Ball of herbs
| Ball of herbs | ||||||||||||
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Annual ball ( Scleranthus annuus ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Scleranthus | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The tangled herbs or tangles ( Scleranthus ) are a genus of plants in the carnation family (Caryophyllaceae). Regarding the derivation of the German trivial name , it can be said that in German colloquial language a "ball" is a small (up to the size of a fist) bale of wound threads. The twelve or so species are widespread in Eurasia , North Africa and Australasia .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Scleranthus species and subspecies grow as annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants or dwarf shrubs . The tap roots are thin. The stem -round stems are erect to prostrate and branched.
The constantly against arranged on the stem leaves are sessile and fused at their base pairs. The simple leaf blades are narrow, subulate to linear, not succulent, single-veined with a pointed or blunt upper end. Stipules are missing.
Generative characteristics
In terminal or lateral, zymous inflorescences , many flowers are loosely to close together. The opposite, foliage-like bracts are fused in pairs. There is at most a short flower stalk.
The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The flower cup (hypanthium) is jug-shaped and continues abruptly at its base. The five free, green to greenish, herbaceous sepals are 1.5 to 4 millimeters in length, lanceolate to subphrate and have a whitish, dry-skinned edge and a pointed to blunt upper end. Petals are missing. The two to ten free stamens are inserted on the edge of the flower cup. All of the stamens can be fertile or five to eight are converted to staminodes . A nectar-producing disc is present at the base of the stamens. Two carpels are a half under constant ovary grown, so sepals and stamens are perigynous. The two free styluses in each one capped, papillary scars.
The solitary fruit is tubularly enclosed by the slightly to heavily furrowed flower cup, which is crowned by the durable sepals and together forms the egg-shaped "Utricle", which remains closed when ripe and thus represents the diaspore . The seeds are yellow and spherical.
The basic chromosome number is x = usually 11, rarely 12.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Scleranthus was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 406; The wrong spelling "Schleranthus" was used in the heading. The botanical generic name is derived from the ancient Greek words scléranthe : σκληρός sklerós for "hard" and ἄνθος ánthos for "blossom" or "flower" and refers to the inflorescences. Type species is Scleranthus annuus L. A synonym for Scleranthus L. is Mniarum J.R. Forst . & G.Forst.
The genus Scleranthus belongs to the tribe Sclerantheae in the subfamily Alsinoideae within the family of the Caryophyllaceae .
The genus Scleranthus includes (ten to) about twelve (to 17) species. Around three species, the annual ball ( Scleranthus annuus ), the perennial ball ( Scleranthus perennis ) and the drift ball ( Scleranthus polycarpos ), each with a few subspecies, are native to the temperate areas of Europe and the Mediterranean. Of the others, about eight species are native to Australasia . Three to four species are naturally found in Australia, plus two neophytes. Some species are in the world in many areas, for example in North America , neophytes .
There are 10 to 17 species of Scleranthus :
- Scleranthus aetnensis Strobl (Syn .: Scleranthus annuus subsp. Aetnensis (Strobl) Pignatti ): It occurs only in Sicily and Malta .
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Annual ball ( Scleranthus annuus L. , Syn .: Scleranthus comosus Dumort. , Scleranthus divaricatus Dumort. , Scleranthus venustus Strobl ): It contains several subspecies, including:
- Scleranthus annuus L. subsp. annuus : It is naturally widespread in Europe, West Asia and North Africa and is a neophyte in many areas of the world .
- Scleranthus annuus subsp. collinus Smejkal : It occurs only in Spain , Mallorca and Croatia .
- Scleranthus annuus subsp. ruscinonensis (Gillot & HJCoste) PDSell
- Scleranthus biflorus (JRForst. & G.Forst.) Hook. f. : It is based in Australia .
- Scleranthus brockiei P.A. Will. : It occurs in Tasmania and New Zealand .
- Scleranthus diander R.Br. : It is based in Australia.
- Scleranthus delortii Gren. (Syn .: Scleranthus annuus subsp. Delortii (Gren.) Meikle ): It is distributed from Italy and France (including Corsica ) over the Iberian Peninsula to the Balearic Islands as well as the Azores and Algeria as well as Morocco .
- Scleranthus fasciculatus (R.Br.) Hook. f. : It is native to Australia and is a neophyte in New Zealand.
- Scleranthus minusculus F. Muell. : It is based in Australia.
- Scleranthus orientalis Rössler : It occurs only in Lebanon and Syria .
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Perennial ball , perennial ball ( Scleranthus perennis L. ): There are several subspecies, including:
- Scleranthus perennis subsp. burnatii (Briq.) PDSell (Syn .: Scleranthus burnatii Briq. )
- Scleranthus perennis subsp. dichotomus (Schur) Nyman
- Scleranthus perennis subsp. marginatus (cast.) Nyman
- Scleranthus perennis L. subsp. perennis : it is in Central Europe and Western Asia , of course, widespread and in North America a neophyte.
- Scleranthus perennis subsp. polycnemoides (Willk. & Costa) Font Quer (Syn .: Scleranthus polycnemoides Willk. & Costa )
- Scleranthus perennis subsp. vulcanicus (Strobl) Bég.
- Snarl pastures , wild tangle herb Alps Snarl herb ( Scleranthus polycarpos L. , syn .: Scleranthus annuus subsp. Polycarpos (L.) Bonnier & Layens ): It is widely used in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia.
- Scleranthus pungens R.Br. : It is only native to the Australian states of New South Wales and South Australia.
- Scleranthus singuliflorus (F.Muell.) Mattf. : It is located in the Australian states of New South Wales as well as Victoria and New Guinea .
- Scleranthus tauricus Knaf : It occurs only in Ukraine .
- Scleranthus uncinatus Schur (Syn .: Scleranthus annuus subsp. Uncinatus (Schur) Stoj. & Stef. ): It iswidespreadfrom Spain to France to Italy and in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
- Scleranthus uniflorus P.A. Will. : It occurs in New Zealand.
- Hill tangle herb , whisk Snarl ( Scleranthus verticillatus exchange , Syn .: Scleranthus annuus subsp. Verticillatus (exchange) Arcang. , Scleranthus collinus (Hornung) A.Kern. Non Schur , Scleranthus collinus Opiz , Scleranthus syvashicus Kleopow , Scleranthus polycarpos subsp. collinus (Opiz) Pignatti ): It is distributed from Western, Central and Southern Europe to Eastern and Southeastern Europe via Turkey to Syria and Lebanon.
Some nature hybrids are also described (selection):
- Scleranthus × intermedius putty. ( Scleranthus annuus × Scleranthus perennis ): In Europe these hybrids are formed again and again, they have ten reduced, sterile stamens.
- Scleranthus × podperae Smejkal ( Scleranthus perennis × Scleranthus polycarpos )
- Scleranthus perennis × Scleranthus uncinatus
swell
- John W. Thieret, Richard K. Rabeler: Scleranthus - text same online as printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
- RD Smissen, Phil J. Garnock-Jones: Relationships, classification and evolution of Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from analysis of morphological characters. , In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 140, 2002, pp. 15-29.
- RD Smissen, Phil J. Garnock-Jones, GK Chambers: Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences suggests a Pliocene origin for the bipolar distribution of Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae). In: Australian Systematic Botany , 16, 2003, pp. 301–315: PDF (sections description, distribution and systematics)
- A. Doust: Entry on New South Wales Flora Online . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ RD Smissen, Phil J. Garnock-Jones, GK Chambers: Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences suggests a Pliocene origin for the bipolar distribution of Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae) , In: Australian Systematic Botany , 16, 2003, pp. 301-315: PDF .
- ↑ Entry at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Scleranthus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Scleranthus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Karol Marhold, 2011: Caryophyllaceae. Scleranthus , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
- ↑ a b c John W. Thieret & Richard K. Rabeler: Scleranthus - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-522211-3
- ↑ a b c d e A. Doust: Entry in New South Wales Flora Online .
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