Koloman (Hungary)
Koloman , known as the book expert , (* around 1065 ; † February 3, 1116 , Hungarian Könyves Kálmán ) from the Arpaden family was king of Hungary from 1095 and king of Croatia and Dalmatia from 1102 . He was the eldest son of Géza I the Great, King of Hungary from 1074 to 1077 and his first wife Sophie († 1065), a daughter of Count Giselbert von Looz.
Life
Koloman received the first name Koloman, which was completely unfamiliar for Hungary and especially for a Hungarian prince, and was later the only ruler of this name, which goes back to the Irish pilgrim Koloman , who killed on July 17, 1012 in Stockerau in the then margraviate of Austria as a supposed Hungarian spy was, however, recognized as a martyr by miracles at his grave and was venerated as a saint soon afterwards .
It was also unusual that as the eldest son and heir, he was destined for a spiritual profession. This could be related to the religious attitudes of the Arpads, as he was a nephew of Ladislaus I the Saint, who ruled as King of Hungary from 1077 to 1095 and a cousin of Saint Piroska of Hungary (called Irene in Byzantium) († 1134), who became Empress of Byzantium through her marriage to John II Comnenus († 1143) .
The actual reason, however, may have been different, namely the fact that his father King Géza I was a niece of the Byzantine emperor Nikephorus III in his second marriage around 1065 . Botaneiates had married, whereby the older son Koloman of the mere count's mother was later replaced as heir to the throne by his younger half-brother Álmos , whose mother was a relative of the Byzantine imperial family.
Koloman was initially bishop of Oradea . Around 1091 he fled to Poland because his half-brother Álmos had been appointed king of Dalmatia and Croatia by his uncle Ladislaus I. This had brought Ladislaus into conflict with Pope Urban II , who viewed these areas as a papal fiefdom. However, Ladislaus persuaded Koloman to return to Hungary, where after Ladislaus' death in 1095 he succeeded the throne in accordance with the seniorate principle .
Koloman immediately dethroned Álmos, but assigned him a duchy in Hungary. This improved the relationship with the Pope and in the medium term led to the direct dominance of the Hungarian king in personal union over Dalmatia, Croatia and Bosnia , which found expression in 1106 in the homage of the Dalmatian cities. However, Álmos developed into the leader of an internal Hungarian opposition until Koloman blinded him and his son, who later became King Béla II , in 1113 , after which they fled to Constantinople . In 1096, Koloman succeeded in at least indirectly withdrawing the Holy See's access to the Kingdom of Hungary, which Stephen I had given the Pope as a fiefdom: According to Koloman's interpretation, this was merely a matter of entrusting the protection of Mary , the mother of Jesus .
In 1099 the Hungarian army under Koloman was defeated by the Cumans .
Marriage and offspring
From his first marriage to Felizia of Sicily he had four children:
- Sophie, ∞ Saul, clan of Bihar
- Stephen II , King of Hungary (* 1106; † 1131)
- Ladislaus (* 1101; † 1112)
- a daughter; ∞ around 1117 Wladimirko Volodarowitsch, Prince of Halicz (Rurikids) († 1153)
From the second marriage to Euphemia of Kiev he had a son:
- Boris Konrad (c. 1131), pretender of Byzantium; his son Koloman founded the Kolomannoi dynasty in Byzantium.
literature
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Florin Curta: Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 p. 266 f.
- ^ Karl Lechner: Die Babenberger: 'Margraves and dukes of Austria 976-1246 . 6th, unchanged. Ed., Page 63; Verlag Böhlau, Vienna, Cologne, Weimar, 1996, ISBN 3-205-98569-9
- ↑ European Family Tables , New Series, Volume II .: The states outside Germany. Tables 154, 175 and 177; Verlag JA Stargardt, Marburg, 1984
- ↑ European Family Tables , New Series, Volume II: The States Outside Germany, Plate 154 Verlag JA Stargardt, Marburg, 1984
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Ladislaus I. |
King of Hungary 1095–1116 |
Stephan II |
| Petar Svačić |
King of Croatia and Dalmatia 1102–1116 |
Stephan II |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Koloman |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | King of Hungary |
| DATE OF BIRTH | around 1065 |
| DATE OF DEATH | February 3, 1116 |