Crucifixion group
Crucifixion group is an iconographic topos for the pictorial representation of the crucifixion of Christ with a group of people at the feet of the cross. The people are mostly Mary , the mother of Jesus, and one of his disciples, usually the apostle John , based on the Gospels . Crucifixion groups were often expanded to include other figures in the tradition of iconography . As part of a Way of the Cross, they are also called the Golgotha group (after the name Golgotha for the place of Jesus' crucifixion in Jerusalem).
To the motive
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The representation with Mary and the apostle John refers to the Gospel of John ( Joh 19,25-27 EU ):
“At the cross of Jesus stood his mother and his mother's sister, Mary, wife of Clopas, and Mary of Magdala. When Jesus saw his mother and with her the disciple whom he loved, he said to his mother, "Woman, see, your son!" Then he said to the disciple: See your mother! And from that hour on the disciple took her to him. "
It is a central topos of a devotional image . In the chronological order of the presentation of the Passion , the crucifixion group is often found between that of Jesus and the repentant thief and the presentation of a sponge soaked in vinegar, which is followed by the death of Jesus on the cross.
Historical development
Crucifixion groups are often frescoes , paintings , sculptural works or sculptures . You are in churches, monasteries, shrines , stations are crossroads , crucifixes or corridor or summit crosses .
The early depictions up to the Romanesque period showed Christ as king; the crucified one in the group of his own developed into Gothic . Depending on the type and location of the depiction, a crucifixion group also contains figures other than Maria and John, such as the good and bad thief ( Dismas and Gestas or Kosmas), the soldier who soaks the sponge with vinegar (called apocryphal Stephaton ) , the soldiers throwing the dice, as well as the one who opens the side of Jesus with the lance (the latter later often referred to in tradition as Longinus).
Over time, the representations broke away from the text of the Gospel and incorporated traditions such as the Legenda Aurea , figures of saints or the content of private revelations , such as the Relationes de via et passione Jesu Christi et gloriosae virginis Mariae matris eius of St. Birgitta . These include the skull of Adam at the foot of the cross, angels , the palm donkey , saints from all times as well as donor figures and people. In the Baroque era , people returned to a reduced representation by focusing on the emotional sensitivities of the central figures.
Examples
Sculptures, paintings:
- Crucifixion group Alt-Oberbolheim
- Crucifixion group (Bad Wimpfen)
- Crucifixion Group (Escherndorf)
- Crucifixion Group (Pingsheim)
- Crucifixion Group (Stuttgart)
- Crucifixion Group (Wiesentheid)
Examples from stained glass
literature
- Ch. Beutler: The God on the Cross. On the creation of the crucifixion. Hamburg 1986
- Edgar Hürkey: The image of the crucified in the Middle Ages: Investigations into grouping, development and distribution based on the garment motifs . Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft , Worms 1983. ISBN 978-3-88462-021-2
- H. Meurer: Christ in suffering. Crucifixes, depictions of the Passion from 800 years. Cat., Stuttgart 1986
- A. Rainer: Christ heads and crucifixations. Graz 1980
- Gertrud Schiller : Iconography of Christian Art. Volume 2: The Passion of Christ. Gütersloh 1968.
