List of judges at the Permanent International Court of Justice
The list of judges at the Permanent International Court of Justice includes all 36 persons who were regularly elected judges at the Permanent International Court of Justice between 1922 and 1946 . Not listed are judges who, in accordance with the statutes of the court, were called in ad hoc by a country involved in a procedure.
The table can be sorted within the columns, so that different representations such as an arrangement according to the beginning of the term of office or a presidency or a grouping according to the countries of origin is possible.
Selection of judges
The Permanent International Court of Justice existed from January 30, 1922 and was initially composed of eleven judges and four auxiliary judges, later of 15 judges without auxiliary judges, who were each elected for a period of nine years and were re-elected. The election was made by the Council and the Assembly of the League of Nations on the basis of proposals by the national groups of the Permanent Court of Arbitration . If a judge was eliminated before the end of his term of office, a by-election was held for the remainder of his term of office. The President and Vice President were elected by the Permanent International Court of Justice for a term of three years, with re-election.
The personal requirements of the candidates were the qualification for the highest judicial office in their home country as well as competence in the field of international law . No two judges serving in court at the same time could come from the same country. The selection of judges should adequately represent the different cultures and legal systems in the world. A judge could only be voted out by unanimous decision of the other judges. The auxiliary judges ( juges-suppléant ) had the function of representing the regular judges when they could not be present. This office was abolished by a revision of the court statute on February 1, 1936, with which the mandates of the assistant judges in office at that time ceased to exist. Even before this change came into force, 15 regular judges were elected in addition to the four assistant judges in the judges' elections in September 1930. For the assistant judges, the term of office is marked in italics in the table. Three judges (Rafael Erich, Dumitru Negulescu and Wang Ch'ung-hui) later also served as regular judges after their time as assistant judges.
The judges' elections scheduled for 1939 did not take place due to the beginning of the Second World War . All judges active at this point in time remained in office through a decision of the League of Nations Assembly beyond the end of their term of office until a later election. The Court made its final decision on February 26, 1940 with an order in the Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case and in 1942 ceased its activities due to the war. After the end of the war, the court met for the last time in October 1945. At this point, after the death of Michał Jan Rostworowski (March 1940) and the resignations of Francisco José Urrutia (January 1942), Nagaoka Harukazu (January 1942) and Henri Fromageot (June 1945), four judge posts were vacant. The remaining eleven judges declared their resignation on January 30, 1946, and on April 18 of the same year the League of Nations assembly resolved to dissolve the court.
As a successor institution, the International Court of Justice was established in 1945 with the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations , which began its work a year later. José Gustavo Guerrero, who served as the last President of the Permanent International Court of Justice and as the first President of the International Court of Justice, and Charles de Visscher are the only judges who have served in both courts.
List of judges
| Country of origin | Surname | Term of office | president | Vice President |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Spain
|
Rafael Altamira (1866–1951) |
1922-1946 | ||
 Italy
|
Dionisio Anzilotti (1867–1950) |
1922-1946 | 1928-1930 | |
 Brazil
|
Ruy Barbosa (1849-1923) |
1922-1923 | ||
 Norway
|
Frederik Valdemar Nikolai Beichmann (1859–1937) |
1922-1930 | ||
 Cuba
|
Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirvén (1865–1951) |
1922-1946 | ||
 United Kingdom
|
Robert Bannatyne Finlay (1842-1929) |
1922-1929 | ||
 Switzerland
|
Max Huber (1874-1960) |
1922-1930 | 1925-1927 | 1928-1930 |
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
|
Mihailo Jovanović (1855-1944) |
1922-1930 | ||
 Netherlands
|
Bernard Loder (1849-1935) |
1922-1930 | 1922-1924 | |
 United States
|
John Bassett Moore (1860-1947) |
1922-1928 | ||
 Romania
|
Demetru Negulescu (1875–1950) |
1922-1930 1931-1946 |
||
 Denmark
|
Didrik Nyholm (1858-1931) |
1922-1930 | ||
 Japan
|
Oda Yorozu (1868-1945) |
1922-1930 | ||
 China
|
Wang Ch'ung-hui (1881-1958) |
1922-1930 1931-1936 |
||
 France
|
André Weiss (1858–1928) |
1922-1928 | 1922-1928 | |
|
Brazil
|
Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa (1865–1942) |
1923-1930 | ||
|
United States
|
Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948) |
1928-1930 | ||
|
France
|
Henri Fromageot (1864-1949) |
1929-1945 | ||
|
United Kingdom
|
Cecil Hurst (1870–1963) |
1929-1946 | 1934-1936 | 1937-1946 |
|
United States
|
Frank Billings Kellogg (1856-1937) |
1930-1935 | ||
|
Japan
|
Adachi Mineichirō (1870-1934) |
1931-1934 | 1931-1934 | |
 Finland
|
Rafael Erich (1879–1946) |
1931-1936 1938-1946 |
||
|
Netherlands
|
Willem van Eysinga (1878–1961) |
1931-1946 | ||
 El Salvador
|
José Gustavo Guerrero (1876-1958) |
1931-1946 | 1936-1946 | 1931-1936 |
 Portugal
|
José Caeiro da Mata (1877–1963) |
1931-1936 | ||
|
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
|
Mileta Novaković (1878-1940) |
1931-1936 | ||
 Austria
|
Josef Redlich (1869–1936) |
1931-1936 | ||
 Belgium
|
Edouard Rolin-Jaequemyns (1863-1936) |
1931-1936 | ||
 Poland
|
Michał Jan Rostworowski (1864–1940) |
1931-1940 | ||
 Germany
|
Walther Schücking (1875-1935) |
1931-1935 | ||
 Colombia
|
Francisco José Urrutia (1870–1950) |
1931-1942 | ||
|
Japan
|
Nagaoka Harukazu (1877-1949) |
1935-1942 | ||
|
China
|
Cheng Tien-hsi (1884-1970) |
1936-1946 | ||
 Sweden
|
Åke Hammarskjöld (1893–1937) |
1936-1937 | ||
|
United States
|
Manley Ottmer Hudson (1886-1960) |
1936-1946 | ||
|
Belgium
|
Charles De Visscher (1884–1973) |
1937-1946 |
List of elections
| date | occasion | Elected as judge | Elected as assistant judge |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14.-16. September 1921 | First election after the establishment of the Court of Justice |
|
|
| September 10, 1923 | Ruy Barbosa dies |
|
|
| September 8, 1928 | Resignation of John Bassett Moore |
|
|
| September 19, 1929 | Death of Robert Bannatyne Finlay and André Weiss |
|
|
| 17th September 1930 | Resignation of Charles Evans Hughes |
|
|
| September 25, 1930 | Regular new election |
|
|
| September 14, 1935 | Adachi Mineichirō dies |
|
|
| October 8, 1936 | Death of Walther Schücking Resignation of Frank Billings Kellogg |
|
|
| Resignation of Wang Ch'ung-hui |
|
||
| May 27, 1937 | Edouard Rolin-Jaequemyns dies |
|
|
| September 26, 1938 | Åke Hammarskjöld dies |
|
In the 1921 election, the Chilean candidate Alejandro Álvarez , who had been nominated by Chile , Brazil and Uruguay , was elected by the League of Nations assembly, but did not receive the required absolute majority in the League of Nations. The Belgian candidate Edouard Descamps , proposed by Belgium , Greece and Japan , who was elected with a majority by the League Council, did not, however, achieve a majority in the League of Nations assembly. Max Huber was chosen by both bodies as a compromise candidate. The same situation arose between Álvarez and Descamps in the choice of auxiliary judges, in which this was resolved by the election of Frederik Valdemar Nicolai Beichmann.
On October 8, 1936, there were two separate by-elections with different lists of candidates, on the one hand for the successor to Walther Schücking and Frank Billings Kellogg and on the other hand for the successor to Wang Ch'ung-hui.
literature
- Biographical information on all judges and organizational data on judges' elections can be found in the 16 editions of the Court's Annual Reports . Published by AW Sijthoff's Publishing, Leiden 1925–1946; Available online on the International Court of Justice website at: Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice (1922–1946) - Series E: Annual Reports
- Further information on the composition, the election of judges and the requirements for the office of judge can be found in: Hans-Jürgen Schlochauer : Permanent International Court of Justice. In: Karl Strupp (Hrsg.), Hans Jürgen Schlochauer (Hrsg.): Dictionary of international law. Second edition. Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1962, ISBN 3-11-001032-1 ; Volume 3, pp. 341–364 (especially sections “Start, scope and termination of activity”, pp. 346/347 and “Organization”, pp. 347–349)
- James Brown Scott : The Election of Judges for the Permanent Court of International Justice. In: The American Journal of International Law . 15 (4) / 1921, American Society of International Law , pp. 556–558, ISSN 0002-9300 (further information on the 1921 election)
- Manley Ottmer Hudson : The Election of Members of the Permanent Court of International Justice. In: The American Journal of International Law . 24 (4) / 1930, American Society of International Law , pp. 718–727, ISSN 0002-9300 (further information on the 1930 election)
Web links
- Composition of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) Overview of the composition of the court