position and on the genealogy of a leading ministerial family; 1255-1418. = Sources and research on Hessian history 99. Vol. 1. Darmstadt 1994, ISBN 3-88443-188-9 , pp. 225–226.
  • Heinrich Reimer: Historical local dictionary for Kurhessen . Marburg 1926, pp. 36–37 (Bergen), p. 57 (court seat).
  • Regina Schäfer: The Lords of Eppstein. Wiesbaden 2000, pp. 535, 541. (Register) (= publications of the Historical Commission for Nassau)
  • Heinz Schomann u. a .: Monument topography city of Frankfurt am Main . Braunschweig 1986, pp. 392-413.
  • Fred Schwind : The "Grafschaft" Bornheimer Berg and the royal people of the Frankfurt Treasury. In: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. 14, pp. 1-21 (1964).
  • Helmut Ulshöfer: Bergen-Enkheim Jewish Community 1933-1942 . Self-published, 1988.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Decree to rename the municipality of Bergen
  2. ↑ Bergen (Bergen-Enkheim) at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  3. ^ "History - Landscape - Personalities as reflected in the street names in Bergen-Enkheim", Karl-Heinz Heinemeyer
  4. ↑ Aschkewitz.
  5. ↑ Aschkewitz.
  6. ↑ "History - Landscape - Personalities in the Mirror of Street Names in Bergen-Enkheim", Historical Numbers Bergen-Enkheim [A12] p. 237, Karl-Heinz Heinemeyer
  7. ^ "History - Landscape - Personalities as reflected in the street names in Bergen-Enkheim", pp. 238 + 227, Karl-Heinz Heinemeyer
  8. ↑ In the years 1632, 1707 and 1754 the number of inhabitants in the county of Hanau was determined. These figures are reproduced here after Erhard Bus: The consequences of the great war - the west of the County of Hanau-Munzenberg after the Peace of Westphalia . In: Hanauer Geschichtsverein : The Thirty Years War in Hanau and the surrounding area. 2011, ISBN 9-783-935395-15-9 , pp. 277-320 (289ff.) (= Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 45)
  9. ↑ Number after: Thomas Klein: Outline of German Administrative History 1815-1845 . Row A: Prussia. Volume 11: Hessen-Nassau including predecessor states. Marburg 1979, p. 109.
  10. ^ "History - Landscape - Personalities as reflected in the street names in Bergen-Enkheim", p. 234, Karl-Heinz Heinemeyer

Coordinates: 50 ° 9 ′ 17.9 ″  N , 8 ° 44 ′ 58.2 ″  E