Bukhara Khanate
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The Bukhara Khanate or Bukhara Khanate ( Persian خانات بخارا Chānāt-e Buchārā ) was a khanate foundedin1506in today's Uzbekistan , which emerged from the Uzbek khanate and became the emirate of Bukhara in1753/85.
founding
As ruler of the Uzbek khanate, Mohammed Scheibani was a vassal of the Mughal khans from 1488 to 1500, who had previously helped him on his campaigns in Transoxania . Then he gained independence and moved against the Timurid successor states such as Samarqand and Bukhara. Scheibani's main opponents were the Timuride Babur and the Persian Shah Ismail. In 1506 the Uzbek Khanate became the Bukhara Khanate.
Conflicts with Babur
At the time of Muhammad Scheibani's death in 1510, the territories of the Uzbeks were under different governors, so that Babur repeatedly speaks of the "Sultans of the Uzbeks" in his autobiography:
- Muhammad Temur, Scheibani's son, sat in Samarkand
- in Bukhara Ubaidullah b. Mahmud , his nephew
- in Tashkent Suyunitsch, an uncle and the army was under Jani Beg, a cousin.
The khans agreed on the eldest, Kütschküntschi (ruled 1510–1530), an uncle of Muhammad Scheibani, as the new ruler. Ubaidullah and Jani Beg proved to be the most energetic princes.
In 1511/12 Babur advanced to Bukhara and Samarkand with the help of Persians. But this time he found no support from the population because of the wrongdoing of the Persians, and the Uzbeks still had a reasonably intact army. After the defeat at Gajdiwan in 1512, Babur moved to Afghanistan and founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 .
This Persian episode had a sequel: Since the population of the country Khorezm (with the cities Urgensch and Khiva) independently threw the Persians out of the country, an independent dynasty ruled there under Ilbars (ruled 1512-25). Ilbars was a Scheibanide, but from a different branch of the family and his descendants were no longer necessarily in alliance with the overlord. This created the independent Khiva Khanate .
Ubaidullah and Abdullah
From 1533 to 1539 Ubaidullah b. Mahmud , the nephew of Muhammad Scheibani. He continued the war with Iran. He was also an amateur scholar and poet. However, Ubaidullah did not succeed in defeating Shah Tahmasp (r. 1524–76): his five offensives in Khorassan were ultimately unsuccessful. B. he lost the battle of Turbet-i-Sheikh Jam in September 1528 because the Iranians had artillery. In addition, unlike him, his commanders were not interested in a permanent occupation of Khorassan: for them the sack of the country was enough. Conversely, the Shah saw the Ottoman Turks as his main enemy, and that is why these wars, despite their devastation, remained fruitless.
When Kütschküntschi's son Abu Said (ruled 1530–33) died, Ubaidullah became the new ruler of the Uzbeks. Defeated by the Scheibanid prince of Choresms, he died in 1539 and with his death, power struggles broke out between the various Uzbek princes for 17 years. Only when Pir Muhammad (ruled 1556–1561), his brother and his nephew Abdullah b. Iskandar (* 1533 / ruled 1556 / 83–1598) in Bukhara and Samarkand subordinated the princes again. Abdullah then gradually eliminated the rival families and appropriated their properties.
The long reign of Abdullah (II.) Was considered the "good old days" of the Uzbeks. Like the Timurids before, he promoted courtly miniature painting and architecture, so that most of the country's large buildings and many other amenities (educational institutions, gardens, etc.) were attributed to him.
By 1600 the Uzbeks gradually settled down and settled in the cities. Abdullah was a great builder, but also an Orthodox Muslim who ushered in a period of spiritual stagnation as the dervish orders continued to expand. At the end of his reign, the plague in 1590/91 and lost wars in 1595/98 weakened the country. In the latter case, the Iranians allied themselves with the threatened prince of Khorezm and finally snatched Khorassan from Abdullah , and the Kazakhs also took their chance and penetrated as far as Bukhara.
Janids
With the death of Abdullah's son and cousin dynasty 1598/99 moved to from the Astrakhan Khanate derived Dschaniden (1599-1785) used to dschingisidischen line of Tuqay-Timüriden belong. The Astrakhan prince Yar Muhammed (a descendant of Orda Khan ) had fled after the conquest of the city of Astrakhan by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1554 and had married his son to the daughter of Iskander (ruled 1561–1583). The sons of this relationship inherited the throne with the extinction of the Scheibanids.
In 1599, Baki Khan (also Baqi Muhammad , ruled 1599–1605) defeated the Scheibanid Pir Muhammad, who had only ruled for a few days, thereby ending the Scheibanid tradition in Bukhara. This takeover of power by the Janids or Tuqay-Timurids was a frequent topic in various historical works of Central Asia (as with the Mughal Hasan Bik or Tahir Mohammed), but also in Russian authors (such as Joseph Senkowski in 1824 and Wladimir Veliaminov-Zernov in 1865). as well as other authors, including Western authors, such as Audrey Burton, dealt with it.
Baki became the new Khan and sent his nephew Badi al-Zaman to Badakhshan , but he became apostate, so Baki sent an army and killed Badi. In 1602/03 he forced the Iranian Safavids to withdraw from Balkh; this initially ended the Persian-Uzbek clashes over Khorassan. His brother Wali Bik was first governor of Balch and later, after Baki's death in 1605, his successor as Khan.
Imam Quli Khan (r. 1610–1640 / 2) was a fanatical supporter of Orthodoxy and primarily promoted the construction of mosques and madrasas . When he lost his sight, he appointed his brother Nadir Muhammed (1640 / 2–1645, deposed) as his successor and went on a pilgrimage to Mecca , where he barely escaped prompt persecution by his brother. The worldly minded Nadir Muhammed , previously governor of Balch, had to vacate the throne in favor of his son Abd al-Aziz (r. 1645–1678), under pressure from the clergy. He fled to the Persian Shah , who also favored a comparison between him and his son, which lasted for a few years.
Under Abd al-Aziz and his brother Subhan Quli Khan (* approx. 1624, reigned 1678 / 80–1702, a scholar) there was a last, more modest heyday of the country, with the new madrasas and the Chan name , das Uzbek national epic (and a competitor to the Shah's name ) was created. Subhan Quli Khan also received embassies from Delhi and Istanbul, a sign of still existing importance. Nevertheless, the differences between the feudal class, the dervish orders and bellicose tribal groups near the border became an internal problem, while there was great unrest on the Syrdarya borders with the Kazakhs.
Around 1700 the khan, especially Abu'l Faiz (son of Subhan Quli , ruled 1707–1747), lost power over the Fergana Valley due to internal and external conflicts. An (alleged?) Scheibanid named Shah-Rukh took the opportunity and founded the independent Kokand Khanate in 1710 , which existed until 1876. From 1710 the Keneges and Kitai Kipchaks allied and proclaimed an opposing Khan in Samarkand. In the following years, and especially around 1723, large groups of Kazakhs fled from the jungle to Bukhara and Samarkand. They allied themselves with various Uzbek groups and besieged Bukhara several times until 1729. Bukhara and Samarkand were badly devastated in 1730. The threat posed by the Kazakhs was less when they achieved successes against the Djungars in 1727-30.
In July / September 1740 the Persians again advanced under Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747). The Khan Abu'l Faiz wanted to submit on the advice of the Mangite clan, but the nobility forced him to go to war. Nadir Shah won with the help of his superior artillery and entered Bukhara as the victor. But he refrained from looting the city; for him - he had previously looted Delhi in 1740 - it was probably no longer rich enough. Abu'l Faiz now had to confess himself as a vassal , make a marriage alliance and renounce Balch .
Economy, culture, military in Bukhara
The Uzbek Empire tried to profit from the caravan trade via Herat (Khorassan), which was still increasing until 1600, which was also successful within certain limits. The 16th century saw a heyday of economy, architecture, poetry and, to a limited extent, painting. Even in the 17th century, the buildings of Bukhara and Samarkand were evidence of still existing economic resources. Exact statements about the economic performance are difficult - there is also the opinion that the prosperity of the country fell from the 15th to the 16th century. In the long run, the Persian conquest of Khorassan cut off the Uzbeks from developing world trade across the seas, which means they were economically at a disadvantage. The internal conflicts that the Uzbeks fought among themselves in 1539–56, and the wars with Iran, which severely damaged Khorasan, will also have affected the economy.
In the 17th century the Central Asian khanates were not only economically disadvantaged, they were also culturally isolated from the rest of the Islamic world. This was due on the one hand to the contrast between the (Sunni) Uzbeks and the neighboring (Shiite) Safavid Empire, and on the other hand to a certain cultural ignorance of the influential dervish orders. Only Balch , where the heirs to the throne usually resided, represented a hub through which cultural exchange with India could take place.
The limited economic possibilities and the traditional disregard for artillery also meant that the Uzbeks were at a disadvantage compared to the Persians and Mughals on the battlefield. The fact that they were able to assert themselves in the 17th century was due to the traditional mobility of the nomads, who were able to force a war of attrition on their opponents. This was shown e.g. B. 1647 when the Mughals attacked Balch when they wanted to intervene in the controversy for the succession to the throne. In the 18th century, the khanates were no longer a military power.
Around 1600 the Uzbeks slowly settled down. They settled in the oases and even in the cities that were already inhabited by older Turkish and Iranian populations. The Uzbek Empire tried to profit from the caravan trade via Herat (Khorassan), which was still increasing until 1600, which was also successful within certain limits. The 16th century saw a heyday of economy, architecture, poetry and, to a limited extent, painting. Even in the 17th century, the buildings of Bukhara and Samarkand were evidence of still existing economic resources. Exact statements about the economic performance are difficult - there is also the opinion that the prosperity of the country fell from the 15th to the 16th century. In the long run, the Persian conquest of Khorassan cut off the Uzbeks from developing world trade across the seas, which means they were economically at a disadvantage. The internal conflicts that the Uzbeks fought among themselves in 1539–56, and the wars with Iran, which severely damaged Khorasan, will also have affected the economy.
Transition to the emirate
Around 1747 Abu'l Faiz was murdered by his regent Muhammad Rahim Bi . Muhammad Rahim , leader of Mangit -Clans and depending on the Persian ruler Nader Shah , in 1753 ascended the throne himself, led instead of "Khan" the new title "Emir", and ruled until 1758. This was the Dschaniden disempowered, and Abu ' l Ghazi (ruled 1758–85, deposed) was already ruled by the Mangit clan, which had once come with the Uzbeks. The rulers now invoked Islamic principles instead of Genghisid ancestry. Bukhara was now one of the few states in Central Asia that was not ruled by the Genghisids or Timurids .
One of Muhammad Rahim's relatives, Ma'sum Shah Murad († 1799), became Abu'l Ghazi's son-in-law and ascended the throne himself in 1785 after he had finally deposed the Janids and made the official transition to the Emirate of Bukhara . Close to the dervishes, he dared to attack Iran for the last time in 1788, conquering Merw , destroying the Murghab dams and deporting the Iranian population. His dynasty lasted until 1920.
literature
- Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to the ethnology of Central Asia , script. Vienna, 2003, accessed March 7, 2020.
- Thomas Welsford: Four types of loyalty in early modern central Asia: the Tūqāy-Timūrid takeover of greater Mā Warā al-Nahr, 1598-1605. Brill-Verlag, Leiden 2013. Link to Google Books , accessed on March 28, 2020.
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Thomas Welsford: Four types of loyalty in early modern central Asia. Leiden 2013, p. 5.
- ^ Thomas Welsford: Four types of loyalty in early modern central Asia. , Leiden 2013, pp. 3 and 11.
- ^ Thomas Welsford: Four types of loyalty in early modern central Asia. Leiden 2013, p. 3.
- ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 358
- ↑ Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, pp. 68f