Latin paleography

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As Latin paleography (science paleography ) is called the doctrine of the history of the Latin script .

History of the Latin script

Antiquity

The history of the Latin script begins with the adoption of a Greek alphabet . One of the oldest monuments of the Latin script is the Lapis Niger (about 600 BC or a little later).

In Roman antiquity, Capitalis fonts were initially used for books. For business writing (authorities, private contracts, etc.) one used the older and the younger Roman italics . In the post-Christian period these italics were used to create the uncial and the first minuscule in the history of the Latin script, the semi- uncial .

middle Ages

A variety of regional writing styles, the so-called " national scripts", developed from the younger Roman cursive in the 6th to 8th centuries . Since the end of the 8th century , the Carolingian minuscule spread across Europe, displacing regional variants such as the Beneventana , the insular semi-uncial , the insular minuscule or the Visigoth script .

Since the end of the 11th century, a new style of writing, which is written in grid-like letters with broken shafts , the Gothic minuscule, has spread from northern France . In the 13th century an italic font developed again for business writing , the Gothic cursive . In the 15th century, a variety of mixed scripts between the Gothic cursive and the Gothic minuscule were added, the bastard fonts .

Towards the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century, the Italian humanists around Coluccio Salutati reverted to older script forms and revived the Carolingian minuscule as a humanistic minuscule . For the humanistic minuscule, Niccolò Niccoli also created a business font , the humanistic cursive .

Modern times

The humanistic minuscule was the basis for the Antiqua types of letterpress printing . The bastard font of the Reich Chancellery was the model for Fraktur . Outside of Germany, the humanistic cursive as a Latin cursive became the cursive script , in Germany the German Kurrent script based on the Gothic cursive .

History of science

The history of the Latin script has been researched systematically since the 17th century . The Maurists Monk Jean Mabillon (1632-1707) created in his diplomatic a scripture story work "De re diplomatica Libri VI" and gave many writings still used name. Since the beginning of the 20th century , paleographic research has concentrated on examining the individual writing schools ( scriptorium ) in which the Latin script was cultivated and developed in the Middle Ages. Bernhard Bischoff (1906–1991) is famous for his photographic memory and extensive palaeographic knowledge . Methodically, Bischoff continued the approaches of his chair predecessor Ludwig Traube , who examined the finer development of the written forms by assigning written forms to certain scriptories .

The analysis of late medieval writings was promoted in particular by the classification system of Gerard Isaac Lieftinck (1902–1994), whose system based on three clear features (double-story / simple a, long / short s, loop formation on the ascenders) was as fierce as it was successful Further development by Johann Peter Gumbert (1936–2016) and Albert Derolez .

See also

literature

  • Bernhard Bischoff : Palaeography of Roman antiquity and the western Middle Ages . (Fundamentals of German Studies, Vol. 24.) Berlin 1986.
    • Bernhard Bischoff: Palaeography of Roman antiquity and the western Middle Ages. With a selection bibliography 1986–2008 by Walter Koch. 4th, revised and expanded edition. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-503-09884-2 , ( Basics of German Studies 24).
  • Émile Chatelain : Paléographie des classiques latins , 2 vols., Paris 1884/1900.
  • Hans Foerster, Thomas Frenz: Outline of the Latin palaeography . (Library of the Book Industry, Vol. 15.) 3. revised. Edition, Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 2004. ISBN 3-7772-0410-2 .
  • Jacques Stiennon: Paléographie du Moyen Âge. Armand Colin, Paris 1991, ISBN 2-200-31278-4 .
  • Franz Steffens: Latin palaeography. 2nd, increased edition, Trier 1909 (125 plates with transcription, explanations and systematic presentation of the development of the Latin script), online .

Abbreviations

  • Adriano Cappelli : Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane. Lexicon abbreviaturarum. 1899; 6th edition. Manuali Hoepli, Milan 1961 (reprints until 2008).
  • Kurt Dülfer: Common abbreviations of the 16. – 20. Century. (= Publications of the Marburg Archive School, Institute for Archive Science. Volume 1) Marburg 1966.
  • Paul Arnold Grun: Key to old and new abbreviations. Dictionary of Latin and German abbreviations from the late Middle Ages and modern times with a historical and systematic introduction for archive users, students, local historians and family researchers, etc. a. (Floor plan of the Genealogy 6) Limburg ad Lahn 1966.
  • Olaf Pluta: Abbreviationes . Version 2.1 (CD-ROM), 2002.

Web links