Nitrous family
| Nitrous family | ||||||||||||
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Ignatius nugget ( Strychnos ignatii ), illustration |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Loganiaceae | ||||||||||||
| R.Br. ex Mart. |
The loganiaceae or Loganiengewächse (Loganiaceae) is a family within the order of the gentian-like (Gentianales) within the flowering plant (Magnoliopsida). The approximately 13 genera are distributed almost worldwide. Some species contain highly poisonous indole alkaloids .
description
They are mostly woody plants: trees , bushes or lianas , more rarely herbaceous plants . Few species are epiphytes . Some species have thorns. Most of the leaves are alternate and have entire margins. Most are Stipules present.
The species are seldom dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ). The flowers are usually hermaphroditic and four or five-fold. The sepals are fused Roehrig. The petals are fused into a corolla tube. There is only one circle with four or five fertile stamens . Two carpels are a mostly upper constant ovary grown.
There are cap fruits , berries or drupes formed. Sometimes the seeds are winged.
Systematics and distribution
The Loganiaceae family was established in 1827 by Robert Brown in Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius : Nova Genera et Species Plantarum ... , 2, p. 133. Type genus is Logania R.Br. Synonyms of Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart. nom. cons. are: Antoniaceae Hutchinson , Gardneriaceae Perleb , Geniostomataceae L.Struwe & V.Albert , Spigeliaceae Berchtold & J.Presl , Strychnaceae Perleb . According to some classifications (especially in the systematics of the Bedecktsamer according to Tachtadschjan ), the Logania family is divided into four families: Strychnaceae, Antoniaceae, Spigeliaceae and Loganiaceae. Current genetic analyzes confirm that they belong to a family. In the order of the Gentianales , Loganiaceae are the most primitive family.
The Loganiaceae family is found almost worldwide, but is absent in Europe. The areas are mainly in the tropics and subtropics . A center of biodiversity is Australia and New Caledonia .
In the Loganiaceae family there are about 13 genera with about 420 species:
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Antonia Pohl : It only contains the species:
- Antonia ovata Pohl : It is common in South America.
- Bonyunia R.H. Schomb. ex Progel : The four or so species are common in South America.
- Gardneria Wall. (Syn .: Pseudogardneria Racib. ): The fiveor sospecies are native to India , central Japan and Java.
- Geniostoma J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. (Syn .: Anasser Juss. ): With about 24 kinds are common in Malesia , New Zealand , Japan and Tahiti .
- Labordia Gaudich. : The 16 or so species are only found in Hawaii.
- Logania R.Br. (Syn .: Nautophylla Guillaumin ): The approximately 35 species are distributed in Australia and New Zealand.
- Mitrasacme Labill. : Of the approximately 54 species, 48 occur in Australia, 43 only there. There are also species in eastern Asia, Indomalesia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia .
- Mitreola L. (Syn .: Cynoctonum J.F.Gmel. ): The approximately seven species occur in Africa, Asia, in the New World and on Pacific islands. There are four types in China.
- Neuburgia Blume (Syn .: Couthovia A.Gray , Crateriphytum Scheff. Ex Koord. ): The ten to twelve species occur in Malesia and on Pacific islands.
- Norrisia Gardner : The only two species occur in western Malesia.
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Spigelia L. (Syn .: Coelostylis Torr. & A.Gray ex Endl. & Fenzl , Pseudospigelia Klett ): The approximately 50 species are common in the Neotropic.
- Spigelia genuflexa Popovkin & Struwe occurs in eastern Brazil.
- Nitrous nuts ( Strychnos L. , Syn .: Atherstonea Pappe , Scyphostrychnos S.Moore ): The approximately 190 species are distributed worldwide in the tropical to warm-temperate areas. There are around 75 species in Africa. Some species provide wood or are used as ornamental plants. The medicinal effects of some species have been studied.
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Usteria Willd. : It only contains the species:
- Usteria guineensis Willd. : It occurs in tropical Africa and has zygomorphic flowers with only one stamen.
The monotypical genus Desfontainia with the only species Desfontainia spinosa Ruiz & Pav. , Which was previously also included in the Loganiaceae family, now forms the Desfontainiaceae family.
photos
Habit and fruits.
fruit
Illustrations:
Common nugget ( Strychnos nux-vomica )
Poison nugget ( Strychnos toxifera )
Strychnos colubrina
swell
- The Loganiaceae family on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
- Description of the Loganiaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
Individual evidence
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ Loganiaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 15, 2014.
- ↑ Loganiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
literature
- L. Struwe, VA Albert, Birgitta Bremer: Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. In: Cladistics. Volume 10, 1994 pp. 175-205.
- Maria Backlund, Bengt Oxelman, Birgitta Bremer: Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 87, No. 7, 2000, pp. 1029-1043. Available online .
