List of rulers in the 14th century BC Chr.
Overview
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This is a synchronous representation of the reigns of pre-ancient rulers in the 14th century BC , visualized in the form of equally scaled timelines.
The dates follow medium chronology and are neither certain nor final nor complete. Please note general information!
Remarks
The synchronicity of this period, the so-called Amarna period , is quite well revealed by the Amarna letters , but an absolute dating is difficult due to the previous and subsequent periods. In any case, Tud Taliya II. And Amenhotep III were for example . Contemporaries, as well as Šuppiluliuma I , Tušratta and Amenophis III, as well as Aššur-uballiṭ I , Tušratta and Akhenaten (Amenophis IV). Less information is available on Elam.
Haremhab was not related to the 18th Dynasty, but is assigned to it. His successor Ramses I founded the 19th dynasty. Nissen (2012) gives dates here that deviate from the widespread dating according to which Ramses I was the successor of Haremhab from around 1292 to 1291. In addition, Haremhab von Nissen is dated with a reign of only 4 years, which suggests confusion with Eje II .
For the period 1400-1300 BC, there are further details about rulers that are not listed here for various reasons. These include mythical ancestral kings, but also rulers, who cannot be precisely fixed in time. See, for example, the lists of the kings of Ireland , Byblos , Ugarit , Kadesch , Nuḫašše , Amurru , Argos , Sparta , Corinth , Mycenae , Sikyon , Korea , as well as the kings of the Shang dynasty .
Deputies and viceroys are only listed here if the territory they administer formed an independent state before or afterwards.
General
In the timeline, a gap of one year symbolizes that the transition between two rulers will be assumed around this time. If the transition period can be determined more precisely, this is indicated by a thinner line. Larger gaps between two names do not necessarily mean that there was no ruler; but indicate an uncertainty. If no colored bars are displayed, the relevant rulers cannot be dated more precisely according to the latest research. The representation does not claim to be complete.
Specifically, the dating according to Nissen (2012) is used here for the information on ancient oriental kings and the dating according to Beckerath (1994) for the information on Egyptian kings. There are no reliable data for other parts of the world at this time, not even for China (compare chronological project Xia-Shang-Zhou ), where the Shang dynasty is said to have ruled over northern China, but all the more precise details are noted much later.
General note: Due to the problems with ancient oriental and Egyptian chronology, the information in this list has not been finalized. This is based on the Middle Chronology , which is commonly used as a convention among ancient orientalists. Specialist authors usually state which assumptions / chronologies their writings are based on: Depending on the opinion, the dating of great kings and pharaohs can be in the period before the 14th century BC. By several decades from the information used here.
Due to new archaeological findings, the state of research and current doctrine on dating can occasionally change abruptly. If more recent findings are incorporated, the simultaneity of rulers must be checked (this should be guaranteed according to archaeological evidence) and the chronology used and the source / place of discovery must be indicated.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Hans Jörg Nissen : History of the Ancient Near East . Oldenbourg Verlag, 2nd edition 2012, Munich. ISBN 3-486-59223-8 .
- ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath : Chronology of the Pharaonic Egypt. The timing of Egyptian history from prehistoric times to 332 BC BC (= Munich Egyptological Studies . Vol. 46). von Zabern, Mainz 1997.