Kamp Erika

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Kamp Erika (also Kamp Ommen , later Kamp Erica ) was a Dutch- run camp under the control of the German occupying forces near Ommen during the Second World War . Kamp Erika served as a prison camp for convicts of the Dutch judiciary and later as a transit, re-education and assembly camp. There was significant abuse and numerous deaths in the camp.

founding

The camp was founded in 1924. In 1923 Philip Dirk Baron van Pallandt bequeathed his castle and an approximately 2000 hectare wooded area to the Order of the Star of the East , which set up its headquarters in Ommen under the spiritual guidance of Krishnamurti . In 1924 the followers of the order gathered in a first "star camp" a few kilometers from the castle. These annual star camps with several thousand participants were carried out up to and including 1939. There were a large number of wooden barracks for the administration, kitchen, sanitary facilities and storage. During the star camp in 1929, Krishnamurti renounced the movement, but the meetings continued to be held annually. The star camp planned for 1940 was postponed due to the impending German invasion.

Second World War

After the invasion in May 1940, Fritz Schmidt , General Commissioner for Special Use, decided in autumn 1940 to dissolve all organizations that were hostile to National Socialism . Werner Schwier , a former horse butcher and then head of the International Organizations department, was responsible for carrying out the liquidations . The camp site and the buildings were transferred to Schwier. From June 1941 to June 1942, however, it was initially not used.

Werner Schwier appointed the Dutchman Karel Lodewijk Diepgrond as warehouse manager. He recruited the guards, which mostly consisted of the unemployed and a few SS members, and gave the camp the German name “Arbeits Einsatzlager Erika”, probably after the heather that grew in the vicinity of the camp. This Dutch security team was called the Kontroll-Kommando (KK) and was given German rank designations such as candidates, security guard, upper guard, sub-leader, half-platoon leader, platoon leader, main platoon leader and camp leader. Reports and orders were given in German. However, the guards were provided with Dutch army uniforms and work clothes. However, the buttons with the Dutch lion were replaced by ones from the SS. The first guard, consisting of 48 men, reached the camp on June 13, 1941. The fences were erected, trees felled and barracks were built. Once a day, two groups of the guards took turns exercising and the "work detail". The drill exercises were headed by a Dutch SS member as the "drill guide".

The purpose of the camp was unclear in 1941. In the course of the year the guards increased to 100 men without anyone to guard. Schwier himself initially planned a training camp for management positions in occupied Ukraine. Diepgrond explained this plan to the assembled guards on August 31st. General Commissioner Schmidt from the Commissariat for Special Use, on the other hand, planned a training camp for Jewish supervisors on labor camps to be created for unemployed Jews. The overseers should acquire the necessary "camp discipline".

In the war documentation center there is a report by a guard how he imagines such a labor camp for Jews:

“De Joden can rekenen op een buitengewoon strict treatment, zonder enig gevoel van Menschelijkheid. Joden has been zoo voorgesteld dat avenue een doode Jood een goede Jood kan zijn. De bedoeling is dat de Joden die daar komen moeten work feitelijk de keus hebben gewoon dood te gaan of zich dood te work. Ze zullen dus empty wat ze nog nooit gedaan lift, work en nog eens work on the zeer strict en sash control. "

“The Jews can expect exceptionally harsh treatment without any humanity. Jews are presented as such that only a dead Jew is a good Jew. The intent is that Jews who have to work there actually have a choice between simply dying or working themselves to death. So you will learn what you have never done before, work and work again under very strict and strict supervision. "

The plan for a Jewish labor camp was presented to the Jewish Council and later rejected personally by Hitler .

At the end of July 1941, at the behest of the Commissioner for Rotterdam Völckers, 15 members of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) were placed in the camp as punishment. Because he had an NSB council member removed from the meeting, they had attacked the mayor of Rotterdam in revenge and forcibly photographed him with an imitation masonry apron and a yellow star with the council member concerned. The men were beaten when they arrived and their NSB insignia was torn off. The next day Schwier stopped the rough treatment. He regarded them as honorary prisoners and they enjoyed good accommodation, food and freedom of movement. Three of them subsequently stayed in the camp as members of the “control command”.

Judicial camp

The camp was now ready, but the prisoners were absent and many guards resigned. 38 guards transferred to the Amersfoort transit camp after being drafted by the SS .

With the help of the Dutch judiciary, the German occupation authorities tried to stop the black market, which was flourishing in the country . For this purpose, special courts for economic crimes have been set up. But the prisons were overcrowded, the number of convicts increased and the available prisoner places were largely occupied by prisoners of the " security police ". Therefore Reichskommissar Seyß-Inquart ordered on June 5, 1942 the use of Kamp Erika as a judicial camp for convicted Dutch people. Difficulty remained the camp manager, who was subordinate to General Commissioner Wimmer . The Dutch labor front recruited new guards and the KK was increased by around 100 men. The camp was officially opened on June 22, 1942.

Originally, only those convicted of economic offenses (illegal slaughter, black market trafficking) who had not yet started their sentence with a minimum sentence of three months were to be accommodated in Kamp Erika. But as early as August, convicts of murder, rape, manslaughter or "fornication" were placed there, some of them also for violating Regulation 81/40, which made homosexual acts a criminal offense. The camp gradually filled with prisoners. At the beginning of August, the capacity was already exceeded with 1,380 prisoners. On August 7, 800 prisoners were transported to Heerte near Wolfenbüttel, to camp 35 of the Reichswerke Hermann Göring .

The correspondence between the Reich Minister of Justice and Seyß-Inquart shows that it had already been agreed before the commissioning that Dutch prisoners were to be used in "war-important operations in the old empire". Jaap Schrieke, State Secretary in the Ministry of Justice, who informed the directors of the prisons and the pretrial detention centers (Huis van Bewaring) and the other agencies about the imminent opening, kept silent about the planned further deportation of Dutch prisoners.

Three weeks after the first transport, another 125 prisoners were sent to Heerte. At the end of October 1943 around 500 prisoners were transported to Cologne and Siegburg . At the end of November, 52 of the 925 convicts sent to Heerte had died and 350 had returned. The number of prisoners present at that time was 994 with 251 guards. In January 1943, on orders from Schwier, all prisoners from Heerte returned to Ommen. The reasons were poor treatment there and high mortality. The prisoners in Siegburg and Cologne had to do forced labor in the Klöckner works , in the Soennecken company in Hangelar and in the fuel union in Wesseling . Kamp Erika posted staff to supervise and guard his prisoners in Heerte, Cologne and Siegburg.

The inmates - all men - were called "Knackers". According to Schwier's records in his diary, “Knackers” meant: louse, unworthy, annoying animal or parasite. The prisoners' clothing was called "knackerspakkie". It consisted of a discarded work suit of the Dutch army, a cap, a pair of socks, a shirt, underpants and wooden shoes. The inmates were shaved.

The core of the camp was a palisade camp. Inside the fence there was a roll call area, a watchtower and around 15 wooden barracks arranged in a semicircle that accommodated around 60 men. Sleeping places were mostly hammocks stretched between two bars, often several on top of each other. There were two molton blankets per inmate .

daily routine

Inmates described the daily routine as follows: morning roll call, "breakfast", consisting of a piece of bread and watery coffee, and subsequent assignment for work gangs of around 20 men on the roll call area. Then it went to work such as the reclamation of forest. The inmates felled trees, limbed and debarked them, and then transported them away. Others had to work in the camp. Some of the men worked for farmers in the area. There was a sub-camp especially for forced labor in the area around Mariënberg , the Kamp Junne. The treatment there was tolerably better than in Ommen. The prisoners there came to Kamp Erika to shower only on Sundays.

The men worked until noon, then there was a one-hour lunch break. Lunch for the workers outside the camp consisted of a piece of bread allocated in the morning. Inmates who worked in the camp ate the food in the stockade warehouse. The warm meals often consisted of a hat spot or a thick soup. They then worked until 5 p.m., when the roll call followed. Afterwards the inmates received a “stuk cake”, a hard German bread. It was quiet at 10 p.m. It was a regular occurrence that guards would wake inmates at night, for pretext or for no reason, and make them run laps around the barracks.

treatment

Accompanied by members of the Marechaussee, the prisoners arrived by train at the Ommen station and marched the three kilometers to the camp on foot. When they arrived, they were often beaten, kicked, verbally abused, or otherwise exposed to the practices of the KK. A witness, the paramedic A. de V., reported after the war that guards beat the prisoners with rifle butts and sticks to the point of unconsciousness and kicked them in the genitals. there were several deaths. Diepgrond documented the following cases of brawls, among others:

"At 15 uur heeft opzichter Van de L. zijn geweer stuk hit op no. 944
8 uur 30 heeft opzichter W. zijn geweer met kapot geslagen kolf ingeleverd "

“At 3 p.m., supervisor Van de L. broke his rifle on No. 944, documented on Sept. 30th / 1st. October 1942
At 8:30 am, supervisor W. delivered his rifle with the butt hammered in, documented on 6/7 October 1942 "

Diepgrond documented on 22./23. February 1943 the use of firearms against a convict because he had done his excretion in the bushes. A common punishment was "sealing". Prisoners had to move on their elbows with the help of tiptoe. With the help of the knees, the victims were kicked or beaten. To punish prisoners, there was the bunker, a concrete cellar that was located outside the picket fence. In the bunker there were several cells in which one could hardly stand. There was light there through four tubes that led up through the ceiling. The groundwater formed a permanent pool of water on the ground and mixed with the excrement. There was no food or drink available. The bunker detention could last for several days. Even guards were given bunker detention in the event of negligence. However, it is unclear whether the same bunker was used for this.

The guards punished inmates with food deprivation or made them wait outside while inmates ate. Sometimes an inmate was served food but was not allowed to touch it. The inmates were given about five minutes for the warm meal. Since it was often served red-hot, there was no choice but to burn your mouth if you didn't want to starve. Any further eating after the whistle was followed by severe penalties. Unauthorized eating was sanctioned with a pillory on the roll call square. The food, e.g. B. a sugar beet was put in the inmate's mouth.

There were also public punishments. One incident was the subject of the post-war trial against Halbzugführer Driehuis. One inmate tried to escape and was caught. He spent a few days in the bunker and was then flogged in front of a crowd of inmates. In the event of insubordinate behavior or attempts to escape, the prisoners were assigned to the penal company (SK). These men were separated in their own barracks and put on half the food ration. For example, they had to drag tree trunks back and forth and suffer humiliation. So they were allowed to go round the palisades, loudly announcing their offenses. If a man from the column was guilty of an "offense", the entire group was e.g. B. placed with one hand on the barbed wire during lunch break. It was not allowed to speak. The measure was called “aan de draad staan”. Another collective punishment was the halving of the entire column's food rations for several days. A more drastic chicane was called “grammofoonplaatje draaien”. The victim had to bend down low, stick a finger in his ear, stretch the other arm down and turn on its own axis. If he fell over, the guards would beat and kick him to get him up again. This was sometimes repeated until the inmate was passed out.

The majority of the tortures of the inmates were carried out by a certain group; most of the guards performed their duties quietly and only passively participated in the abuse. Some fellow prisoners who acted as chief kapo (kapoet) were also characterized by brutality .

Jewish prisoners

Some Jewish prisoners formed a special group; five of them were registered as "Israelite beliefs": Gerrit F., Marcus L., Philip K., Gabriël B. and Salomon R. Three other Jews entered the camp without conviction by the Dutch judiciary. They were transferred to Ommen from other labor camps in the Netherlands for a few weeks. Their family names were Lakmaker, Süsskind and Erlanger. H. Lakmaker survived the war.

The Jews were housed in an old army tent within the stockade. They were particularly badly mistreated and humiliated and were used to clean up the latrines. Often times, the guards forced them to run with buckets of faeces or were allowed to do useless activities. For example, they had to exercise at half past four in the morning and were kicked and beaten. After shaving their heads, they had to put their hair in a bucket with their teeth. Once they were forced to crawl one behind the other on their knees, their noses between the buttocks of the person in front. In the evening the clothes were taken from the Jewish prisoners. Marcus L. and Salomon R. succumbed to the consequences of the abuse, Lakmaker, Süsskind and Erlangen were transferred to Westerbork . Gabriël B. was released after "serving" his sentence and Gerrit F. when the judicial camp was lifted. Both were reported to have been released to the security police.

Attempts to escape

A “motto” for the treatment of the prisoners was explicitly “ All for one, one for all ”. If an inmate broke the rules, fellow inmates were also punished. This may have resulted in few attempts to escape. In a report from 22./23. In February 1943 the shooting of a fugitive was recorded. Guusta Veldman describes the only definitely documented shooting of a prisoner in August 1942. Johannes H. had slipped a fellow prisoner that he would try to escape while working in the forest. The inmate revealed this plan to the guard, who in turn informed Hauptzugführer de Jong. It was decided that they would play dumb and shoot H. while trying to escape. The next day a security guard shot H. in the head when he made a suspicious movement. The brother of the man who was shot was later shot in Heerte by a friend of the perpetrator because he felt threatened. The guards received a reward of between Fl 25 and Fl 50 for shooting a fugitive .

Number of victims

The exact number of prisoners who died in Ommen, Heerte and Wesseling as a result of malnutrition and abuse cannot be determined. The security guards and Schwier each gave different estimates, mainly relating to deaths related to the conditions in Heerte. The Ommen Municipal Office kept a register of the deaths among the registered inmates. According to this, 170 people of the 2978 registered prisoners died, 78 of them in Heerte, 22 in Cologne and Siegburg, 30 in Ommen and 40 in various hospitals. There were also a few dozen unregistered prisoners. It must also be assumed that some of them died as a result of their imprisonment after their release. Veldman assumes 170 to 200 deaths.

Abolition of the judicial camp

The German and Dutch administrative authorities were aware of the conditions in the camp, as can be seen in memos from the General Commissioner for Administration and Justice and in correspondence between Werner Seiffert and State Secretary Schrieke. The Reichskommissariat, for example, initiated an investigation into the grievances in Ommen and came to the conclusion that the prisoners were satisfied with the accommodation and food. Regarding the deaths, the report says:

"... all deaths were discussed on the basis of the files. It turned out that the deaths are entirely due to illnesses that the prisoners must have had before they were admitted to the camp. "

Although there was mistreatment, it was done by Dutch guards. Employees of General Commissioner Friedrich Wimmers would have ordered an end to these practices.

The then resistance newspaper Het Parool reported on September 25, 1942 about the mistreatment and hard labor in the camp and wrote that some prisoners had already died "miserably". Any involvement by the Dutch police and judiciary must be punished in due course. Two weeks later the newspaper reported on the transport of Dutch prisoners to and from Wolfenbüttel and the number of those murdered there. Dutch SS men would behave so horribly there that the people in Wolfenbüttel refer to them as “executioners from Holland”.

On January 15, 1943, the doctors' resistance organization led four Dutch court officials to the beds of 30 abused people from Ommen and Heerte who were being housed in the Hengelo hospital. The officers, disguised as independent doctors, were disturbed by the condition of the inmates and informed their superiors. Further research was carried out and the hospitals in the east of the Netherlands wrote to how many patients from the camp were being treated, and nine hospitals provided information about this. At least 169 prisoners were therefore in inpatient treatment. Seven ex-prisoners had died in Deventer. With these results the members of the public prosecutor approached high personalities of the judiciary. After many negative replies, Meester Wassenbergh, public prosecutor in Amsterdam, took on the matter. A delegation was received at the Reichskommissariat on February 26th, presented a memorandum and was given permission for an inspection in Ommen on March 6th. After the inspection, Wassenbergh wrote a letter to State Secretary Schrieke, which was signed by all but one of the judges in Amsterdam. They called for the camp to be abolished or for supervision to be transferred to Dutch authorities. The Hoge Raad , who is considered docile , also followed suit. In mid-April, Schrieke announced that from April 17, no more prisoners would be transferred to Ommen and that the camp would be closed. The camp should now be used to accommodate people in hiding and “breach of contract”. B. from workers who returned from Germany without permission. The leadership should continue to be difficult for party comrade. Two judges who had drastically reduced sentences to prevent placement in Ommen were dismissed.

Seyß-Inquart stipulated that all prisoners convicted by the Dutch judiciary had to leave the camp by May 31.

The prisoners in Siegburg and Cologne were to remain in Germany and serve their sentences.

Erika labor camp

From May 1943, the camp was supposed to be used to re-educate “ anti-socials ” or to accommodate people who had tried to evade labor by going into hiding. The accommodation of "breach of contract" was also planned, meaning those men who had left the labor service in Germany without permission.

Initially, however, thousands of students were housed in the camp. They had refused to sign the declaration of loyalty that was necessary for further studies, but either wanted or could not evade the labor service. Since the number of people far exceeded the storage capacity, tents were set up in the former star camp. The accommodation and the subsequent labor service in the Hermann Göring works was far more humane than with the prisoners.

After this brief episode, the camp became quiet. Difficult again put forward the plan to use the guards to colonize the eastern areas. He wanted to make it a "model example for a common Germanic development". Reichskommissariat and Seyss-Inquart agreed. In Germany, however, the plan was rejected and stopped. Instead, in mid-May 1943, 77 members of the control command of the voluntary auxiliary police were made available to track down those who refused to work. Kamp Erika served as a transit camp for this group of people. Those who were tracked down and caught were transferred from Kamp Erika to the Amersfoort assembly camp. It is estimated that up to September 1944, an average of 175 people per month were transported to Amersfoort. In Kamp Erika they were separated from the "anti-social". The latter should not be punished but subjected to discipline . Information about their number is sparse. An ex-prisoner who stayed in the camp for the second half of 1943 estimated their number at 400 people. When ordering provisions in July 1944, 490 servings were requested.

In February 1944, Kamp Erika was closed at short notice. Diepgrond was arrested and the police disarmed the guards. Diepgrond had released "anti-social" people of his own accord for unknown reasons. Hanns Albin Rauter viewed this as sabotage and had the inmates brought to Amersfoort and arrested Diepgrond in Scheveningen, where he was released from Schwier after an interrogation and was reinstated as camp leader.

In April 1944, the control command was nominally subordinated to the Dutch state police as a work control service , but under German orders. Difficult was appointed head of the labor control service. 30 men formed the "Ommen watch group" and were still responsible for Kamp Erika.

The KK crew was given police powers and ranks and was distributed across the country. Jaap de Jonge and Kermer were guilty of various crimes. In Haarlem they shot a bystander who opened the door too slowly. Arend Z. was involved in the murder of an arrested police officer in Emmen and 46 of the 486 people arrested under the leadership of Boxmeer died in Germany.

The treatment of the prisoners improved. There were short family visits on Sundays and a church service. Punishments, harassment and mistreatment such as "Robben", "grammofoonplaatje draaien", "Strafkompanie" and "Bunker" continued to occur. The inmates also had to do forced labor. Three prisoners were mistreated during this period, including a certain Nieland. Nieland was a TB patient and was released from the labor service. His girlfriend's parents didn't want him to have any company with their daughter. The mother, who Diepgrond knew personally, used her influence to ensure that Nieland was placed in Kamp Erika. His condition worsened and he was temporarily hospitalized. After returning to the camp, he was immediately assigned to the "punishment company" and died on November 11, 1943 as a result of the abuse.

September 1944 - April 1945

The work control service was dissolved and Kamp Erika was placed under the order police in September 1944. Some members of the KK resumed their previous guard duties. Others like Boxmeer and Driehuis resigned. Kamp Erika no longer acted as a transit camp for violations of the labor service, but became a prison camp again. The punishments were radio possession, disregard of compulsory labor service, violation of the food distribution laws, etc. The penalty varied for the same violation between several days and months. The releases were on Fridays. The release list was read out and mostly five to ten prisoners personally selected by Diepgrond or De Jong were released. There were an average of 450 prisoners during this period. In September 1944 there were about 50 guards.

In contrast to the previous time, Schwier was present in the camp for the past six months. His nickname was "de Bruine" (the brown one) or "Bruintje Beer" (after the children's book character Rupert Bear ) because of his sedate figure and the brown party uniform . He conducted the interrogations personally. He used an oak stick. He knocked out the teeth of prisoner J. Looyen and broke several fingers. After the "interrogation", Looyen was passed out for several days.

A characteristic of this phase is the fact that certain people from the guard formed a gang of thugs and terrorized the area around Ommen. This group was led by Schwier. Kermer, Diepgrond, De Jong, Jaap de Jonge, Bikker and Soetebier were part of the core. Sometimes members of the Security Service (SD) also took part. They tracked down, abused and detained people. They robbed and pillaged. In several cases, the thugs murdered their victims. Among those murdered were

  • JP Musch, who hid Jewish girls,
  • J. van Putten and D. Webbing, victims of denunciation,
  • H. Gouwe, A. van Haeringen, resistance fighters,
  • Johannes Kosse, a casual passerby,
  • Lohuijzen, a butcher and resistance fighter, and H. Nieboer, his son-in-law, who happened to be there,
  • H. Meijer, gunned down while checking a caravan, and
  • W. Albers, an onderduiker .

The more clearly Germany's defeat became apparent, the more the guards inside and outside the camp kept a low profile. The closer the front got, the more guards fled. On March 22nd, the guards' sleeping barracks were cordoned off at night and the patrols reinforced.

The raids were mistreated and robbed, but from December 1944 to April 1945 “only” one fatality was to be mourned, H. de Lange, seriously wounded in a firefight as part of a resistance operation, was shot by guards from Kamp Erikas . There has been no death in the camp from poor treatment in the past six months. Allied warplanes probably carried out a presumably accidental attack with on-board weapons on the camp. They killed three people and wounded 29 others, 14 of them seriously.

Kamp Erica was liberated on April 11, 1945 and served as a collaborator internment until December 31 .

On the night of April 5th, the camp was evacuated. The inmates were woken up at 12:30 a.m. At 5:00 a.m. the columns were ready. In groups and under guard, the prisoners marched through Ommen towards Hoogeveen. The train had to take cover several times because of the fighter planes. Numerous prisoners escaped. The prisoner SJ van de Linde was picked up by the Landwacht by chance, taken to another camp and shot there with two other prisoners at night by Germans in a forest. About 300 prisoners reached Hoogeveen and set out for Westerbork the next day. They reached the “De Pietersberg” labor camp. During a roll call there, it was found that 113 prisoners had escaped on the way.

A first attempt to free Kamp Erika failed on April 8th. Two days later, the 1st Polish Armored Division reached the camp together with the Prince Bernhard Brigade of the Inland Sea Strijdkrachten (BS). Most of the guards had already fled. About ten guards were arrested. AE van Arkel, a former camp inmate, was appointed interim commander of the "ex-geeks".

Erica assembly camp

The situation after the liberation in Ommen was chaotic. Kamp Erica (now with Dutch spelling) was used as an internment camp for collaborators. After two days there were already 500 prisoners. On April 13, the camp management was transferred to W. Hermans, the last headmaster of the Quaker School Eerde , which was closed in 1943 and which was located in the immediate vicinity of the Kamp, at Eerde Castle. He was faced with the task of preventing vengeance and vigilante justice. In the approximately 130 Dutch internment camps of the post-war months, many experienced excesses of violence. An investigation by Professor Belinfante later rated the situation in only eight of 130 camps as “good”. One of these camps was Erica. It is said, however, that Diepgrond and some ex-guards of the KK were assigned to the "Odeur group" and that latrines sometimes had to be emptied with their bare hands. Diepgrond was severely interrogated and had to help exhume J. van Putten and D. Webbing .

The camp was overcrowded. Warehouse manager Hermans estimated the maximum occupancy at 2000 people. There were now female prisoners for the first time. They were guarded by men, who in turn were subordinate to a woman. There was almost no sexual assault. One guard was released for illicit acts with a prisoner. The camp was closed on December 31, 1946.

today

Nowadays the Camping Besthmenerberg holiday park is located on the site , where the barracks are partially used as holiday homes or sanitary facilities. In memory of the victims, there has been a boulder with an inscription and a wooden cross on the Bergsteeg forest path (to be walked from Hammerweg) since 1991, and a small information board since 2006. The historic Kring (history circle) Ommen holds a memorial there every year.

Warehouse management and guards

  • Werner Schwier was a horse butcher and settled with Dr. speak to. He was arrested after the war and interned near Brussels. He managed to escape and he never had to face the Dutch judiciary.
  • Karel Lodewijk Diepgrond was a former police officer and initially worked as an interpreter for the "security service" in Amsterdam. Diepgrond was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment in 1949 and was released in 1957.
  • Jan de Jong , a former marine infantryman , was the camp's "main platoon leader" and Diepgrond's right-hand man. His nickname was “De Stomp” because he lost several fingers on his right hand in a sawing accident in the warehouse. He was feared because of his brutality and was shot in 1945 .
  • The officer of the security team Johannes HAM Driehuis was sentenced to death in 1945 and executed in 1947 .
  • Herbertus Bikker particularly distinguished himself through violence . He was called "Bump of Ommen" (executioner of Ommen). After the war he evaded justice and lived largely unmolested in Germany until his death.
  • Lieutenant JF J Boxmeer. He was responsible for the management of the palisade camp.
  • Unterführer F. Kermer. He was in charge of the prisoners in Heerte.

References and comments

  1. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), pp. 11-15.
  2. ↑ Quoted from: Guusta Veldman (1993), p. 27 f.
  3. ↑ Louis de Jong (1978), p. 628.
  4. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), pp. 17-40.
  5. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), p. 38 ff.
  6. ↑ Quoted from Guusta Veldman (1993), p. 54.
  7. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), p. 54 f.
  8. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), p. 69.
  9. ↑ a b Quoted from: Louis de Jong (1975), p. 175 online version
  10. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), pp. 41-87.
  11. ↑ Quoted from a letter from: Louis de Jong (1978), p. 629.
  12. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), pp. 89-102.
  13. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), pp. 103-115.
  14. ↑ For the biographical background of Werner Hermans see above all the section Quäkerschule Eerde # staff
  15. ^ August David Belinfante: In plaats van Bijltjesdag: De geschiedenis van de bijzondere Rechtsspleging na de Tweede Wereldoorlog . Van Gorcum, Assen 1978, ISBN 90-232-1638-5 , p. 227. Reprint: Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2006, ISBN 978-90-5356-890-3 .
  16. ↑ Guusta Veldman (1993), pp. 117-127.
  17. ↑ Oorlog, strafkamp ommen (kamp Erika) , accessed on January 1, 2019.
  18. ↑ Nationaal Comité 4 en 5 mei: Ommen, monument "Kamp Erika" , accessed on January 1, 2019.
  19. ↑ De Besthmenerberg in historical perspectief , accessed on January 1, 2019.
  20. ↑ Ommen (Holland) . JewishGen , accessed February 11, 2015.
  21. ↑ Henk Eefting: Kamp Erika te Ommen . Het Verhalenarchief, February 2, 2009; accessed on February 11, 2015.
  22. ↑ Kamp Erika (Ommen) . TracesOfWar.com, accessed February 11, 2015.

literature

  • Guusta Veldman: Knackers eighth prikkeldraad: Kamp Erika bij Ommen, 1941–1945 . Matrijs, Utrecht 1993; ISBN 90-5345-037-8 .
  • Louis de Jong: Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog , Volume 6: July 42 - Mei 43 . Nijhoff, The Hague 1975; ISBN 90-247-1742-6 .
  • Louis de Jong: Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog , Volume 8: Prisoners en Gedeporteerden, tweede help . Staatsuitgeverij, The Hague 1978; ISBN 90-12-00829-8 .

Web links

Coordinates: 52 ° 29 ′ 42 ″  N , 6 ° 26 ′ 5 ″  E