Rogues of mountains

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Coat of arms of the rogues of Bergen ( Siebmacher - Wappenbuch , 1605)
Schelmenburg in Bergen-Enkheim 2014.

The rascals of Bergen were a knightly aristocratic family whose ancestral seat was in what is now the Frankfurt district of Bergen . The rogues of Bergen are known through the legend that seeks to trace their origin to executioners or knackers . The motif was received several times, including by Heinrich Heine and Mark Twain . However, the rascals of Bergen and their names are documented long before the first evidence of the executioner's profession as a member of the local knight nobility in Bergen.

history

The name Schelm von Bergen is first mentioned in a document at the end of the 12th century. The first bearer of the name belonged to a family of lower nobility, which about half a century before was already tangible with properties, especially in Bergen and Rödelheim . As a result, the nickname was adopted by numerous family members who were resident as heirs in many castles in the Frankfurt area.

See also: Tribe list of the rogues of Bergen

origin

The Reichsministeriale Werner Schelm von Bergen was first mentioned in a document in 1194. Similar lead names can be traced back to the knights of Stengazzen in the middle of the 12th century . These were probably located in the Steingasse leading to Enkheim (today: Röhrborngasse). Numerous members of the family are known to be knights of mountains . This suggests a relationship or ancestry, because the nickname Schelm first appeared on this Werner von Bergen, but was subsequently retained by most branches.

The name seems to have been limited to the person at first, because only after Werner's death did other descendants appear with the surname. Before that, they were only called von Bergen . From the name rogue , in its original meaning a death-bringer, and the time of the first mention it was occasionally concluded that he would participate in the Third Crusade , but this cannot be proven otherwise. The unclear origin of the nickname has led to different legends. The moated castle in Bergen, also known as Schelmenburg or Gruckau , is the ancestral castle of the knight dynasty , and the castle was inherited by the firstborn of the Berger line.

The rogues outside Bergen

Members of the knight dynasty are mentioned in numerous documents as fief takers and heirs in the Frankfurt area and in the earlier Maingau in the high Middle Ages . Sources do not unambiguously secure the relationship in all cases. In many cases it can only be deduced from similarities in the coat of arms, the main names of the respective families and the ownership structure. The very first bearer of the name, Werner Schelm von Bergen, owned some goods in Rödelheim . When the imperial castle there was first mentioned in 1276, the knights of Praunheim , von Preungesheim and von Sachsenhausen, along with a rascal from Bergen and Dietrich Schelm von Bommersheim, were named as gan heirs . They are probably close relatives who inherited the castle. The common ancestors are believed to be in the knights of Stengazzen or of Bergen .

In the high Middle Ages , the rogues in what is now the Rhine-Main area had extensive relatives and often appeared as opponents of the Free Imperial City of Frankfurt . The rascals of Bergen can also be traced back to the Franconian knight canton of Odenwald in 1550 . This is likely to be due to the Umstadt-Otzberg line established by Herrmann Schelm von Bergen.

Rogues from Bommersheim, Bornheim and Bonames

The rascals of Bommersheim can be directly traced back to the Reichsministerial Werner Schelm. His son Gerlach owned a few Eppstein fiefs in Bommersheim and Kriftel , but hardly any in Bergen. In Bornheim , around the middle of the 14th century, there are records of a few noblemen who also had free float in Bergen. In 1366 and 1367 the last bearers of the name there took the Frankfurt citizen oath.

The lineage of the Schelme von Bonames , who appeared as bailiffs of Bonames Castle from 1304 , goes back to the aforementioned Rödelheim heir Dietrich Schelm von Bommersheim. Probably due to financial difficulties, the Bonameser rascals first granted the city of Frankfurt the right to open in 1345 and finally sold the castle in 1367. In the second half of the 14th century, some members of this branch became clergy or became Frankfurt citizens.

Alliance coat of arms of the goose of Otzberg (left, heraldic right) and the rascals of Bergen (right) at the moated castle Schloss-Nauses .
Alliance coat of arms of the Lords of Boineburg with the rascals of Bergen at the Rodensteiner Schloss in Groß-Umstadt
Gravestone of Hans Andres Schelm zu Bergen in the castle wall of the Reichsburg Friedberg in Hesse

Rogues in Umstadt-Otzberg

The Umstadt-Otzberg line was probably founded by Herrmann Schelm von Bergen. Its best-known representative was Sibold, Vogt zu Umstadt . The headquarters of this line was on the Veste Otzberg . An alliance coat of arms of the rascals with the coat of arms of the goose von Otzberg is still preserved on the moated castle Schloss-Naus ; In Groß-Umstadt, too, the rogues owned a Burgmannenhof (now called Rodensteiner Schloss ). After the Landshut War of Succession and the associated loss of Umstadt for Hanau, the line can be traced in Gelnhausen , where it was the last of the various lines of the Schelme von Bergen to go out in 1844. The genealogist Johann Gottfried Biedermann therefore found out in 1751 that the rascals from Bergen had moved away from the Franconian region .

Late Middle Ages

Position in the society of estates

The original possessions in Bergen and in the Bornheimerberg district came increasingly under the influence of the Lords and Counts of Hanau in the Middle Ages , who had owned rights in Bergen since 1269 and tried to expand them. In 1354 Sibold Schelm von Bergen had to give the Schelmenburg to Ulrich III. transferred from Hanau and taken from this as a fief. The free knights had thus become vassals . Until the end of the Old Kingdom , Bergen belonged to the rulership , later to the county of Hanau and finally to the county of Hanau-Münzenberg . As Hanau followers, the rogues from Bergen often came into conflict with the city of Frankfurt.

Robbery knighthood

They also allowed themselves to be seduced as robber barons into robbery on Frankfurt merchants because of their impoverishment, like many of the lower nobility in the region at that time . Sibold's sons Sibold (IV.) And Gerlach (IV.) Had to swear primal feuds in 1382 after the city of Frankfurt had captured the castle in Bergen. The city reserved the right to open . With the victory over Frankfurt in the Kronberg feud in 1389, Ulrich IV von Hanau succeeded in releasing his feudal people from these obligations. In 1393 Sibold again robbed Frankfurt citizens.

Such raids are also known from the cousins ​​of the Umstadt-Otzberger branch. About Sibold Vogt zu Umstadt there is a feud letter from Siegfried Wambolt zu Umstadt from 1400, in which Sibold is accused of numerous robberies, among other things.

Early modern age

Territorialization process

The beginning of territorialization at the end of the Middle Ages consolidated the domains of the sovereigns and legalized the relationships between the emerging territories and the subordinate rulers. This eliminated the possibility for the rogues of Bergen to gain income through robbery and feuds. This consolidation process clearly assigned Bergen to the County of Hanau and Frankfurt's interest in gaining a foothold in Bergen subsided. On the other hand, the rogues' holdings in Bergen and Seckbach were further reduced by dividing the inheritance. In 1475 the ownership rights in Bornheim had to be sold to the city of Frankfurt. When the County of Bornheimer Berg was divided in 1481, this resulted in Bornheim (together with Hausen and Oberrad) remaining near Frankfurt, while the much larger part of the County of Hanau was added. As with many members of the lower nobility, an economic decline can be observed in the 15th century, but individual branches continued into the 19th century.

At the beginning of the 16th century Adam Schelm was able to buy back large parts of the mischievous property with the dowry of his wife Dorothea von Carben . He changed the name of the Berger Line to Schelm von und zu Bergen and was mentioned between 1508 and 1518 as a bailiff in Nieder-Erlenbach . The service for a sovereign rulership as a bailiff or country school became an additional source of income.

Ten castle men with the name Schelm in the course of 400 years have been recorded in the Reichsburg Friedberg , beginning with the above-mentioned Sibold IV and Gerlach IV Schelm von Bergen. Today only two stone monuments, a coat of arms of Friedrich Adolph Schelm von Bergen above an entrance to the castle chancellery (today school building) and a tombstone of Hans Andres Schelm, which was originally placed in the castle church, testify to the share of rascals in the Burggrafschaft Friedberg .

Ruins of the Hubertus chapel before 1852.

Hubertus Chapel

In the Middle Ages, the rascals of Bergen had their own chapel in Bergen south of the Schelmenburg, the Hubertus Chapel , which also housed the family grave. It was built in the second half of the 14th century and burned down in 1555 after being struck by lightning. Remnants of it were still visible until the 19th century. In the 1530s, as in the entire county, the Reformation was introduced. Endres Schelm von und zu Bergen discontinued the Catholic service in the chapel in 1535, but did not set up a new one and only converted to the Lutheran confession with his entire court in 1560.

The last rogues of Bergen

The last bearer of the name: Christian Ernst Schelm von Bergen (died 1844), captain in the Napoleonic Wars.

The numerous documents for family members became rarer towards the end of the Middle Ages. Many branches seem to have risen in the middle class or even in the peasant class. After the end of the Middle Ages, branches can still be found in Bergen, Berkersheim and Gelnhausen.

One of the last more important namesake is Friedrich Adolph Schelm von Bergen, who has been attested as the owner of the Schelmenburg since 1664. As a high official at the Heidelberg court, he had served in the Electoral Palatinate . Friedrich Adolph had the old moated castle in Bergen converted into a small castle, with the former main residential building being built over. Above the portal there is still the building inscription from 1700 and the coat of arms of the rogues and that of the Lords of Venningen . At the entrance to the castle he had a sandstone relief placed on which the double-headed imperial eagle can be seen with the signature "SVB VMBRA ALARVM TVARVM" (Under the shadow of your wings) , an indication that he was - at this time quite anachronistic - as free Reichsritter understood.

The Berkersheim line ended in 1704 with the death of Christoph Schelm. His widow died in 1735. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Berger line went out with the captain and castle director of the Palatinate Gelnhausen Christian Ludwig Friedrich Schelm von Bergen. The Gelnhausen line also died in 1844 with the death of the retired Frankfurt captain Christian Ernst Schelm from Bergen.

Until the First World War in Bergen subsequent owners of rogue Burg, brewed Schelmenbräu as to ownership of the rogue castle the right to brew beer was associated. According to the rogues of mountains in Gelnhausen is rogue market named.

coat of arms

Coat of arms of mountains

The coat of arms of the rogues of Bergen consisted of two red arcs on a silver background. Depending on the type of representation, the two posts are bent outwards at their ends; in Siebmacher 's work they appear as touching semicircles. They are interpreted as ribs, less likely as rainbows or wheel rims. An interpretation as ribs or dead bones could be related to the saga of the roguish. The helmet covers are in red and gold. The coats of arms of the individual branches usually differ through the added stars, spheres, flowers or patterns.

The crest probably shows a fire-breathing red dragon or a dog, on some branches like that of Bonames a mastiff . The latter coincides with the observation of the same heraldic animal among related ministerial families von Heusenstamm , von Ovenbach, von Rückingen , von Rüdigheim , von Selbold and a noble family who only call themselves “von Bergen”. The Lords of Hagen a whole animal is occupied.

The municipal coat of arms of Bergen-Enkheim , officially awarded in 1950 , took up the coat of arms of the family of the rascals of Bergen.

Monument to the Rogue of Bergen

To the origin of the name

There are at least six different versions of the legend associated with the name of the rascals:

  • Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa got lost in the Reichsforst Dreieich . He met a cart driver whom he asked for directions and asked if he could sit on the cart. Back at the hunting party, the driver recognized the rogue from Bergen, whom the emperor then ennobled.
  • The Bergen flayer handed the thirsty emperor a glass of water and was rewarded for it.
  • After the completion of the Pfalz Gelnhausen , Friedrich Barbarossa lay down to rest in the evening and said: “Whoever steps into the courtyard first thing tomorrow morning, be who it is, noble sex!” - The first one was probably the knacker from Bergen.
  • According to another legend, Barbarossa is warned by the forester von Gelnhausen, the rogue and his assistants of an ambush on the way to Würzburg. As a thank you, the three receive the accolade.
  • The emperor is separated from his entourage in a pig chase and suddenly sees himself threatened by two wild boars. He can kill one sow himself, only the rogue von Bergen who happened to come along can save him from being hit by the other. In gratitude, he is allowed to accompany the emperor to his entourage and is knighted there.
  • The masked ball with the fictional emperor and empress "in the palace of Frankfurt", the rogue dances with the empress and is recognized.

The problem with the connection that the saga seeks to establish is that the first mention of the name (1194) is well before the first evidence of professional executioners . The latter appeared for the first time in Augsburg city ​​law in 1276 , in Frankfurt itself not until 1386 as a chastener , in 1404 and 1406 as a diephenker , and the flayer not until 1440, i.e. at a time when the noble family had been using the name for many generations. It is noticeable, however, that most of the episodes are said to have occurred in the time of Barbarossa, which comes very close to the first mention of the sex and the origins of the ancestral castle in Bergen. There is a similar story of origin for the forest masters from Gelnhausen .

reception

Mark Twain's rascal motif in the Bergen-Enkheim local history museum .

The literary reception of the picaresque saga began in the Romantic era . The first poem was by Isaac von Sinclair (1811). In 1821 the ballad Schelm von Bergen by Wilhelm Smets , who wrote under the pseudonym Theobald , appeared in the Rhenish-Westphalian Musenalmanach . In 1837 the Austrian Johann Nepomuk Vogl and Karl Simrock each dedicated a poem to the subject. In his adaptation, Vogl precedes the masked ball with a scene with a horse-drawn cart in the forest. Simrock's ballad appeared in the Rheinsagen in 1837 and again in his poems in 1844 .

In 1846 Heinrich Heine published his ballad Schelm von Bergen . He had known the legend since 1821 at the latest, because at that time he had reviewed the muse almanac and commented on the work of his fellow student Smets from Bonn with the words: The subject of Theobald's "Schelm von Bergen" is beautiful, almost unsurpassable; but the author is on the wrong path if he tries to imitate the popular tone with jumbled verses and clumsy language. Simrock's ballad could also have been familiar to Heine - the two former fellow students had been in personal contact again since 1845.

Probably for personal reasons - Heine had a romance with the daughter of the Düsseldorf executioner in his youth - he moved the plot to the Rhine and begins as follows:

In the castle of Düsseldorf on the Rhine
Mummenschanz is held;
The candles flicker, the music rustles
, the colorful figures dance.

The aristocratic society dances together with the common people, hidden under larvae . The Duchess dances particularly exuberantly with her dancer. When she asks him to take off the mask, however, he vehemently refuses. Then she tears the larva off his face and horror spreads in the lively carnival party when the dancer turns out to be the ostracized executioner of Bergen. But the Duke calmly restores honor and serenity:

The Duke is wise, he redeemed his
wife's disgrace on the spot.
He drew his bare sword and said:
“Kneel down before me, journeyman!
With this sword
stroke I will make you honest and knightly guild,
and because you are a rogue, so call you
Mr. Schelm von Bergen from now on. ”
So the executioner became a nobleman
and ancestor of the rogue of Bergen.
A proud sex! It blossomed on the Rhine,
Now it sleeps in stone coffins.

In 1880, the story was first edited outside of the German-speaking area. Mark Twain , who had toured Germany in the previous years and had bought an English translation of the Rhine sagas in Frankfurt, added the saga The Knave of Bergen to his experience report A Tramp Abroad . The work contains illustrations of Walter Francis Brown's masked ball . Twain understood the iron-clad, dancing knight and the executioner who led the emperor on ice as a mockery of noble society.

In 1886 Johann Strauss (son) even tried a comic opera, which he did not finish. The libretto for it came from Ignaz Schnitzer , who had previously written the "Gypsy Baron". A year later, Strauss used parts of the composition for his operetta Simplicius, based on the picaresque novel Der adventurliche Simplicissimus by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen .

Carl Zuckmayer received for his play Der Schelm von Bergen , published in 1934, the honorary citizenship of Bergen-Enkheim (which at that time was still an independent municipality). At the beginning of the 1950s, the local poet Conrad Weil wrote the folk play of the same name. It is regularly performed by an association on an open-air stage in Bergen.

Since September 2010, a bronze statue of the rogue has stood in front of the Schelmenburg in Bergen, created by Hans-Joachim Schwital and cast by the Rincker in Sinn bell and art foundry .

literature

  • Heinrich Bingemer: The Frankfurt coat of arms booklet. 2nd edition, Kramer, Frankfurt 1987, ISBN 3-7829-0348-X , p. 33 plate 27.
  • Helmut Bode: Frankfurt saga treasure. Legendary and fabulous stories from the sources and older collections as well as the Lersner Chronicle, retold by Helmut Bode. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt a. M., second edition 1986, ISBN 3-7829-0209-2 , pp. 113-118.
  • Wilhelm Hans Braun: The rascals from mountains in Friedberg. The tombstone of Hans Andres Schelm in the castle garden. In: Wetterauer Geschichtsblätter 6, 1957, pp. 131–135.
  • Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . In: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, pp. 13–54.
  • Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Published with the kind support of Frankfurter Sparkasse from 1822 (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Frankfurt 1979.
  • Ernst Heinrich Kneschke : New General German Adels Lexicon , Volume 8, 1868; Reprint 1996, ISBN 3-89557-020-6 , p. 126f.
  • Karl Moritz: German ballads. Analysis for German lessons . Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1972, ISBN 3-506-72814-8 .
  • Ernst Julius Zimmermann : Hanau city and country . 3rd edition, Hanau 1919, reprint 1978, p. 732.

Web links

Commons : Rogues of Bergen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, pp. 16–29.
  2. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, pp. 16-21; Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, pp. 15-17.
  3. ^ A b Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 30.
  4. ↑ Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 22.
  5. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 16.
  6. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 47.
  7. ↑ Cord Ulrichs: From the feudal court to the imperial knighthood - structures of the Franconian lower nobility at the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period (list of the canton Odenwald from 1550, StAL B 583 Bü 191.) . Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-515-07109-1 . Pp. 214/215.
  8. ↑ See also: List of Frankish knights gender # S .
  9. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 30f.
  10. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 35f.
  11. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, pp. 36–38.
  12. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 33f.
  13. ↑ Johann Gottfried Biedermann: Gender = register of the Reichs Frey immediate knight creates land to Francken praiseworthy place Ottenwald ... Kulmbach 1751.
  14. ^ Heinrich Reimer : Hessisches Urkundenbuch. Section 2, document book on the history of the Lords of Hanau and the former province of Hanau. Vol. 3, 1350-1375. Publications from the royal Prussian state archives, Hirzel, Leipzig 1894 No. 105; Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 34; Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 86
  15. ^ Heinrich Reimer: Hessisches Urkundenbuch. Section 2, document book on the history of the Lords of Hanau and the former province of Hanau. Vol. 4, 1376-1400. Publications from the Royal Prussian State Archives, Hirzel, Leipzig 1897 No. 362; Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 30; Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 82.
  16. ^ Heinrich Reimer: Hessisches Urkundenbuch. Section 2, document book on the history of the Lords of Hanau and the former province of Hanau. Vol. 4, 1376-1400. Publications from the Royal Prussian State Archives, Hirzel, Leipzig 1897 No. 865; Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, P. 14 and 34f., Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, pp. 43-52; P. Hupach: The Scheltbrief of the knight Siegfried Wamboldt against Sibold Schelm, Vogt zu Großumstadt (1400) . Heimat-Jahrbuch Gelnhausen, 1957, p. 79f.
  17. ↑ Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, pp. 53-55.
  18. ↑ Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 56.
  19. ↑ Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 57.
  20. ^ State Office for the Preservation of Monuments Hesse (ed.): In der Burg 4-8; Former Castle Chancellery from 1512 In: DenkXweb, online edition of cultural monuments in Hessen ; Bernhard Peter: Gallery: Photos of beautiful old coats of arms No. 596, Friedberg (Wetterau)
  21. ↑ Wilhelm Hans Braun: The rascals of mountains in Friedberg. The tombstone of Hans Andres Schelm in the castle garden. In: Wetterauer Geschichtsblätter 6, 1957, pp. 131–135.
  22. ^ First documentary evidence 25 February 1388 on the occasion of the foundation of a Catherine altar by the brothers Sibold and Gerlach Schelm von Bergen, see Heinrich Reimer: Hessisches Urkundenbuch. Section 2, document book on the history of the Lords of Hanau and the former province of Hanau. Vol. 4, 1376-1400. Publications from the Royal Prussian State Archives, Hirzel, Leipzig 1897 No. 452.
  23. ↑ Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 101ff.
  24. ↑ Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 58.
  25. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 54; on p. 40 he mentions a Dietrich Schelm von Bergen from the Seckbacher line, who took the Frankfurt citizen oath in 1364; P. 30 mentions a cloth merchant Johann Schelm, who was elected to the Frankfurt council in 1399.
  26. ^ Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau city and country . 3rd edition, Hanau 1919, reprint 1978, p. 732; Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 24.
  27. ↑ Psalm 17: 8
  28. ↑ Further information from Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families von Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, pp. 15 and 29f.
  29. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, p. 15f.
  30. ^ Helmut Bode: Frankfurter Sagenschatz. Legendary and fabulous stories from the sources and older collections as well as the Lersner Chronicle, retold by Helmut Bode. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt a. M., Second Edition 1986, pp. 113-115.
  31. ↑ Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry. Frankfurt 1979, p. 10, there also a list of most of the variants.
  32. ^ Helmut Bode: Frankfurter Sagenschatz. Legendary and fabulous stories from the sources and older collections as well as the Lersner Chronicle, retold by Helmut Bode. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt a. M., second edition 1986, pp. 115f.
  33. ^ Karl Lyncker, German legends in Hessian districts . Kassel 1854, p. 151
  34. ^ Karl Lyncker, German legends in Hessian districts . Kassel 1854, pp. 151–152.
  35. ^ Karl Lyncker, German legends in Hessian districts . Kassel 1854, p. 152. More detailed in August Verleger, Frankfurter Sagen , Hirschgraben-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1977; Helmut Bode: Frankfurt saga treasure. Legendary and fabulous stories from the sources and older collections as well as the Lersner Chronicle, retold by Helmut Bode. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt a. M., Second Edition 1986, pp. 116-118.
  36. ↑ Heinz F. Friederichs: On the early history of the ministerial families of Bergen and Schelm von Bergen . Hanauer Geschichtsblätter 18, 1962, note 85.
  37. ↑ Heinrich Heine: works, correspondence, testimonials. Secular edition Volume 3, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-000450-9 , p. 159.
  38. ↑ Werner Henschke: The rascals of mountains in legend, history and poetry . Frankfurt 1979, p. 124.
  39. ^ Funding and supporting group Schelmenspiel eV
  40. ^ FAZ of September 30, 2010, page 43
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 27, 2010 .