Correlate (psychology)

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A correlate in psychology is understood to be individual facts or terms that only make sense in reciprocal relationship. (a) Mostly, a connection between physical and mental phenomena is meant, such as the psychophysical correlation . In the field of understanding psychology , contexts of meaning are of essential importance. In particular, questions of the humanities can hardly be answered without correlations, such as the relationship between understanding and reason . Despite the differences between the two terms, certain similarities or correlates can be found here, since both are related to knowledge . The understanding is to be seen more as an ability related to sensual knowledge, the reason as an activity directed towards the knowledge of meaningful connections or values . (b)

Correlative development of the nervous system

The autonomic nervous system can be seen as a psychological correlate of the animal nervous system , since there is an interrelation between the two system units . This can be made clear for reasons of developmental history and act psychology . The development principle can also be described as peripheralization or as relief from central tasks ( downward effect ). The contrast between voluntary action and involuntary becoming requires a transition from what is learned voluntarily to automatically or involuntarily practicable activity . Both behaviors - stimulation and skill - are required to perform certain services in the sense of a mutually complementary reciprocal relationship.

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis , too, stands in the tradition of understanding psychology. The analytical technique wants to find out possible connections between physical and psychological factors and make them conscious and understandable to the patient . Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) described the relationship between physical and emotional complaints as conversion . The uncovering of defense processes can be demonstrated using the example of the affect correlate . Alexander Mitscherlich (1908–1982) interpreted neurotic symptoms and the mild and temporary physical symptoms in the sense of functional syndromes as the first and incomplete stage of a two-phase repression , based on knowledge about the desomatization . The second stage is reached when not only the fear has been suppressed, but also the physical symptoms have become chronic. The fear therefore decreases with increasing repression, while the physical symptoms increase. This state is called the affect equivalent . The defense therefore reverses the stages of development in a regressive manner or reverses normal development. It leads to a change in symptoms with an apparent improvement in psychological symptoms at the expense of physical well-being . Alfred Lorenzer (1922–2002) and Jürgen Habermas (* 1929) have also pointed out the connection between other incomprehensible psychological symptom constellations that are made conscious with the help of psychoanalytic technology and do not necessarily have physical correlates. The correlation to be established is u. U. that between the ciphered meaning of a current symptomatic scene in adulthood and the scene in early childhood that was revealed through transmission . (a)

Psychosomatics

Psychosomatic relationships have a long tradition. There is a medical tradition, especially in the functional area. The connections were sometimes referred to as 'sympathy' - derived from the double meaning of ancient Greek παθειν “to feel” and “to suffer”.

Universality claim

Apart from possible subjective value judgments, cultural comparisons can also be made in a methodically established, scientific manner. As a result of the fact that "all cultural phenomena are tied to the soul", there was an occasion to raise a newly conceived psychology to the theoretical framework and the basic discipline of all humanities, see also → Ethnic psychology , comparative psychiatry , transcultural psychiatry . When establishing connections, a universality claim was required in terms of hermeneutics . (a) (b) It is therefore also a question of comparisons between methodologically different subject areas - such as natural sciences and humanities - and questions of their convergence and complementarity . (c) Eduard Spranger (1882–1963) spoke of “overarching units”, since specific cognitive methods of individual sciences cannot always maintain their specifically logical effectiveness in view of the diversity of phenomena and instead only linguistic competence ( rhetoric ) conveys a claim to truth. (b)

Correlativism

In epistemology, under correlativism, the conception is represented that assumes and establishes a connection and a reciprocal relationship between the knowing subject and the known object. (d) The one-sided tendency of the relationship from the subject to the object is called intentionalism . (e)

Correlation research

Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002) points to the correlation research of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), which dominated his entire life's work. Here he was concerned with the distinction between inner perception and the real unity of consciousness of the experiences . This inner perception of the phenomena should gradually enable an insight into being . The real psychic contents of consciousness , e.g. B. the associative ideas evoked by a word should not be confused with the meaning of a word. According to Gadamer, this represented a first overcoming of objectivism . Through his criticism of psychologism , Husserl took a position on the universality of psychological hermeneutics. (c)

Justice and Psychology

The correlation between justice and psychology is the subject of political psychology . The history of psychiatry gives evidence of the servitude of psychiatrists and psychologists towards the judiciary as a normative science. It led to the inclusion of institutions of the originally charitable aid for poor lunatics in the penitentiary system , as has been handed down for example for the institution founded by the Brothers of Mercy on May 10, 1645 in Charenton near Paris. As a result of this foundation, Louis XIV incorporated it into the system of the Hôpitaux généraux which he had ordered , into which convicts were also instructed with the help of the royal Lettres de cachet . In Germany in 1857 a textbook on forensic psychology was published by Karl Wilhelm Ideler . The principle of reasonable moral freedom, which is absolutized by Ideler, is questioned by Dieter Walk . The conceptual systems and thought structures of jurisprudence and of (more recent) psychiatry and psychology appear to him largely incommensurable .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Uwe Henrik Peters : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology . 3rd edition, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1984; P. 314 on Wb.-Lemma "Correlates".
  2. ↑ a b c d e Heinrich Schmidt : Philosophical dictionary (= Kröner's pocket edition. 13). 21st edition, revised by Georgi Schischkoff . Alfred Kröner, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-520-01321-5 : (a) p. 375 on Lemma “korrelat, korrelativ”; (b) p. 726 on Lemma “Vernunft”; (c) p. 371 f. to Lemma “convergence”; (d) p. 375 on lemma “correlate, correlative”; (e) p. 320 on Lemma “Intention”.




  3. ↑ Karl Jaspers : General Psychopathology . 9th edition, Springer, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-540-03340-8 ; P. 292 ff. On taxation “Activity and Passivity”.
  4. ↑ Alexander Mitscherlich : Notes on the chronification of psychosomatic events . Psyche XV, l (1961).
  5. ^ Thure von Uexküll : Basic questions of psychosomatic medicine. Rowohlt Taschenbuch, Reinbek near Hamburg 1963; P. 204 to chap. “Attempting a systematics”, “two-phase displacement”.
  6. ↑ Stavros Mentzos : Neurotic Conflict Processing. Introduction to the psychoanalytic theory of neuroses, taking into account more recent perspectives. © 1982 Kindler, Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 1992, ISBN 3-596-42239-6 ; P. 243. on head. "Affektkorrelat" and p. 174. on head. "Affect equivalent".
  7. ^ Sven Olaf Hoffmann and G. Hochapfel: Theory of Neuroses, Psychotherapeutic and Psychosomatic Medicine. [1999], 6th edition, Compact Textbook, Schattauer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-7945-1960-4 ; Pp. 218, 254 to the district “Affektkorrelat”.
  8. ↑ a b Jürgen Habermas : The universality claim of hermeneutics. [1970] In: "On the logic of the social sciences". 5th edition, Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, Wissenschaft 517, Frankfurt 1982, ISBN 3-518-28117-8 : (a) p. 345 ff. On stw. "Analogue scenes"; (b) pp. 339, 341 f., 358, 366 on stw. “Universality claim”.

  9. ^ Alfred Lorenzer : Speech Destruction and Reconstruction - Preliminary Work for a Metatheory of Psychoanalysis . [1970] Ffm., New edition 1973.
  10. ↑ Peter R. Hofstätter (Ed.): Psychology . The Fischer Lexicon, Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt a. M. 1972, ISBN 3-436-01159-2 ; P. 269 on Lemma "Psychosomatic disorders".
  11. ^ Wilhelm Karl Arnold et al. (Ed.): Lexicon of Psychology . Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-508-8 ; Col. 706 on the lemma “humanities psychology”.
  12. ↑ a b c Hans-Georg Gadamer : Classical and philosophical hermeneutics . [1968] In: “Truth and Method. Hermeneutics II. Supplements ”. Vol. 2, JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1993, ISBN 3-16-146043-X : (a) p. 110 f. to Stw. "Universality"; (b) p. 111 on head. “Rhetoric”; (c) p. 100 on head. "Psychologism".


  13. ↑ Hans-Georg Gadamer: Language and Understanding . [1970] In: “Truth and Method. Hermeneutics II. Supplements ”. Vol. 2, JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1993, ISBN 3-16-146043-X ; P. 186 on head. “Universality”.
  14. ^ Georges Devereux : Normal and abnormal. [1974] Essays on general ethnopsychiatry. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt 1974, ISBN 3-518-06390-1 ; P. 9, 130 on head. “Complementarity”; P. 19 on tax "interdisciplinary sciences".
  15. ↑ Eduard Spranger : The psychology of adolescence . [1924].
  16. ↑ Paul Naffin : Introduction to Psychology . 5th edition, Ernst Klett, Stuttgart, 1956; S .; 196 f. to chap. "Humanities Psychology" u. "Eduard Spranger".
  17. ↑ Hans-Georg Gadamer: Hermeneutics I. Truth and Method. Basic features of a philosophical hermeneutics . Part 2: “Extension of the question of truth to understanding in the humanities”, Collected Works, Volume I, JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1990, ISBN 3-16-145616-5 ; P. 248 ff. On tax authority “Husserl's correlation research”.
  18. ↑ Husserliana VI, 169
  19. ^ Michel Foucault : Madness and Society . (Histoire de la folie. Paris, 1961) A story of madness in the age of reason. Suhrkamp, ​​stw 39, 1973, ISBN 978-3-518-27639-6 ; P. 112 on the district “Charenton”.
  20. ^ Klaus Dörner : Citizens and Irre . On the social history and sociology of science in psychiatry. [1969] Fischer Taschenbuch, Bücher des Wissens, Frankfurt / M 1975, ISBN 3-436-02101-6 ; P. 289, footnote 263 to stw. "Absolutized principle of reasonable moral freedom".
  21. ^ Karl Wilhelm Ideler : Textbook of judicial psychology . Berlin 1857, p. 8 on the “Principle of the reasonable moral freedom”.
  22. ↑ Dieter walks : The death of the psychiatrist . Syndicate 1982, ISBN 3-8108-0205-0 ; P. 27 to the district “Assistant Justice”.