Kamashastra

Kamashastra ( Sanskrit कामशास्त्र kāmaśastra , from काम kāma , “desire” and शास्त्र śāstra “teaching, textbook”) comprises textbooks on eroticism in Indian literature .

classification

Texts of the Kamashastra belong to the tradition of works e.g. B. over

• Arthashastra ( politics )
• Dharmashastra ( custom , law , law , religion , ethics and morals )
• Jyotihshastra ( Science - Astronomy , Mathematics , Astrology , Prophecy )
• Mantrashastra (religious or mystical syllable or poem )
• Natyashastra ( dramaturgy )
• Rasashastra ( mineralogy )
• Samudrikashastra ( physiognomy , diagnosis )
• Vaidyakashastra ( Medicine - Limbs , Surgery , Demon Doctrine , Pediatrics , Toxicology , Remedies , Aphrodisiac )
• Vastushastra ( architecture , urban planning )

content

A beautiful young woman who loves all creatures

For example, while Arthashastra instructs kings and ministers about governance, or Dharmashastra determines personal habits, social and family ties, fasts and festivals, religious rituals, justice and morals, and even the rules of personal hygiene and food preparation, Kamashastra gives the citizen ( nāgarika ) instructions such as to achieve sexual relationships and sexual pleasure and fulfillment. In Hinduism have religion , earthly possessions and souls of equal importance. The absence or neglect of any of these components makes human life incomplete. For example, if eroticism is neglected, human society will suffer. The Kamashastra works deal comprehensively with eroticism. For example, people are categorized in terms of their sexual inclinations and abilities, describing which class of men and women are compatible and can therefore enter into satisfactory sexual relationships. It covers sexual practices , types of sex , seduction , arousal , gestures , touching , kissing , foreplay , courtesans , medical treatment for healthy sex, conception or demands on the bedroom , among others . Some works like the Kamasutra , Ratishastra or Ratiramana also deal with social issues of love such as married life.

etymology

In Sanskrit , kama ( काम kāma ) has the general meaning of desire, desire and intention in relation to pleasure and (sexual) love or a feeling of love of connectedness. As a name, the word refers to Kama , the Hindu god of love. Shastra ( शास्त्र śāstra ) generally refers to a script, teaching, textbook or instruction.

Kāvya poetry

The word Sutra ( सूत्र sūtra ) means “thread” or “chain” and describes a teaching text in verse form. A sutra is short and memorable and therefore suitable for oral transmission. The statements are often so compressed that there is a space for interpretation in which the meaning of the information is not immediately accessible. Comments on a work therefore help to interpret and understand the original work. Copies of texts were considered to be an unsafe method of passing on knowledge due to possible errors that might alienate meaning during reproduction.

Legend

According to legend and myths, Nandi (also Nandikeshvara ) the holy bull and doorkeeper of Shiva collected information about sexual practices. He observed Shiva and his wife Parvati during their love games for 1000 years and wrote everything down in a book with 1000 chapters. In the 2nd century BC . To AD Auddalaka Shvetaketu , son of Uddalaka Aruni this have compressed to 500 chapters and summarized. Under the name Babhravya Pancala (also Vabhravya Pancala ) a scholar ( Acârya ) and his disciples are supposed to write these 500 chapters in 150 chapters and seven sections, Sadharana (general), Samprayogika (sex, love art ), Kanyasamprayuktaka (union with virgins, advertising ), Bharyadhikarika (from a woman's duties, marriage ), Paraarika (from extramarital relationships with married women), Vaisika (from courtesans) and Oupanisadika (secret tools). These seven topics are said to have been dealt with in seven independent works by the authors Carayana (Sadharana), Suvarnanabha (Samprayogika), Ghotakamukha Kanyasamprayuktaka (Kanyasamprayuktaka), Gonardiya (Bharyadhikarika), Gonikaputra (Paradarika) and Kucumara (Oupanisaden). Author Dattaka is said to have covered the sixth subject of Vaisika in response to a request from courtesans of Pataliputra City . These works have not survived.

Kamashastra works

The oldest surviving Kamashastra work in the Indian tradition of sex, love and related social issues is the Kamasutra of Vatsyayana . This book covers the seven themes of Babhravya Pancala. After Vatsyayana, other authors wrote Kamashastra works. Some of these works comment on the Kama Sutra, while other texts are new works on eroticism, which have also been commented on by subsequent authors. Comments on the Kamasutra are e.g. B. the Jayamangala or the Kuttanimata. New works are e.g. B. the Ratirahasya or the Ananga Ranga . Comments on the Ratirahasya are e.g. B. the Panchashayaka, the Ratiratnapradipika or the Ananga Ranga. Some of these works are known as palm leaf manuscripts e.g. B. obtained in the library of the University of Dhaka and the Oriental Research Institute Mysore and some have been partially or fully translated into other languages ​​and published.

literature

• Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya: History of Indian Erotic Literature . Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1975, ISBN 81-215-0307-8 .
• Dalvir Singh Chauhan: Ratikallolini . Krishnada's Prachyavidya Granthamala; 16. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, 2004, ISBN 81-7080-164-8 .
• Gendün Chöpel , Richard Reschika: The Tibetan art of love: Eros, ecstasy and spiritual healing . Nietsch, 2006, ISBN 978-3-934647-97-8 .
• Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty : Siva: The Erotic Ascetic . Oxford University Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-19-520250-2 .
• Wendy Doniger, Sudhir Kakar: Vatsyayana Kamasutra . Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-953916-1 .
• VK Hampiholi: Kamashastra in Classical Sanskrit Literature . South Asia Books, 1988, ISBN 978-81-202-0197-2 .
• Mahadev N. Joshi, BS Hebbali: Manasollasa and Ayurveda . Sharada Publishing House, Delhi 2004, ISBN 81-85616-97-3 .
• Sushil Kumar De: Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature . KLM company, Calcutta 1969, ISBN 978-0-85655-407-0 .
• WS Merwin, Moussaieff Masson: Sanskrit Love Poetry . Journal of the American Oriental Society, 3, Vol. 100, 1980, pp. 314-319 .
• Dhundhraj Shastri: Kamakunjalata (A collection of old and rare works of Kama Sastra) . Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 2003, ISBN 81-7080-116-8 .
• Ajaya Mitra Shastri: India as seen in the Kuttani-Mata of Damodaragupta . Banarsidass Publ., 1996, ISBN 978-81-208-1336-6 .
• Dr. Kamath, Suryanath U .: A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present . Jupiter books, Bangalore 2002, ISBN 81-215-0307-8 .
• Leo M. Pruden: Abhidharma Kosa Bhasyam, 4 Vols . Asian Humanities Press, Fremont, California 1990, ISBN 0-89581-913-9 .
• Leo M. Pruden: Karmasiddhiprakarana: The Treatise on Action by Vasubandhu . Asian Humanities Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-89581-908-6 .
• Radhavallabh Tripathi: Kamasutra Of Vatsyayana . Pratibha Prakashan, 2005, ISBN 81-7702-101-X .
• Ram Kumar Rai: Encyclopedia of Indian Erotics . Prachya Prakashan, 2005.
• Richard Schmidt : Contributions to Indian eroticism. The love life of the Sanskrit people . Hermann Barsdorf Verlag, Berlin 1922.
• Richard Schmidt: Love and Marriage in Ancient and Modern India. (Front, Rear and Dutch East Indies) . Hermann Barsdorf Verlag, Berlin 1902.
• P. Thomas: Kama Kalpa or the Hindu Ritual of Love . Stosius Inc / Advent Books Division, 1981, ISBN 978-0-86590-031-8 .
• Ruth Vanita: Queering India: Same-Sex Love and Eroticism in Indian Culture and Society . Routledge, 2001, ISBN 978-0-415-92950-9 .
• Pavan K. Varma ; Sandhya Mulchandani: Love and Lust (An Anthology of Erotic Literature from Ancient and Medieval India) . Harper Collins Publishers, 2004, ISBN 81-7223-549-6 .

Web links

• Digital Library of India (Regional Mega Scanning Center IIIT Hyderabad)
• Digital Library of India (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore)
• Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh

Individual evidence

1. ^ Arthur A. Macdonell: A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary . Nataraj Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1-881338-56-7 , pp. 65 (Sanskrit, English).
2. ^ A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary . Digital South Asia Library. 1929. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
3. ↑ Indica et Buddhica Dictionary . Indica et Buddhica Lexicons. 2005. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
4. ↑ Pinkney Dane: Kama Sutra. The art of love. Knesebeck, 2002, ISBN 978-3-89660-132-2 .
5. ↑ Radhavallabh Tripathi: Kamasutra Of Vatsyayana . Pratibha Prakashan, 2005, ISBN 81-7702-101-X (Sanskrit Text, English Translation and Notes).
6. ↑ Swami Sivapriyananda, Prauḍhadevarāya: South Indian Treatise on the Kamasastra: The Rati-ratna-pradipika of Praudha-Devaraja Maharaja . Abhinav Publications, 2000, ISBN 978-81-7017-388-5 , pp. 9-17 .
7. ↑ Moriz Winternitz : History of Indian Literature . 3: Art poetry, scientific literature, New Indian literature. Koehler, Stuttgart 1920, p.  536-541 .
8. ↑ Kāmasūtra: Guide to the Art of Love . Alois Payer. March 13, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
9. ↑ Introduction to the History of Sex Manuals by Kamashastra . kamashastra.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 21, 2009. 
10. ↑ ^{a b} Wendy Doniger, Sudhir Kakar: Vatsyayana Kamasutra . Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-953916-1 , pp. xlvi .
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Richard Schmidt: Contributions to Indian eroticism. The love life of the Sanskrit people . Hermann Barsdorf, Berlin 1922, p. 25-80 .
12. ↑ ^{a b c} B. A. Bauer: Encyclopaedic Study of Women and Love . Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, 2002, ISBN 978-81-261-0260-0 , pp. 340 .
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Dhundhraj Shastri: Kamakunjalata (A collection of old and rare works of Kama Sastra) . Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 2003, ISBN 81-7080-116-8 .
14. ↑ Jyotsna Kamat: Janavashya of Kallarasa . Kamat. April 7, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
15. ↑ svikarana sutra (PDF; 67 kB) Indira Gandi National Center for the Arts. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
16. ^ ^{A b} Introduction to the History of Sex Manuals by Kamashastra . kamashastra.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 21, 2009. 
17. ↑ Ram Kumar Rai: Encyclopedia of Indian Erotics . Prachya Prakashan, 2005.
18. ↑ Ajaya Mitra Shastri: India as seen in the Kuttani-Mata of Damodaragupta . Banarsidass Publ., 1996, ISBN 978-81-208-1336-6 .
19. ↑ KL Kamat: Mansollasa of Somadeva . Kamat. April 7, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
20. ↑ Jyotsna Kamat: A Brief Note on Manasollasa . Kamat. April 7, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
21. ↑ ^{a b} Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya: History of Indian Erotic Literature . Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1975, ISBN 81-215-0307-8 .
22. ↑ paururavasa manasija sutra (PDF; 72 kB) Indira Gandi National Center for the Arts. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
23. ↑ Satya Vrata Tripathi: Mysteries of Love: Maratha Miniatures of the Rasamanjari . National Museum, Janpath, 2001, ISBN 81-85832-13-7 .
24. ↑ Dalvir Singh Chauhan: Ratikallolini . Krishnada's Prachyavidya Granthamala; 16. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, 2004, ISBN 81-7080-164-8 .
25. ^ Ratirahasyavyakhya . Catalog of Sanskrit Manuscripts at Saraswati Mahal Library, Tanjavur. Accessed on May 21, 2009.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
26. ↑ Rati-Sastram. The Greatest work on Hindu system of sexual science translated into English with original Sanscrit text: compiled from various old Sanscrit manuscripts . Calcutta: Sircar, 1908 ( worldcat.org - Book, Microfiche, English, 2d ed).
27. ↑ The Samayamâtrikâ . Open Library . Retrieved May 21, 2009.
28. ^ Ratirahasyavyakhya . Catalog of Sanskrit Manuscripts at Saraswati Mahal Library, Tanjavur. Accessed on May 21, 2009.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
29. ↑ ^{a b} Kamashastra . Banglapedia. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
30. ↑ Kamasutra . German textbook. Accessed on May 21, 2009.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
31. ↑ Indian Love Treatises . India Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 21, 2009. 
32. ^ The Book of Love . Times Online. October 19, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
33. ↑ Srngaramanjari of Saint Akbar Shah . Open Library . Retrieved May 22, 2009.
34. ↑ Alex Comfort: The Illustrated Koka Shastra: Erotic Indian Writings, Based on the "Kama Sutra" . Simon & Schuster, 1997, ISBN 978-0-684-83981-3 , pp. 52 .
35. ↑ The Rasacandrika . Open Library . Retrieved May 22, 2009.
36. ↑ Ratirahasyatika . Catalog of Sanskrit Manuscripts at Saraswati Mahal Library, Tanjavur. Accessed on May 22, 2009.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
37. ↑ Citradhara, Trilokanatha Jha: Srngarasarini . Darabhaṅgānagayāṃ, 1965, OCLC 21100728 .