List of judges at the Permanent International Court of Justice

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Seat of the Court in the Peace Palace in The Hague

The list of judges at the Permanent International Court of Justice includes all 36 persons who were regularly elected judges at the Permanent International Court of Justice between 1922 and 1946 . Not listed are judges who, in accordance with the statutes of the court, were called in ad hoc by a country involved in a procedure.

The table can be sorted within the columns, so that different representations such as an arrangement according to the beginning of the term of office or a presidency or a grouping according to the countries of origin is possible.

Selection of judges

The Permanent International Court of Justice existed from January 30, 1922 and was initially composed of eleven judges and four auxiliary judges, later of 15 judges without auxiliary judges, who were each elected for a period of nine years and were re-elected. The election was made by the Council and the Assembly of the League of Nations on the basis of proposals by the national groups of the Permanent Court of Arbitration . If a judge was eliminated before the end of his term of office, a by-election was held for the remainder of his term of office. The President and Vice President were elected by the Permanent International Court of Justice for a term of three years, with re-election.

The personal requirements of the candidates were the qualification for the highest judicial office in their home country as well as competence in the field of international law . No two judges serving in court at the same time could come from the same country. The selection of judges should adequately represent the different cultures and legal systems in the world. A judge could only be voted out by unanimous decision of the other judges. The auxiliary judges ( juges-suppléant ) had the function of representing the regular judges when they could not be present. This office was abolished by a revision of the court statute on February 1, 1936, with which the mandates of the assistant judges in office at that time ceased to exist. Even before this change came into force, 15 regular judges were elected in addition to the four assistant judges in the judges' elections in September 1930. For the assistant judges, the term of office is marked in italics in the table. Three judges (Rafael Erich, Dumitru Negulescu and Wang Ch'ung-hui) later also served as regular judges after their time as assistant judges.

The judges' elections scheduled for 1939 did not take place due to the beginning of the Second World War . All judges active at this point in time remained in office through a decision of the League of Nations Assembly beyond the end of their term of office until a later election. The Court made its final decision on February 26, 1940 with an order in the Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case and in 1942 ceased its activities due to the war. After the end of the war, the court met for the last time in October 1945. At this point, after the death of Michał Jan Rostworowski (March 1940) and the resignations of Francisco José Urrutia (January 1942), Nagaoka Harukazu (January 1942) and Henri Fromageot (June 1945), four judge posts were vacant. The remaining eleven judges declared their resignation on January 30, 1946, and on April 18 of the same year the League of Nations assembly resolved to dissolve the court.

As a successor institution, the International Court of Justice was established in 1945 with the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations , which began its work a year later. José Gustavo Guerrero, who served as the last President of the Permanent International Court of Justice and as the first President of the International Court of Justice, and Charles de Visscher are the only judges who have served in both courts.

List of judges

Country of origin Surname Term of office president Vice President
SpainSpain Spain Rafael Altamira
(1866–1951)
1922-1946
ItalyItaly Italy Dionisio Anzilotti
(1867–1950)
1922-1946 1928-1930
BrazilBrazil Brazil Ruy Barbosa
(1849-1923)
1922-1923
NorwayNorway Norway Frederik Valdemar Nikolai Beichmann
(1859–1937)
1922-1930
CubaCuba Cuba Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirvén
(1865–1951)
1922-1946
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Robert Bannatyne Finlay
(1842-1929)
1922-1929
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland Max Huber
(1874-1960)
1922-1930 1925-1927 1928-1930
Flag of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) .svg Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Mihailo Jovanović
(1855-1944)
1922-1930
NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands Bernard Loder
(1849-1935)
1922-1930 1922-1924
United StatesUnited States United States John Bassett Moore
(1860-1947)
1922-1928
RomaniaRomania Romania Demetru Negulescu
(1875–1950)
1922-1930
1931-1946
DenmarkDenmark Denmark Didrik Nyholm
(1858-1931)
1922-1930
JapanJapan Japan Oda Yorozu
(1868-1945)
1922-1930
TaiwanRepublic of China (Taiwan) China Wang Ch'ung-hui
(1881-1958)
1922-1930
1931-1936
FranceFrance France André Weiss
(1858–1928)
1922-1928 1922-1928
BrazilBrazil Brazil Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa
(1865–1942)
1923-1930
United StatesUnited States United States Charles Evans Hughes
(1862-1948)
1928-1930
FranceFrance France Henri Fromageot
(1864-1949)
1929-1945
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Cecil Hurst
(1870–1963)
1929-1946 1934-1936 1937-1946
United StatesUnited States United States Frank Billings Kellogg
(1856-1937)
1930-1935
JapanJapan Japan Adachi Mineichirō
(1870-1934)
1931-1934 1931-1934
FinlandFinland Finland Rafael Erich
(1879–1946)
1931-1936
1938-1946
NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands Willem van Eysinga
(1878–1961)
1931-1946
El SalvadorEl Salvador El Salvador José Gustavo Guerrero
(1876-1958)
1931-1946 1936-1946 1931-1936
PortugalPortugal Portugal José Caeiro da Mata
(1877–1963)
1931-1936
Flag of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) .svg Kingdom of Yugoslavia Mileta Novaković
(1878-1940)
1931-1936
AustriaAustria Austria Josef Redlich
(1869–1936)
1931-1936
BelgiumBelgium Belgium Edouard Rolin-Jaequemyns
(1863-1936)
1931-1936
PolandPoland Poland Michał Jan Rostworowski
(1864–1940)
1931-1940
GermanyGermany Germany Walther Schücking
(1875-1935)
1931-1935
ColombiaColombia Colombia Francisco José Urrutia
(1870–1950)
1931-1942
JapanJapan Japan Nagaoka Harukazu
(1877-1949)
1935-1942
TaiwanRepublic of China (Taiwan) China Cheng Tien-hsi
(1884-1970)
1936-1946
SwedenSweden Sweden Åke Hammarskjöld
(1893–1937)
1936-1937
United StatesUnited States United States Manley Ottmer Hudson
(1886-1960)
1936-1946
BelgiumBelgium Belgium Charles De Visscher
(1884–1973)
1937-1946

List of elections

date occasion Elected as judge Elected as assistant judge
14.-16. September 1921 First election after the establishment of the Court of Justice
  • Rafael Altamira
  • Dionisio Anzilotti
  • Ruy Barbosa
  • Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirvén
  • Robert Bannatyne Finlay
  • Max Huber
  • Bernard Loder
  • John Bassett Moore
  • Didrik Nyholm
  • Oda Yorozu
  • André Weiss
  • Frederik Valdemar Nikolai Beichmann
  • Mihailo Jovanović
  • Demetru Negulescu
  • Wang Ch'ung-hui
September 10, 1923 Ruy Barbosa dies
  • Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa
September 8, 1928 Resignation of John Bassett Moore
  • Charles Evans Hughes
September 19, 1929 Death of Robert Bannatyne Finlay and André Weiss
  • Henri Fromageot
  • Cecil Hurst
17th September 1930 Resignation of Charles Evans Hughes
  • Frank Billings Kellogg
September 25, 1930 Regular new election
  • Adachi Mineichirō
  • Rafael Altamira
  • Dionisio Anzilotti
  • Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirvén
  • Willem van Eysinga
  • Henri Fromageot
  • José Gustavo Guerrero
  • Cecil Hurst
  • Frank Billings Kellogg
  • Demetru Negulescu
  • Edouard Rolin-Jaequemyns
  • Michał Jan Rostworowski
  • Walther Schücking
  • Francisco José Urrutia
  • Wang Ch'ung-hui
  • Rafael Erich
  • José Caeiro da Mata
  • Mileta Novaković
  • Josef Redlich
September 14, 1935 Adachi Mineichirō dies
  • Nagaoka Harukazu
October 8, 1936 Death of Walther Schücking
Resignation of Frank Billings Kellogg
  • Åke Hammarskjöld
  • Manley Ottmer Hudson
Resignation of Wang Ch'ung-hui
  • Cheng Tien-hsi
May 27, 1937 Edouard Rolin-Jaequemyns dies
  • Charles de Visscher
September 26, 1938 Åke Hammarskjöld dies
  • Rafael Erich

In the 1921 election, the Chilean candidate Alejandro Álvarez , who had been nominated by Chile , Brazil and Uruguay , was elected by the League of Nations assembly, but did not receive the required absolute majority in the League of Nations. The Belgian candidate Edouard Descamps , proposed by Belgium , Greece and Japan , who was elected with a majority by the League Council, did not, however, achieve a majority in the League of Nations assembly. Max Huber was chosen by both bodies as a compromise candidate. The same situation arose between Álvarez and Descamps in the choice of auxiliary judges, in which this was resolved by the election of Frederik Valdemar Nicolai Beichmann.

On October 8, 1936, there were two separate by-elections with different lists of candidates, on the one hand for the successor to Walther Schücking and Frank Billings Kellogg and on the other hand for the successor to Wang Ch'ung-hui.

literature

Web links

Commons : Judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files